La maladie d'Alzheimer est une maladie neurodégénérative sénile, entrainant une perte progressive et irréversible des fonctions cognitives et comportementales. Les deux principales caractéristiques pathologiques observées chez les patients atteints d'Alzheimer sont la présence d'enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires intracellulaires (majoritairement constitués par la protéine Tau hyperphosphorylée) et l'agrégation extracellulaire de plaques séniles ou amyloïdes (majoritairement constituées du peptide Amyloïde-β (Aβ)).Si l'étiologie complexe de la maladie reste à établir, la participation du stress oxydant (en partie induit par le peptide Aβ) est largement admise. Il a ainsi été proposé que la mort neuronale puisse être due à l'accumulation de dommages oxydatifs au niveau de la molécule d'ADN, qui pourrait en outre être associée à un dysfonctionnement du système de réparation de ce dernier. Dans notre étude, nous avons cherché à préciser les effets spécifiques du peptide Aβ sur les systèmes de réparation de l'ADN d'une lignée de neuroblastome humain (APP751). Cette dernière sécrète le peptide Aβ à des concentrations très physiologiques. Nous avons observé dans ce modèle une augmentation des dommages oxydatifs à l'état basal et plus encore à l'issue d'un stress additionnel, métallique ou oxydant. De manière surprenante le système BER, associé à la réparation des lésions oxydatives, est apparu sous-exprimé en présence d'Aβ, et réduit d'avantage après l'application d'un stress. Ces observations suggèrent une incapacité de la lignée sécrétrice d'Aβ à répondre à une attaque extérieure, ce qui est vraisemblablement susceptible d'engendrer une accumulation de dommages au niveau de la molécule d'ADN. L'autre fait marquant de ce travail, est la surexpression de facteurs généralement associés au NER, en présence d'Aβ couplé à un stress oxydant. Ces facteurs présentent une multifonctionnalité au sein de la cellule et leur stimulation pourrait représenter la mise en place d'un processus apoptotique plutôt que l'initiation de la réparation de l'ADN. Ces travaux nous ont permis d'établir pour la première fois un lien entre la sécrétion du peptide Aβ et la perturbation des systèmes de réparation de l'ADN, phénomènes susceptibles d'entrainer la mort cellulaire observée en excès dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder which leads to a progressive and irreversible loss of cognitive and behavioral functions. Two major pathological hallmarks are affecting patients with AD: intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (mostly constituted of the hyperphosphorylated Tau protein) and extracellular senile plaques deposits (mostly constituted of the amyloid- β peptide (Aβ)). If the complex etiology of AD remains to be defined, the role played by oxidative stress (partly generated by Aβ) is widely accepted. Thus, it has been proposed that the neuronal death in AD could be due to the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage over life that could be moreover associated to a deficient DNA repair capacity. In this study we focused on the Aβ peptide specific effects on DNA repair systems. We worked on a human neuroblastoma cell line which possesses the ability to secrete the Aβ to a very physiological level. In this model, we observed an increase in oxidative DNA damage, under basal conditions and even more following exposure to a metallic or oxidative stress. Surprinsingly, the oxidative lesions-associated BER system, appeared to be downregulated in the presence of Aβ, and to a greater extent diminished after stress. These observations suggest that the Aβ-secreting cell line is not able to respond to a harmful environment, which is likely to trigger the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage. The other highlight of this work is the over-expression of generally NER-associated proteins, in the presence of Aβ coupled to an oxidative stress. These proteins exhibit a multifunctionnality within cells and their stimulation could reveal the set up of an apoptotic pathway rather than the induction of a DNA repair process. Taken together, these results lead us to establish for the first time a strong link between Aβ secretion and the impairment of DNA repair capacities, which are inclined to cause the neuronal death that is observed in excess in AD.

