A partir da perspectiva teórica de que o fortalecimento da democracia representativa vincula-s ao desenvolvimento da democracia participativa, este trabalho visa a analisar o exercício da participação política por meio do uso de ferramentas de tecnologia de informação e comunicação (TICs) no que se refere à elaboração de políticas públicas durante o processo legislativo. Além de avaliar outras experiências internacionais com esse intuito, o presente trabalho tem como base a realização de estudos de caso referentes a práticas participativas digitais desenvolvidas por parlamentos, em especial sobre o Programa e-Democracia da Câmara dos Deputados brasileira e o Projeto Senador Virtual do Senado chileno. Por meio de metodologia qualitativa, o estudo concluiu que tais projetos apresentam resultados ainda incipientes quanto à melhoria de representatividade na tomada de decisão, de agregação de inteligência coletiva no processo legislativo e de transparência da atuação parlamentar, elementos caros à democracia participativa e deliberativa. Não obstante, essas experiências têm o mérito de contribuir para a construção gradual de mecanismos participativos mais efetivos e complementares ao sistema de representação política / Departing from the theoretical standpoint in which the strengthening of representative democracy is related to the development of participatory democracy, this research aims to analyze information and communication technology experiments of political participation in policymaking. Besides evaluating mini-practices worldwide in this regard, we intend to study cases of digital participation developed by parliaments, specially the e-Democracia Program from Brazilian House of Representatives and the Senador Virtual Project from Chilean Senate House. By adopting qualitative methodology, this work concludes that such practices have just offered preliminary progresses for increasing representativeness in decision-making, aggregating collective intelligence in lawmaking and developing transparency over the behavior of legislators in the mandate, key aspects of the participatory and deliberative democracy. However, those practices contribute to the gradual construction of a more effective participatory mechanism that complements the system of political representation

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T20:41:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elisa Costa Ferreira Rosa - 2013.pdf: 10724706 bytes, checksum: 318ffcc42170fbf0c4138efd4f3139ec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T20:42:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elisa Costa Ferreira Rosa - 2013.pdf: 10724706 bytes, checksum: 318ffcc42170fbf0c4138efd4f3139ec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-04T20:42:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elisa Costa Ferreira Rosa - 2013.pdf: 10724706 bytes, checksum: 318ffcc42170fbf0c4138efd4f3139ec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This work includes theoretical and empirical research about the Brazilian citizen conversation with the State through the internet. The empirical object had to be cut to make the search feasible. Therefore, was analyzed the 10 most voted proposals of the Virtual Conference of the 1st CONSOCIAL - National Conference on Transparency and Social Control. The 1st CONSOCIAL was a public lecture organized by the Comptroller General of the Union, with the purpose of discussing public policy. Within the various stages, the Virtual Conference took place in the online environment, where participants were able to suggest ideas and decide on the proposals to be brought forward to the National Conference. To understand the context of the empirical object, some concepts were discussed along the theoretical research. Public communication, internet and deliberative democracy are essential elements chatting throughout the research in order to understand how this new way of communicating permeates the daily life of Brazilian civil society connected to the internet. Deliberative democracy, proposes a democratic model based on dialogue, communicative action, where the best argument should prevail. This conversation between state and society, is nothing more than public communication achieved, a process that is still being established in Brazil, and that was only possible after the legitimization of publicity of administrative acts of public character. / Este trabalho contempla uma investigação empírica e teórica sobre a maneira como o cidadão brasileiro conversa com o Estado por meio da internet. O objeto empírico teve que ser recortado para tornar a pesquisa viável. Por isso, foram analisadas as 10 propostas mais votadas da Conferência Virtual da 1ª Consocial – Conferência Nacional sobre Transparência e Controle Social. A 1ª Consocial foi uma conferência pública organizada pela Controladoria Geral da União (CGU) com o objetivo de debater políticas públicas. Dentro das várias etapas, a Conferência Virtual aconteceu no ambiente on-line, onde os participantes puderam sugerir ideias e deliberar acerca das propostas para serem levadas para a Conferência Nacional. Para entender o contexto do objeto empírico alguns conceitos foram abordados ao longo da pesquisa teórica. Comunicação pública, democracia deliberativa e internet são elementos essenciais que conversam ao longo da pesquisa a fim de compreender como esta nova maneira de se comunicar permeia o cotidiano da sociedade civil brasileira conectada na internet. A democracia deliberativa propõe um modelo democrático baseado no diálogo, no agir comunicativo, onde deve prevalecer o melhor argumento. Esta conversa entre Estado e sociedade nada mais é que a comunicação pública concretizada, processo que ainda está sendo instaurado no Brasil, e que só foi possível depois da legitimação da publicidade dos atos administrativos de caráter público.

