Folkets Hus och Parker gav under våren 2008 en förfrågan om att under sommaren uppmäta den ljudtrycksdos en normal festivaldeltagare tillskansar sig under ett festivalbesök. De mätningar som genomfördes skedde på tre olika festivaler, Hultsfredsfestivalen, Peace & Love och Storsjöyran. Mätningarna skulle ske över hela festivalbesöket och inte endast innefatta mätningar av konserter, för att kunna ge en rättvisare bild av den ljudtrycksdos som en person kan tänkas utsättas för under en festival. De två av Socialstyrelsen uppsatta gränsvärdena som ska följas är att evenemanget ska hålla sig under ett medelvärde på max 100 dB(A)LEQ och dess toppvärde får vara högst 115 dB(A). I överlag kunde vi se att ljudnivåerna hölls relativt bra inom riktvärdena på de tre festivalerna. Resultaten för festivalerna var att mätningarna på Hultsfred gav ett ljudtrycksmedelvärde på 86,1 dB(A)LEQ, Peace & Love 88,8 dB(A)LEQ och Storsjöyran 85,7 dB(A)LEQ. Detta kan jämföras med arbetsmiljöverkets uppsatta gräns på 85 dB(A) för daglig bullerexponering. Viss forskning tyder dock på att musik och buller inte kan likställas och att människor normalt kan utsättas för 5 dB högre ljudnivåer av musik än buller, vilket i så fall skulle innebära att den dagliga gränsen för musikexponering skulle ligga på 90 dB(A).

Automated solid modeling, integrated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and optimization of a 3D jet turbine engine has never been accomplished. This is due mainly to the computational power required, and the lack of associative parametric modeling tools and techniques necessary to adjust and optimize the design. As an example, the fluid domain of a simple household fan with three blades may contain 500,000 elements per blade passage. Therefore, a complete turbine engine that includes many stages, with sets of thirty or more blades each, will have hundreds of millions of elements. The fluid domains associated with each blade creates a nearly incomprehensible challenge. One method of organizing and passing geometric and non-geometric data is through the utilization of knowledge based engineering (KBE). The focus of this thesis will be the development of a set of techniques utilizing KBE principles to analyze an assembly which includes multiple fluid domains. This comprehensive system will be referred to as the Parametric Optimization Design System (PODS).