This thesis seeks to address the question: to what extent is the EU Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions sufficiently framed in its terms to achieve its underlying aims and objectives? It is argued that the Directive has one overriding goal: to make it easier for the victims of infringements of EU competition law - typically end-consumers - to claim compensation from the infringers. It is also argued that the authors of the Directive present a convincing case that one of the main reasons for the lack of victims claiming - let alone being awarded - compensation, prior to the adoption of the Directive, is weaknesses with the existing legal framework governing competition law damages actions at national level. The thesis examines four of the main areas covered by the Directive: disclosure of evidence; the effect of NCA decisions; limitation periods; and indirect purchaser standing and the passing-on defence. In each case, the relevant rules from the Directive are set out and an assessment is carried out. A crucial part of this assessment consists of seeking to ascertain the problems facing potential claimants prior to the adoption of the Directive and asking whether the Directive appears well-framed in terms of addressing those problems. As well as considering case law of the EU courts, the legal rules and jurisprudence of two leading Member States - the United Kingdom and Italy - are used as primary case studies in carrying out this assessment. The assessment of the measures considered in this thesis is a nuanced one. It is argued that the measures set out in Chapter II of the Directive on disclosure of evidence are generally well-framed and beneficial for claimants, crucially showing a keen understanding of the relationship between private and public enforcement. The assessment of Article 9, on the effect of NCA decisions is much less positive. It is argued that the measures are drafted in vague terms and compare unfavourably with existing rules and practices in the two case-study Member States. It is argued that while the measures set out in Article 10 on limitation periods do represent an improvement for claimants in certain respects, there are a number of key issues that they fail to address. Finally, the assessment of Articles 12 to 15 on indirect purchaser standing and the passing-on defence is positive in some respects, but it is argued that many of the measures do not adequately address the issues that they purport to tackle. It is also argued that these measures are unlikely to bear fruit, without certain issues which are not covered by the Directive, being addressed. Ultimately it is concluded that the Directive makes some important strides towards the realisation of its underlying aims and objectives, but that many of the measures examined are found to be too vague, too weak or too incomplete to fully address the key issues and that the Directive also fails to address some important issues at all.

Embora o Brasil ocupe a primeira posição no ranking mundial de produção de lima ácida Tahiti, somente 6,6% desta produção é exportada. Tal aspecto deve-se, parcialmente, às perdas provocadas por danos pós-colheita, as quais estão distribuídas ao longo da cadeia de comercialização da fruta, desde a colheita até o consumidor final. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos dos métodos de colheita e das etapas de beneficiamento pós-colheita de lima ácida Tahiti na sua qualidade e conservação. Para atingir este objetivo, foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro, avaliaram-se os métodos de colheita com a tesoura, por torção, com o cesto e com o gancho, nos períodos de safra e entressafra. No segundo experimento, foram avaliados os mesmos métodos de colheita, para frutas de lima ácida Tahiti destinadas a exportação, as quais após a colheita passaram pelo processo de beneficiamento pós-colheita. No terceiro experimento, avaliou-se o efeito das etapas do beneficiamento pós-colheita na qualidade e conservação da lima ácida Tahiti. Nos três experimentos foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas e sensoriais ao longo do armazenamento a 22ºC±2 e 70±5 de umidade relativa. Nos experimentos envolvendo a avaliação dos métodos de colheita constatou-se que a colheita com o gancho foi a que mais prejudicou os atributos de qualidade da lima ácida Tahiti independentemente de terem sido beneficiadas. Este método causou maior redução da coloração verde da casca das frutas, maior degradação do ácido ascórbico, maior perda de massa, maior incidência de distúrbios fisiológicos e maior alteração do sabor do suco quando comparado aos outros métodos. A quantidade de frutos aptos para exportação foi 23% menor para a colheita com o gancho quando comparado com a tesoura. Tais resultados estão diretamente relacionados com a quantidade de injúrias mecânicas causadas nos frutos no método de colheita com gancho. No experimento com as etapas do beneficiamento póscolheita observou-se que as limas ácidas Tahiti que passaram pelo beneficiamento completo apresentaram maior redução do conteúdo de ácido ascórbico, maior perda de massa, maior incidência de oleocelose, menor quantidade de frutos comercializáveis e maior alteração do aroma e sabor do suco quando comparado aos frutos que não passaram por todas as etapas do beneficiamento. Tais resultados podem ser relacionados ao fato do processo de beneficiamento aplicado nas limas ácidas Tahiti conter etapas consideradas agressivas aos frutos, impedindo que os demais procedimentos tenham resultado eficiente. A avaliação dos distintos métodos de colheita permitiu identificar