Desde a promulgação da Constituição de 1988, mecanismos de vinculação de decisões foram introduzidos no sistema jurídico brasileiro, com vistas, principalmente, à redução da sobrecarga de trabalho do Judiciário. A autora argumenta que peculiaridades institucionais e culturais brasileiras, como os procedimentos de deliberação e tomada de decisão no STF e as formas de estruturação e justificação das decisões, seriam fatores obstativos à operacionalização de práticas decisórias pautadas na aplicação de precedentes. Ademais, ao endereçar tão somente o plano normativo, as reformas em curso chancelariam o modelo deliberativo e decisório do tribunal, revelando uma maior preocupação com a vinculação dos juízos inferiores do que uma valorização dos precedentes da corte. Não obstante os fatores refratários às mudanças em curso, a autora argumenta que é possível que a introdução progressiva de mecanismos de vinculação de instâncias inferiores possa implicar mudanças mais profundas na praticas deliberativas da corte e na condução discursiva de seus julgados. A exposição é segmentada em cinco partes. A autora, inicialmente, trata dos pressupostos teóricos que sustentam a hipótese de trabalho; expõe, em seguida, as modificações normativas que instituíram formas de vinculação judicial a precedentes; aborda então os fatores institucionais problemáticos a operação de retomada e replicação de precedentes; e, finalmente, discute como a ausência de uma cultura de precedentes no Brasil interfere na efetividade das reformas em curso. / Since the promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of 1988, there were reforms in the Brazilian legal system aimed at introducing adherence to precedents. The author argues that institucional and cultural peculiarities, such as deliberation procedures, the decision-making process and the practices of structuring and justification in the judicial decision writing were hindrances to the implementation of those reforms. Besides, changes were restrained to the normative level, therefore, leaving untouched the deliberative model of the tribunal. They revealed a strong concern with the submission of lower courts, rather than recognition of the importance of precedents by itself. Nevertheless, the author argues that, in the long term, the imposition of adherence to precedents may entail changes in the decision-making process and in the deliberative practices of the tribunal. The paper is divided into five parts. Initially, the author discusses the theoretical assumptions which underpin her hypothesis. The second part explains normative aspects of the ongoing reforms. The third and fourth sections deals with institutional and cultural factors related to judicial decision-making and adherence to precedents.

nÃo hà / Esta tese se propÃs a investigar o fenÃmeno da participaÃÃo popular no OrÃamento Participativo de Fortaleza como processo pedagÃgico. A pedagogia à compreendida como processo instituinte, capaz de mobilizar novos imaginÃrios sÃcio-polÃticos. Esse viÃs contou com as contribuiÃÃes teÃrico-conceituais de Castoriadis e Paulo Freire. Realizou-se um estudo de caso delimitado aos quatro (2005-2008) primeiros anos da implantaÃÃo do OP na cidade. O OrÃamento Participativo faz parte de um projeto democrÃtico-participativo, fundamentado em uma perspectiva de democracia cujos princÃpios da deliberaÃÃo popular, controle social, autonomia etc. detÃm-se no empoderamento popular. O objetivo deste estudo deteve-se no sujeito (individual e coletivo) e nas possibilidades deste desenvolver neste espaÃo uma forma de existir coletivamente. A participaÃÃo nÃo compreende as aprendizagens individuais, mas as que se dÃo entre-os-indivÃduos, daà a categoria central ser: âpedagogia da participaÃÃoâ. Esse termo contempla um conjunto de outras subcategorias (eidos coletivo, saber dialÃgico, tempo pedagÃgico, domÃnio pÃblico do saber) norteadoras do processo investigativo. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram no OP de Fortaleza uma instituiÃÃo capaz de estabelecer tensÃes com um imaginÃrio sÃcio-polÃtico jà instituÃdo, mas estas tensÃes nÃo romperam com as formas tradicionais de fazer polÃtica (territorialidade, tempo administrativo, saber epistÃmico, etc.), dificultando a criaÃÃo de uma forma de existir coletivamente. / This thesis aims to investigate the phenomenon of popular participation in the Participative Budget (PB) of Fortaleza as a pedagogical process. The pedagogy is understood as an establishing process, able to mobilize new socio-political imaginary. This bias includes the theoretical and conceptual contributions of Castoriadis and Paulo Freire. In this work, we conducted a case study limited to the first four years (2005 - 2008) of the implantation of PB in Fortaleza. The PB is part of a participatory-democratic project, based on a perspective of democracy whose principles of popular deliberation, social control, autonomy, etc., hold on the popular empowerment. In this way, the aim of this thesis had a focus on the subject (individual and collective) and on the possibilities of this to develop a way of to exist collectively. Participation does not include individual learnings, but that which give between individuals, therefrom the central category to be "pedagogy of participation". This terms cover a number of other subcategories (collective eidos, dialogical knowledge, pedagogical time, public domain of knowledge) that are guiding the investigative process. The research results revel the PB of Fortaleza as an institution able of to establish tensions with a socio-political imaginary already established, but these tensions did not breaks with traditional ways of doing politics (territoriality, administrative time, knowledge epistemic, etc..), making impossible the formation of a collective.