Eine Signalhaltstellung wird regulär herbeigeführt, wenn der Zug, für den das Signal gilt, dieses passiert hat. Der Zug wird dann gedeckt. Fallen vorzeitig die Freigabebedingungen weg, wird das Signal ebenfalls auf Halt gestellt. Hier ist vom irregulären Signalhaltfall die Rede. Bei punktförmigen Zugbeeinflussungssystemen wird die zum Signal gehörende Sendeeinrichtung der Zugbeeinflussung unmittelbar wirksam. Bei linienförmigen Zugbeeinflussungssystemen wie dem European Train Control System (ETCS) in der Ausprägung Level 2 (L2) findet ein kontinuierlicher Informationsaustausch zwischen Fahrzeug und Strecke statt. Im Fall von ETCS L2 erfolgt dies über Funk, was besondere Anforderungen an die Bewertung des Signalhaltfalls stellt. Es wird berechnet, ob das Fahrzeug das Signal sicher passiert hat. In den erforderlichen Übertragungs- und Verarbeitungszeiten wird speziell im deutschen ETCS eine Sicherheitslücke gesehen. Diese wird durch Implementierung mehrerer umfangreicher Berechnungsverfahren innerhalb ETCS kompensiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert diese Berechnungsverfahren im Detail sowie alle denkbaren Gründe für irreguläre Signalhaltfälle. Es werden Überlegungen angestellt, wie diese Berechnungen vereinfacht werden können und wie es gelingt, alle denkbaren, irregulären Signalhaltfälle bereits direkt durch das Stellwerk zu erkennen. Hierfür bietet die Neuordnung der Produktionssteuerung (NeuPro) neue Stellwerks-Architekturen mit neuen Möglichkeiten, die so bisher nicht bestanden. Auf diesem Weg können auch in Deutschland die Berechnungsverfahren verschlankt sowie Komponenten in der Außenanlage (Achszählpunkte und Balisen) eingespart werden. Es ist technisch sinnvoll, die Berechnungen, unter ETCS so schlank wie möglich zu halten, denn die ETCS-Streckenzentrale (ETCS-Z), die Fahrerlaubnisse verwaltet, kann bei weniger Rechenaufwand mehr Züge führen. Darüber hinaus wird auch ein Blick auf die Haltfallbewertung beim ETCS der Bahnen in benachbarten Ländern geworfen. Des Weiteren wird geprüft, inwieweit die Laufzeitlücke angesichts technischer Weiterentwicklungen verkleinert werden kann. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Blick in die fernere Zukunft, wenn Abkehr von der klassischen blockzentrischen Fahrzeugortung genommen wird und das Fahren im wandernden Raumabstand das klassische Fahren im festen Raumabstand ablöst. Feste Signalstandorte werden dann der Vergangenheit angehören und somit wird auch keine Haltfallbewertung mehr erforderlich sein. Den Weg dorthin sollen die Impulse dieser Arbeit vereinfachen.:1. Ausgangssituation und Ziele 2. Lösungsansätze zu Vereinfachung oder Entfall der Haltfallbewertung 3. Auswertung und Empfehlung / A signal closure is regularly brought about when the train to which the signal applies has passed it. The train is then covered. If the signal enabling conditions cease to apply prematurely, the signal is also closed. This is called irregular signal closure. In the case of intermittent automatic train control, the transmitting device of the train control system, associated with the signal, becomes effective immediately. With continuous automatic train control systems such as the European Train Control System (ETCS) in Level 2 (L2), there is a continuous exchange of information between the vehicle and the trackside. In the case of ETCS L2, this takes place via radio, which places special demands on the evaluation of the signal closure case. On the one hand, it must be calculated whether the vehicle has passed the signal safely and, especially in the German ETCS, great safety significance is attributed to the transmission and processing time. The resulting safety gap was compensated in the German ETCS by implementing several extensive calculation procedures within ETCS. This thesis analyses these calculation methods in detail as well as all conceivable reasons for irregular signal closures. Considerations are made as to how these calculations can be simplified and how it is possible to detect all conceivable irregular signal stops directly by the interlocking. For this purpose, the reorganisation of production control (Neuordnung der Produktionssteuerung, NeuPro) offers new interlocking architectures with new possibilities that have not existed before. This way, the calculation procedures can also be streamlined in Germany and components such as axle counting points and balises in the external system can be saved on. It makes sense from a technical perspective to keep the calculations under ETCS as lean as possible because the Radio Block Centre (RBC), which administers driving permits, can run more trains with less computing effort. In addition, the ETCS stop case evaluation of the railways in neighbouring countries is described. Furthermore, it is examined to what extent the running time gap can be reduced in view of further technical developments. The thesis concludes with a look into the distant future, when the classic block-centric vehicle location system will be abolished and driving in a wandering space interval will replace the classic driving in a fixed space interval. Fixed signal locations will then be a thing of the past and thus a stop assessment will no longer be necessary. The impulses of this work should simplify the way there.:1. Ausgangssituation und Ziele 2. Lösungsansätze zu Vereinfachung oder Entfall der Haltfallbewertung 3. Auswertung und Empfehlung

The escalating impact of climate change has become a significant global concern, particularly in urban environments through the risk of flooding, due to intensified precipitation patterns. Nature Based Solu-tions (NBS), offer effective strategies for mitigating flood risks by enhancing stormwater management and promoting urban resilience. Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) has shown to be useful for identifying suitable areas for NBS, however, there is limited research on its application specifically for urban flood resilience in Sweden. Therefore, this study aims to develop a GIS-based suitability mapping framework within MCA method for allocating suitable areas for two NBS measures: Retention Pond (RP) and Detention Basin (DB), applying it to a case study in Sweden. The study employs a mixed-method approach and consists of (1) framework develop-ment through a literature review, geospatial data assessment, and key-informant interviews, and (2) application of the framework to a case study area in Sweden. In the case study area, the resulting suitability map indicates that 7.5 % of DBs and 7% of RPs met all criteria. Key-informant interviews with local experts provided valuable insights, particularly the exclusion of hazardous zones as well as emphasizing the importance of considering not only biophysical characteristics, but also socio-cultural factors. In conclusion, this study contributes to the body of knowledge on NBS suitability mapping. The findings offer guidance to climate strategists and urban planners on a municipal level, selecting optimal locations for NBS strategies for urban flood resilience and stormwater management.