a colheita com a tesoura como mais eficiente na conservação dos atributos de qualidade da lima ácida Tahiti e também como o método que apresentou maior rendimento de frutas com padrão de qualidade exigido para exportação. O método de colheita com o gancho causa danos físicos aos frutos e prejudica seus atributos de qualidade de forma irreversível. Os procedimentos de beneficiamento pós-colheita das limas ácidas Tahiti têm sua eficiência reduzida quando aplicados em frutos que sofreram danos físicos. / Although Brazil occupies the first position among the worlds largest producers of Tahiti lime, only 6,6% of this production is exported. This situation is partly due to fruit losses caused by postharvest injuries, which are distributed along the fruit supply chain from harvest to the final consumer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different harvesting methods and postharvest practices of Tahiti limes on their quality and conservation. For this purpose three trials were conducted. In the first trial, different harvesting methods were evaluated on fruit picked with scissors, by twisting, with basket and with hook, both during the main harvest as well as on the offseason periods. In the second trial, the same harvesting methods were assessed on Tahiti limes classified for export on a commercial packing line. In the third trial, different postharvest stages were evaluated regarding their effects on fruit quality and storage of Tahiti limes. In all the experiments physical, chemical and sensory analyses were conducted during fruit storage at 22±2 °C and 70±5% relative humidity. For the experiments comparing different harvesting methods, fruit picking with hook was found to cause largest injuries on quality attributes of Tahiti limes, both for sorted and unsorted fruit. This harvest method caused larger degradation of green skin color and ascorbic acid content on fruits, with larger mass loss, increased incidence of physiological disorders and major alterations of juice flavor, when compared to other harvest methods. The amount of fruit classified for export was 23% lower when the harvest was performed with the hook, as compared with scissors-harvesting. These results are directly related to the amount of mechanical injuries caused by fruit harvesting with hook. In the experiment evaluating different postharvest stages it was observed that Tahiti limes that went over all the sorting and grading steps showed larger reduction in ascorbic acid content, with larger mass loss and incidence of oleocelosis, fewer marketable fruit percentage and stronger alterations on juice smell and flavor, when compared to fruits that did not undergo through all the classification steps. These results may be related with the fact that sorting and grading processes currently applied to Tahiti limes in the packing house are considered to be aggressive to fruits, and they prevent from achieving positive effects with other postharvest practices. Scissors-picking of fruits was more efficient for conserving quality attributes of Tahiti limes, and this was also the method yielding higher percentage of fruit meeting the quality standards required for export. Fruit harvesting using the hook caused physical injuries that irreversibly affected fruit quality. Postharvest practices of Tahiti limes had reduced efficiency when applied onto fruits exposed to physical damage.

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo verificar a interferência das plantas daninhas no desenvolvimento inicial de Tangerineira 'poncã' (Citrus reticulata Blanco) enxertada sobre Limão "cravo" [Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck], através de áreas de controle das plantas daninhas em coroamento ou em faixas de controle próximas as mudas no campo. Para tal finalidade foi conduzido um experimento em área do Departamento de Produção Vegetal, da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", localizada no município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo.As mudas de tangerina poncã foram plantadas em 10/03/1999, obedecendo o espaçamento de 6,0 m entrelinhas e 4,0 m entre plantas. As entrelinhas foram mantidas roçadas com roçadora tratorizada convencional. Os tratamentos experimentais foram dispostos em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste F aplicado à análise de variância, e as médias confrontadas pelo teste de comparação múltipla de Tukey ao nível de 1 % e 5 % de probabilidade. Cada parcela experimental foi constituída por quatro plantas. As sub-parcelas foram constituídas por duas plantas. As plantas foram mantidas capinadas, com enxada, no sentido da linha para entrelinhas, a 25 cm, 50 cm, 75 cm e 100 cm de distância do tronco, além da parcela sem capina, e da parcela capinada. Nas sub-parcelas as capinas foram balizadas com arame em forma de circunferência, suspenso por seis estacas de madeira, para a capina em coroamento, e balizadas com quatro estacas as sub-parcelas destinadas a capina em faixas, conforme cada tratamento.O desenvolvimento das plantas de tangerina foi avaliadotrimestralmente, de 04/05/1999 até 19/07/2001, sendo medido o diâmetro do tronco, diâmetro da copa e altura. Os dados obtidos permitiramm as seguintes conclusões: No primeiro ano de implantação do pomar, são necessárias capinas na linha da cultura, para controle das plantas daninhas, de 75 cm em coroamento, ou de 25 cm em faixas de cada lado do tronco. No segundo ano de implantação do pomar, são necessárias capinas na linha da cultura, para controle das plantas daninhas, de 100 cm em coroamento, ou em faixas de 25 cm de cada lado do tronco. Os