This thesis studies the role of storytelling within deliberation. It examines a citizen dialogue concerning the issue of vulnerable EU-citizens begging in Uppsala, Sweden, held in March 2016. Storytelling has been the focus of a normative debate with arguments both for and against its role in deliberation. However, within empirical research, stories’ role within deliberative discussions has not gained equal attention. In this thesis some of the findings of existing empirical research are tested in a Swedish context, as are some of the assumptions of the normative debate. The study examines whether stories are told and if they have an effect to the extent that they are further engaged in the discussions. It furthermore studies what type of effects stories may be seen to have on deliberation, whether widening and/or limiting. In relation to prior research, the definition of a story is discussed and clarified for this study. The findings show that stories are shared in deliberation and engage other deliberators, thus having an effect on the discussions. The nuanced findings concerning stories’ potential widening and/or limiting effects on deliberation are reported on and discussed in relation to prior empirical and theoretical research. Parts of these results are that the concept of unconventional claims is problematized, and that a tendency of stories creating “experts” in deliberation is identified.

La délibération semble intuitivement associée à l’idée de légitimité. Cette étude entend porter un regard nouveau sur cette question. En droit public, la délibération s’organise dans des procédures dont la thèse entend sonder les influences sur la légitimité du droit. L’étude démontre que la délibération repose toujours sur un idéal démocratique, celui de la liberté et de l’égalité de ses acteurs. En revanche, elle révèle les nombreuses limites portées à l’influence de la délibération sur le droit. Aussi, nous soutenons la thèse selon laquelle la délibération ne participe que relativement à la légitimité du droit. En effet, si l’idéal démocratique libéral anime manifestement l’organisation du procédé délibératif, la délibération du droit nous apparaît en revanche comme un échec. / No English summary available.

Notion fondamentale du droit des sociétés, la collégialité est souvent réduite aux organes sociaux, voire cantonnée au processus de formation des décisions collectives. L'étude tend à dépasser la dimension institutionnelle du pouvoir collégial. Il s'agit de rechercher, en dépit de la diversité des collèges, les fondements, l'unité, le régime, les limites et la valeur de la collégialité en tant que notion et pratique. À cette fin, il convient d'envisager autant l'organisation collégiale que le fonctionnement collégial. Il en résulte que toute collégialité suppose une pluralité de personnes ou des collèges (au moins deux) (1) qui ensemble et à égalité par voie de délibération en concertation (2), poursuivent la réalisation d'un projet commun ou l'exécution d'une mission commune (3). Toutefois il existe deux catégories de collégialité selon ce qui fait l'unité du collège: projet commun (associés) ; fonction ou mission commune (autres organes). Ce qui fait l'unité du collège influence la nature et l'intensité des droits et obligations que toute organisation collégiale suppose pour ses membres. Il en est de même du fonctionnement. Unitaire en ce qu'il renvoie au processus de formation de l'acte collectif unilatéral, le fonctionnement collégial suppose des techniques variables selon chaque figure. Enfin, la collégialité est-elle un principe du droit des sociétés ? Pour les associés, cela est certain : la collégialité renvoie au groupement qu'ils forment, organisation et fonctionnement, sans qu'une prévision en ce sens ne soit nécessaire. Pour les autres organes la réponse est variable. Elle n'est un principe d'organisation et de fonctionnement qu'autant qu'une norme l'impose. / Collegiality, as the pivotal concept in corporate law, is often limited to the corporate bodies, if not confined to the collective decision-making process. The study tends to go beyond the institutional dimesion of the collegial authority. The aim is to investigate the foundations, the unity, the ambit, the limits and the value of collegiality as both a notion and a practice, in spite of the variety of colleges. To this end, the collegial organization and function should be considered equally. As a result, collegiality means a plurality of persons or colleges (at least two) (1) who, together and equally by conciliated deliberation (2), promote the realization of a collaborative project or the performance of a shared mission (3). However, there are two types of collegiality as defined by the college's unity itself: there are collaborative projects (partners) ; and shared missions or functions (other bodies). The essence and the strength of rights and obligations to each of the members is influenced by what makes the unity of a college. The same thing goes for the way in which the collegial organization functions. It will function in a unitary manner for unilateral establishment and collective acts. A collegial functioning, on the other hand, supposes flexible and adjustable techniques. Finally is collegiality a principle of corporate law ? For the partners this is obvious: collegiality is intrinsic to the group they constitute, to the organization and to their functioning, without having to plan it. For the other bodies the answer may vary. Collegiality is only a principle of organization and functioning if a norm requires it to be.