Photoelectrodes and photovoltaic devices have been prepared via multiple thin film deposition methods. Aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD), electrodeposition (ED), chemical bath deposition (CBD) and doctor blade technique (DB) have been used to deposit binary and ternary metal oxide films on FTO glass substrates. The prepared thin films were characterised by a combination of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), powder X-ray diffraction, mechanical strength tests and photochemical measurements. Nickel oxide (NiO) thin films prepared by AACVD were determined to have good mechanical strength . with a photocurrent of 7.6 μA cm-2 at 0 V and an onset potential of about 0.10 V. This contrasted with the dark current density of 0.3 μA cm-2 at 0 V. These NiO samples have very high porosity with crystalline columns evidenced by SEM. In comparison with the AACVD methodology, NiO films prepared using a combination of ED and DB show good mechanical strength but a higher photocurrent of 24 μA cm-2 at 0 V and an onset potential of about 0.10 V with a significantly greater dark current density of 7 μA cm-2 at 0 V. The characteristic features shown in the SEM are smaller pores compared to the AACVD method. Copper (II) oxide (CuO) and copper (I) oxide (Cu2O) films were fabricated by AACVD by varying the annealing temperature between 100-325°C in air using a fixed annealing time of 30 min. It was shown by photocurrent density (J-V) measurements that CuO produced at 325 °C was most stable and provided the highest photocurrent of 173 μA cm-2 at 0 V with an onset potential of about 0.23 V. The alignment of zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-rods and nano-tubes fabricated by CBD have been shown to be strongly affected by the seed layer on the FTO substrate. SEM images showed that AACVD provided the best seed layer for aligning the growth of the nano-rods perpendicular to the surface. Nano-rods were successfully altered into nano-tubes using a potassium chloride bath etching method. NiO prepared by both AACVD and the combined ED/DB method were sensitized to absorb more of the solar spectrum using AACVD to deposit CuO over the NiO. A large increase in the photocurrent was observed for the p-type photoelectrode. These p-type photoelectrode showed a photocurrent density of approximately 100 μA cm-2 at 0 V and an onset potential of 0.3 V. This photocathode was then used as a base to produce a solid state p-type solar cell. For the construction of the solid state solar cells several n-type semiconductors were used, these were ZnO, WO3 and BiVO4. WO3 and BiVO4 were successfully produced with BiVO4 proving to be the optimum choice. This cell was then studied more in depth and optimised by controlling the thickness of each layer and annealing temperatures. The best solid state solar cell produced had a Jsc of 0.541 μA cm-2 (541 nA) and a Voc of 0.14 V, TX146 made up of NiO 20 min, CuFe2O4 50 min, CuO 10 min, BiVO4 27 min, using AACVD and then annealed for 30 min at 600°C.

This dissertation investigates the advantages of procuring capital-intensive infrastructure services via Public-Private Partnerships (P3s or PPPs) – cost and time savings and; innovation and high levels of efficiency – accounting for these advantages by reference to the underlying legal provisions and principles that facilitate them; and in this process highlights two significant directions in which Canadian P3 law, policy and practice has evolved – the enactment of P3 legislation and/or the formulation of non-statutory P3-related policy; as well as the establishment of legal institutions that promote and/or facilitate P3 procurements. The dissertation also addresses key arguments raised against P3s, by reference to aspects of Canadian law, policy and P3 practice. The research methodology comprises a detailed review of legal and non-legal sources. The implication of the research findings is that, given the foregoing developments in Canadian P3 law, policy and practice, the key arguments canvassed against P3s are overstated and lacking in merit.

This dissertation investigates the advantages of procuring capital-intensive infrastructure services via Public-Private Partnerships (P3s or PPPs) – cost and time savings and; innovation and high levels of efficiency – accounting for these advantages by reference to the underlying legal provisions and principles that facilitate them; and in this process highlights two significant directions in which Canadian P3 law, policy and practice has evolved – the enactment of P3 legislation and/or the formulation of non-statutory P3-related policy; as well as the establishment of legal institutions that promote and/or facilitate P3 procurements. The dissertation also addresses key arguments raised against P3s, by reference to aspects of Canadian law, policy and P3 practice. The research methodology comprises a detailed review of legal and non-legal sources. The implication of the research findings is that, given the foregoing developments in Canadian P3 law, policy and practice, the key arguments canvassed against P3s are overstated and lacking in merit.