tratamentos com capinas em faixas permitiram um melhor desenvolvimento das plantas. No terceiro ano de implantação do pomar, são necessárias capinas na linha da cultura de 100 cm em coroamento ou 25 cm em faixas de cada lado do tronco. / The objective of this research was to evaluate the weed interference on the initial development of "Ponkan" Mandarin trees grafted on "Cravo" [Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck], through areas of weed control in rows (crown or strips) near to the young plants in the field. For that it was conducted an experiment in the experimental area of the Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", in Piracicaba county, São Paulo state, Brazil.The young plants of mandarin were transplanted in 03/10/1999, in a 6,0 m by 4,0 m spacing. The inter rows were mowed using conventional mower powered by a tractor.The experimental treatments were set in a randomized block design with subplots, four replications. The data obtained were submitted to F test and analysis of variance, and the averages were compared using Tukey test at 1% and 5% level of probability. Each experimental plot had four plots. The sub-plots were constituted of two plants. The weeds surrounding the plants were manually hoed from the row center to the inter row direction, at 25 cm, 50 cm, 75 cm and 100 cm distance from the tree trunk, besides a plot weeded, and a plot entirely hoed. In the sub plots the weeds were hoed in a circle forming a crown unweeded around the tree trunk according to the treatments. The mandarin plant development was evaluated every three months from 05/04/99 to 07/19/01, being measured the trunk diameter, shot diameter and height. The obtained data allowed the following conclusions:In the first year after the orchard establishment, it was necessary weed control in the citrus row extending to a 75 cm of the crown, or 25 cm strips wide each side of the tree trunk. During the second year of mandarin orchard establishment manual weed control using hoe is necessary in a 100 cm crown diameter surrounding the tree trunk, or in the strips of 25 cm each side of the tree trunk. The treatments with manual hoe the strips allowed a better plants development. During the third year of mandarin orchard establishment manual weed control using hoe is necessary in the 100 cm diameter of the crown surrounding the tree trunk or in strips of 25 cm each side of the tree trunk.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-07-28T18:29:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Barcellos Pereira.pdf: 734324 bytes, checksum: 762042239634bfe73f5374a41715ae82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T18:29:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Barcellos Pereira.pdf: 734324 bytes, checksum: 762042239634bfe73f5374a41715ae82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / In this globalized world, the international trade of goods and the capital movements between parties based in two or more countries has grown rapidly and dynamically. Over the years, these commercial transactions have generated legal uncertainty in international trade relations, both for sellers and buyers, since there was no uniformity in the standards that would be applied to solve the problems arising from international trade, such as: lack of delivery of goods, non-conformity of delivered goods, delivery of goods beyond the contract deadline, non-conforming international purchase and sale documentation, delivery of goods in a place other than the named place of destination, as well as any other substantial default under the purchase and sale agreement. The aforementioned issues cause financial, economic and tax losses, since the economic balance of the agreement is bound to its fulfillment in the terms in which it was entered into. This situation was exacerbated by the lack of a uniform standard, and by the fact that some countries follow the civil law system, while others follow the common law. Thus, a movement began in search of a uniformization of standards, culminating in the approval of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In this sense, the present dissertation approaches, first, the historical evolution, the approval of the text of the Convention and its normative structure. Afterwards, we discuss the application of the Convention in national territory from the perspective of the treaty. Next, an analysis will be carried out on the overall trading system and the good faith of the contracting parties. In sequence, we will assess the instruments of mitigation of damages in the international trade of goods, highlighting and studying their mechanisms, and how the Convention aims to mitigate the damages in international trade. All to conclude whether the means proposed by the international treaty can produce the desired effects or not. / No cenário de um mundo globalizado, a relação de compra e venda internacional de mercadorias e a circulação de capital, entre partes sediadas em dois ou mais países, cresceram de forma rápida e dinâmica. Ao longo dos anos, essas transações comerciais geraram inseguranças nas relações jurídicas internacionais, tanto para os vendedores quanto para os compradores, posto que não havia uma uniformidade quanto à norma que seria aplicada para dirimir os problemas advindos do comércio internacional, tais como: a falta de entrega das mercadorias, mercadorias em desconformidade com as contratadas, entrega de mercadorias fora do prazo contratado, documentação da compra e venda internacional em desconformidade, entrega de mercadorias fora do lugar de destino, bem como qualquer outro