Les années 1348-1385 sont marquées à Marseille par une situation prolongée de crise multiforme, qui prend le caractère politique de déstabilisation durable du pouvoir souverain angevin. Dans ce contexte s'affirme l'autorité de l'assemblée municipale comme le lieu du gouvernement de la ville. Alors que les officiers royaux sont contraints de s'effacer, le conseil de ville s'approprie une part grandissante de gouvernement autonome, et consolide le statut marseillais d'exception par rapport au reste de la Provence. Pour y parvenir, le conseil s'appuie sur les rituels et pratiques de l'assemblée, de délibération, de serment et de désignation d'individus chargés de mettre en œuvre les ordonnances adoptées. Un grand nombre d'habitants participent à l'activité de l'assemblée, à des degrés et selon des modalités bien distinctes, définies par un petit groupe de dirigeants du conseil. Ces derniers appartiennent aux élites de la fortune et de la puissance, auxquelles sont adjoints notaires et praticiens du droit. La progression de la légitimité du gouvernement communal est en outre assurée par sa capacité à manier les outils scripturaires, depuis les Statuts de la ville jusqu'aux écrits de l'administration quotidienne, dont la circulation définit un régime de normativité spécifique. L'enregistrement des séances, bien que concis, s'avère l'outil décisif de cette construction de l'autorité par l'écrit. Autour des registres délibératifs gravitent les multiples pièces administratives et juridiques qui assurent l'institutionnalisation du gouvernement de la ville. / In Marseilles, the years 1348 - 1385 are marked by a prolonged multifaceted crisis which takes on the form of sustained political destabilization of the Angevine sovereign power. It is in this context that the authority of the municipal assembly as local government is asserted. At the same time as the royal officers are being forced to withdraw, the city council assumes an ever larger role as an autonomous government, and consolidates the exceptional status of Marseilles relative to the rest of Provence. To carry out its role, the council relies on the rituals and practices of assembling, deliberating, taking oaths, and designating individuals in charge of implementing adopted ordinances. A large group of inhabitants participate in the council's activities in clearly defined degrees and manners determined by a small group of council leaders. The latter belong to an elite of fortune and power as well as notaries and lawmakers. The strengthening of the legitimacy of municipal government is furthermore assured by its ability to compose written documents, from city statutes to daily administration, the circulation of which defines its own system of norms. The recording of sessions, although concise, proved to be a decisive tool in establishing the authority. In addition to recordings of deliberations, multiple administrative and judicial documents participate in insuring the institutionalisation of city government.

Diploma thesis deals with the participation and representation of Roma in the Czech Republic mainly in social inclusion. Generally in the Czech Republic the principles of the participation are underused during the development and implementation of public policies. A certain change occurs at the local level. In some towns there are gradually promoted models of the participation and representation of the population of excluded localities. This thesis deals by the methods of case study, summative evaluation and observation with implementation of certain local good practice: the system of the caretaking in the town Kadaň - Prunéřov, which primarily addresses the issue of housing in the socially excluded locality, but with the full participation of its people, including the creation of a natural representation, leading to the improvement of social skills of people, their self-confidence and willingness to engage in solving their unsatisfactory situation. The thesis also summarizes the development in the formation of Roma representation at the highest level since the 90s of the last century and its adverse impact on the development of real participation of Roma in social inclusion at all levels of administration. Therefore there is a contrast between the situation in the participation and representation...

The aim of this thesis is to explore Bernard Williams' moral philosophy in its entirety. This objective is motivated by the critique which is sometimes being forced against Williams. This criticism is based on the objection that his thinking is thoroughly destructive in relation to philosophical ethics. The purpose to explore Williams' thinking in its entirety implicitly questions such an objection for it basically consists in the identification of the constructive moments of Williams' thinking and linking them with his skeptical attitudes. Accordingly, the project of this thesis is to show how Williams' attack on morality and moral system is being completed in notions of shame, truthfulness, and authenticity, which he develops in his late work and which delineate the alternative conception of ethics and ethical life to prevailing legalistic model.