The aim of this work was double-balanced mixer implementation, which will be used like laboratory equipment. This thesis deals with design of the double-balanced mixer from first theoretical principles to a practical design of a laboratory equipment. For the practical design the integrated mixer SA612 was used. Input signal to the mixer up to 500 MHz frequency can be used. For required operation external oscillator and fifth-order low pass filter were constructed. Oscillator was designed for fixed frequency 32 MHz. Fifth-order low pass filter was inserted between the mixer and the oscillator, because of filtering higher harmonics. The second aim of the work was measuring double-balanced mixer basic parameters, such as Compression Point (P-1dB) and Intercept Point (IP3). For the IP3 measurement, another one device was required. It consists of the power combiner for mixing two frequency close signals and third-order bandpass filter, which selects required frequency band. Finally, the laboratory equipment was fabricated and its real parameters were measured.

Dans ce travail, nous nous focalisons sur l’ajout de contraintes temporelles dans les Bases de Données de Capteurs Sans Fil (BDCSF). La cohérence temporelle d’une BDCSF doit être assurée en respectant les contraintes temporelles des transactions et la validité temporelle des données, pour que les données prélevées par les capteurs reflètent fidèlement l’état réel de l’environnement. Cependant, les retards de transmission et/ou de réception pendant la collecte des données peuvent conduire au non-respect de la validité temporelle des données. Une solution de type bases de données s'avère la plus adéquate. Il faudrait pour cela faire coïncider les aspects BD traditionnelles avec les capteurs et leur environnement. À cette fin, les capteurs déployés au sein d'un réseau sans fils sont considérés comme une table d'une base de données distribuée, à laquelle sont appliquées des transactions (interrogations, mises à jour, etc.). Les transactions sur une BD de capteurs nécessitent des modifications pour prendre en compte l'aspect continu des données et l'aspect temps réel. Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse portent principalement sur trois contributions : (i) une étude comparative des propriétés temporelles entre une collecte périodique des données avec une base de données classique et une approche de traitement des requêtes avec une BDCSF, (ii) la proposition d’un modèle de traitement des requêtes temps réel, (iii) la mise en œuvre d’une BDCSF temps réel, basée sur les techniques décrites dans la deuxième contribution. / In this thesis, we are interested in adding real-time constraints in the Wireless Sensor Networks Database (WSNDB). Temporal consistency in WSNDB must be ensured by respecting the transaction deadlines and data temporal validity, so that sensor data reflect the current state of the environment. However, delays of transmission and/or reception in a data collection process can lead to not respect the data temporal validity. A database solution is most appropriate, which should coincide with the traditional database aspects with sensors and their environment. For this purpose, the sensor in WSN is considered as a table in a distributed database, which applied transactions (queries, updates, etc.). Transactions in a WSNDB require modifications to take into account of the continuous datastream and real-time aspects. Our contribution in this thesis focus on three parts: (i) a comparative study of temporal properties between a periodic data collection based on a remote database and query processing approach with WSNDB, (ii) the proposition of a real-time query processing model, (iii) the implementation of a real time WSNDB, based on the techniques described in the second contribution.

The purpose of this master’s thesis is foremost to provide a simple guide how to build elements of optical metropolitan area network. The basic model consists to sequence of construction, network topology, passive and active parts. The collection contains examples of alternative technology such as Wireless LAN with different frequency. The optical network construction based on optical cable, fibres, splices, trays, adapters, connectors and active parts for example a lot of media convertor models. After that there are demonstrating type of wavelength division multiplexer used in metropolitan area network – passive planar PCL splitter. One of the passive planar splitter are used to increase optical fibre channel. At the end of the collection a simplified examples of used measurements – optical time domain reflectometry and optical fibre transmission. Contains standard protocols or reflectogram. The conclusion of this thesis summarizes costs of FTTb (Fibre To The Building) model of optical metropolitan area network in Czech republic and future contribution for society.