inadimplemento substancial do contrato de compra e venda. Os citados problemas geram danos financeiros, econômicos e tributários, posto que o equilíbrio econômico do contrato está vinculado ao seu cumprimento nos termos em que foi celebrado. Essa situação era agravada em face à inexistência de uma norma uniforme, e pelo fato de alguns países adotarem a civil law e outros, o sistema da common law. Assim sendo, iniciou-se um movimento em busca da harmonização das normas, culminando na aprovação da Convenção sobre Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação aborda, primeiramente, a evolução histórica, a aprovação do texto da Convenção e a sua estrutura normativa. Após, será discutida a aplicação da Convenção em território nacional sob a ótica do tratado. Em seguida, será realizada análise sobre o sistema comercial global e da boa-fé dos contratantes. Por seguinte, serão avaliados os instrumentos de mitigação de danos no comércio de mercadorias internacionais, salientando e estudando os seus mecanismos, e como a Convenção pretende mitigar os danos no comércio internacional, para ao final, concluir se os meios propostos pelo tratado internacional são capazes de gerar os efeitos desejados ou não.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-07-28T19:07:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando Bacellar.pdf: 701385 bytes, checksum: d64306a2f526baa5c5dafb91486390f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T19:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando Bacellar.pdf: 701385 bytes, checksum: d64306a2f526baa5c5dafb91486390f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / In this globalized world, the international trade of goods and the capital movements between parties based in two or more countries has grown rapidly and dynamically. Over the years, these commercial transactions have generated legal uncertainty in international trade relations, both for sellers and buyers, since there was no uniformity in the standards that would be applied to solve the problems arising from international trade, such as: lack of delivery of goods, non-conformity of delivered goods, delivery of goods beyond the contract deadline, non-conforming international purchase and sale documentation, delivery of goods in a place other than the named place of destination, as well as any other substantial default under the purchase and sale agreement. The aforementioned issues cause financial, economic and tax losses, since the economic balance of the agreement is bound to its fulfillment in the terms in which it was entered into. This situation was exacerbated by the lack of a uniform standard, and by the fact that some countries follow the civil law system, while others follow the common law. Thus, a movement began in search of a uniformization of standards, culminating in the approval of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In this sense, the present dissertation approaches, first, the historical evolution, the approval of the text of the Convention and its normative structure. Afterwards, we discuss the application of the Convention in national territory from the perspective of the treaty. Next, an analysis will be carried out on the overall trading system and the good faith of the contracting parties. In sequence, we will assess the instruments of mitigation of damages in the international trade of goods, highlighting and studying their mechanisms, and how the Convention aims to mitigate the damages in international trade. All to conclude whether the means proposed by the international treaty can produce the desired effects or not. / No cenário de um mundo globalizado, a relação de compra e venda internacional de mercadorias e a circulação de capital, entre partes sediadas em dois ou mais países, cresceram de forma rápida e dinâmica. Ao longo dos anos, essas transações comerciais geraram inseguranças nas relações jurídicas internacionais, tanto para os vendedores quanto para os compradores, posto que não havia uma uniformidade quanto à norma que seria aplicada para dirimir os problemas advindos do comércio internacional, tais como: a falta de entrega das mercadorias, mercadorias em desconformidade com as contratadas, entrega de mercadorias fora do prazo contratado, documentação da compra e venda internacional em desconformidade, entrega de mercadorias fora do lugar de destino, bem como qualquer outro inadimplemento substancial do contrato de compra e venda. Os citados problemas geram danos financeiros, econômicos e tributários, posto que o equilíbrio econômico do contrato está vinculado ao seu cumprimento nos termos em que foi celebrado. Essa situação era agravada em face à inexistência de uma norma uniforme, e pelo fato de alguns países adotarem a civil law e outros, o sistema da common law. Assim sendo, iniciou-se um movimento em busca da harmonização das normas, culminando na aprovação da Convenção sobre Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação aborda, primeiramente, a evolução histórica, a aprovação do texto da Convenção e a sua estrutura normativa. Após, será discutida a aplicação da Convenção em território nacional sob a ótica do tratado. Em seguida, será realizada análise sobre o sistema comercial global e da boa-fé dos contratantes. Por seguinte, serão avaliados os instrumentos de mitigação de danos no comércio de mercadorias internacionais, salientando e estudando os seus mecanismos, e como a Convenção pretende mitigar os danos no comércio internacional, para ao final, concluir se os meios propostos pelo tratado internacional são capazes de gerar os efeitos desejados ou não.

Afin d'assurer la plénitude des objectifs du droit de la concurrence, la majorité des systèmes juridiques s'appuient tout à la fois sur une mise en œuvre par les sphères privée et publique. Grâce au développement récent dans les règlements européens du rôle privé dans la mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence, les interactions entre les exécutions privée et publique dans ce domaine sont devenues une réalité d'importance dans le contexte européen. Plus précisément, notre étude examinera les deux principales formes de décisions prises par les autorités de la concurrence, respectivement les « settlements » et les « litigation decisions ». Une « settlement decision », de façon générale, ne peut être utilisée utilement afin d'assurer le succès d'une action privée en dommages et intérêts. C'est pourquoi dans notre travail nous mettrons en lumière les possibles interactions entre l'exécution par les sphères publiques du droit de la concurrence et les compensations pour les victimes de comportements anticoncurrentiels. Les « litigation decisions » imposent habituellement des sanctions pécuniaires à l'encontre des violateurs du droit et pourraient être utilisées en faveur des demandeurs dans les actions de suivi en dommages et intérêts. Nous observerons les conséquences économiques et légales de ces interactions dans la cohabitation des amendes et du préjudice dans le domaine du droit de la concurrence. Dans notre thèse nous discuterons de la situation actuelle et récente de l'Europe, au regard du développement de ces interactions entre les deux sphères, en l'éprouvant à la lumière de l'expérience américaine en la matière / In order to achieve the various objectives of antitrust law, the majority of legal systems use both public and private enforcement. Because of the recent development of private enforcement under the European rules, the interaction between public and private enforcement has become a reality in the European context. More precisely, our study examines two main types of decisions made by antitrust authorities, namely settlements and litigation decisions. A settlement decision, generally speaking, cannot be used to help ensure the success of private action for damages. This is why, in our study, we highlight the possibility of an interaction between public settlement decisions and compensation of victims of anticompetition behaviors. The litigation decisions usually impose monetary sanctions on the infringer of the antitrust law and provide presumptions which are helpful for the claimant in follow-on action for damages before the court. We examine the legal and economic consequences of the interaction between the fines and damages in the antitrust legal area. We underline in more detail that, under the new European and the National rules of member states of the European Union, we will observe an increase in follow-on action. This increase will lead to more interaction between fines and damages. Finding the best means to evaluate this new monetary charge on infringers of antitrust law has become a very important legal and economic question. In this study, we discuss the recent European situation with regards to the monetary impact of the interaction between public and private enforcement in the light of the American experience with the matter

<p>Från och med den 1 januari 2002 har närstående till en person som dödats genom en skadeståndsgrundande handling en i lag (5 kap 2 § skadeståndslagen) reglerad rätt till skadestånd för personskada som har åsamkats dem till följd av dödsfallet. Lagstiftaren har lagt ett stort ansvar på rättstillämparen gällande inte minst då det gäller att avgränsa gruppen ersättningsberättigade. Här tvingas jurister göra svåra bedömningar som ej är att beteckna som strikt juridiska, till exempel att avgöra vem som ”stod den avlidne särskilt nära”. I uppsatsen presenteras en arbetsmodell som utgår från de fyra kriterierna blodsband, hushållsgemenskap, tidsaspekt och förhållandet personerna emellan i övrigt. I och med nyttjandet av arbetsmodellen möjliggörs den nyanserade bedömning som lagstiftaren efterfrågar. De fyra kriterierna skall vägas samman vid bedömningen och de olika kriteriernas tyngd vid denna sammanvägning kan variera. Metoden erbjuder en utgångspunkt för hur bedömningen på ett metodiskt sätt kan genomföras och den är dessutom tillämpbar på de flesta situationer. På så sätt kommer vi ifrån den begränsande metoden att strikt följa typfall.Uppsatsen innehåller även en sammanställning av relevant praxis på området och en katalog med personkategorier som kan komma ifråga för ersättning.</p> / <p>From January 1st 2002 there is a statutory right for a deceased (culpa or dolus) person’s relatives, or more correctly persons with a close relationship to the desceased) to claim damages for their own emotional suffering. The legislator has put a huge responsibility on courts of law and insurance companies by letting these decide who is to be considered close and therefore entitled to damages. This report introduces a method to help them with this task. The Method is built on a test consisting of four different criteria: blood-relationship, household/cohabiting, time aspect and the relationship as such.</p>

Från och med den 1 januari 2002 har närstående till en person som dödats genom en skadeståndsgrundande handling en i lag (5 kap 2 § skadeståndslagen) reglerad rätt till skadestånd för personskada som har åsamkats dem till följd av dödsfallet. Lagstiftaren har lagt ett stort ansvar på rättstillämparen gällande inte minst då det gäller att avgränsa gruppen ersättningsberättigade. Här tvingas jurister göra svåra bedömningar som ej är att beteckna som strikt juridiska, till exempel att avgöra vem som ”stod den avlidne särskilt nära”. I uppsatsen presenteras en arbetsmodell som utgår från de fyra kriterierna blodsband, hushållsgemenskap, tidsaspekt och förhållandet personerna emellan i övrigt. I och med nyttjandet av arbetsmodellen möjliggörs den nyanserade bedömning som lagstiftaren efterfrågar. De fyra kriterierna skall vägas samman vid bedömningen och de olika kriteriernas tyngd vid denna sammanvägning kan variera. Metoden erbjuder en utgångspunkt för hur bedömningen på ett metodiskt sätt kan genomföras och den är dessutom tillämpbar på de flesta situationer. På så sätt kommer vi ifrån den begränsande metoden att strikt följa typfall.Uppsatsen innehåller även en sammanställning av relevant praxis på området och en katalog med personkategorier som kan komma ifråga för ersättning. / From January 1st 2002 there is a statutory right for a deceased (culpa or dolus) person’s relatives, or more correctly persons with a close relationship to the desceased) to claim damages for their own emotional suffering. The legislator has put a huge responsibility on courts of law and insurance companies by letting these decide who is to be considered close and therefore entitled to damages. This report introduces a method to help them with this task. The Method is built on a test consisting of four different criteria: blood-relationship, household/cohabiting, time aspect and the relationship as such.

Ofta rapporterar massmedia om brott som t.ex. mord, våldtäkt och misshandel. Den ena gärningen är brutalare än den andra. Denna uppsats behandlar ideellt skadestånd för sveda och värk som under vissa omständigheter kan tilldömas den som åsamkas psykiska besvär, till följd av underrättelsen om att en nära anhörig uppsåtligen har berövats livet. Effekterna av det psykiska lidande som närstående till ett brottsoffer tvingas utstå vid grova brott är ofta påtagliga för den som drabbas, varför skadestånd ev. kan bli aktuellt. En välkänd princip inom skadeståndsrätten är att s.k. tredjemansskador inte ersätts. Principen är normalt sett ett hinder för att tillerkännas ersättning i ett sådant fall. Sambandet mellan tredjemansskadan och gärningsmannens handling kan anses vara otillräckligt för att grunda ersättning. Principen har emellertid sitt väsentliga tillämpningsområde i situationer då tredje man drabbas av allmän förmögenhetsskada till följd av att någon annan har lidit en fysisk skada. Numera har det skett en utveckling på området genom att principen, i vissa fall, inte utesluter att ersättning för psykiska besvär kan utgå till den som har fått en underrättelse om att en nära anhörig bragts om livet. Författaren presenterar här den rättsliga utvecklingen gällande sveda- och värkersättningen vars beloppsnivåer tenderar att höjas, och tar därefter ställning till bl.a. frågorna om var gränsen bör dras för skadeståndsansvar de lege ferenda samt vem som bör vara ersättningsberättigad.