My dissertation Alternatives of Home Violence Settling deals with various alternatives of how the home violence problems can be settled. The introductory chapter goes through the professional interpretation of the home violence term as well as causes, forms and specific signs of this violence type, being followed by description of its consequences and the myths which have gained a foothold in the general public. The home violence is characterized as a long-term, repeated and escalating physical, mental, or sexual cruelty to persons living in the common household; it takes place between close persons, adult family members, or also life partners. The victims, being exposed to long-term violence, lost their self-confidence, however, their fear and confusion increase; they also suffer from a good many various symptoms as depression, shame, decline of general state of health, or increased suicidal behavior. Chapter two focuses on the characterization of the home violence victims and delinquests as well. As to the victims, these can be everybody, irrespective of their education, age, social position or economic situation - women, seniors and handicapped persons as well as men. The home violence occurs between adult partners, spouses, parents and their children, but also between young and aged persons. Chapter...

Studiens syfte var att undersöka behandlarens respektive klientens upplevelser av behandling riktade kring beteendemönster som är kriminellt normbrytande, där mottaglighet till behandling beaktas särskilt utifrån principerna risk, behov och mottaglighet. Studien utgick från en induktiv kvalitativ ansats med nio semistrukturerade intervjuer. Frågeställningar har besvarats av fem praktiker från frivården och av fyra före detta kriminella män som genomgått någon form av behandling för att motverka återfall i brott. Intervjumaterialet har sedan bearbetats och analyserats med hjälp av Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska modell och Jönsons perspektivansats. Det framkom från både behandlare och respondenter att orsaker till normbrytande beteende ofta hänger samman med en dysfunktionell uppväxt vilket sedan lett till kriminalitet i vuxenlivet. Andra faktorer kan vara en bristande skolgång med utanförskap som följd. Det framkom av både behandlare och klienter att diagnoser är en försvårande faktor. Andra viktiga aspekter som lyftes fram var att det måste finns ett behov av samordnade insatser för personer som är beroende av olika utförare med ett bättre samarbete mellan olika professionella yrkesgrupper som kan axla både diagnoser, psykisk problematik tillsammans med missbruk och med fokus på individens behov samt förutsättningar. Studiens slutsats är att både behandlare och klienter har en samsyn kring om att det måste finnas en medvetenhet, självkännedom och fokus på ett ömsesidigt samspel vilket ökar både tilliten och mottagligheten. / The purpose of this study was to examine the therapist's and the client's experiences of treatment directed at behaviour patterns that are criminally norm-breaking, where especially responsivity to treatment is considered based on the risk, need and responsivity principles. The study was based on an inductive qualitative approach with nine semi-structured interviews. Questions have been answered by five counsellors from the Swedish correctional service and by four ex-criminal men who have undergone various behaviour treatments to prevent recidivism. The interview material has been processed and analysed using Bronfenbrenner's developmental ecology model and Jönson's perspective approach. The results emphasize that causes of norm-breaking behaviour are often related to limited complex mechanisms such as upbringing conditions, unhealthy environments, scarce resources et cetera. These variables could increase the risk for the individual to continue with crime in adulthood. Other contributing factors can be a lack of schooling with exclusion as a consequence. It emerged from both counsellors and clients that neuropsychiatric diagnoses are an aggravating factor. Important identified aspect was the need for coordinated services. Clients that have multiple conditions struggle since each service provider only provide a service for their specialized area. This report concluded that the lack of collaboration between service providers effected the client on several levels. Service providers need to collaborate and be inclusive rather than exclusive. Clients that struggled with mental health issues and addiction was excluded since the mental health service does not address the drug issue and vice versa. Client needs and conditions should be the primary focus rather than a way out for the service provider. The report identified several levels of challenges whereby clients were marginalized and excluded because of several multiple conditions. Different service provider needs to attend to clients’ needs regardless of other demands, this way services would be more permissive and clients would adhere which would increase the collaborations between service providers. Different diagnoses, psychological problems together with addiction and focus on the individual's needs and conditions would make the services more available and easier to access. In accordance to counsellors and clients the study concludes that successful changes in behavioural patterns are several but recurrent issues that emerged in the first level was awareness, self-awareness and focus on a mutual interaction, reciprocate relations then trust and responsivity increase.

Although the theory of social disorganisation does emphasise the influences neighbourhood dynamics have on youth, it does not consider if the risk factors of mobility, delinquent friends, ethnicity, and low socioeconomic factors, affect boys and girls in similar ways. The purpose and aim of this study is to contribute with gender-based research to the field of criminology that can be used when developing interventions among juveniles with delinquent behaviour. Delinquent behaviour was in the study delimited to drug use. The study used bivariate analysis, logistic regression and hierarchy regression as the method of analyses. The results showed that there are significant similarities and differences between girls and boys. It was possible to see significant similarities between boys and girls in relation to delinquent friends and drug use. Mobility was an important variable for girls in relation to drug use, but not for boys. Mobility affected girls in the opposite direction of what was expected according to theory of social disorganisation: low amount of mobility increased the risk for drug use significantly among girls.

The focus of this thesis falls on school violence. The research addresses the possibility that a culture of violence exists amongst some South African school-going youth. The researcher identified the attitudes and behaviour of learners towards violence as indicators of the culture of these learners. The research specifically focused on the pro-violence attitudes and violent behaviour of learners. The definition of ‘culture’ which was employed suggests the link between a person’s attitude, behaviour and culture. Information was gathered through literature and empirical research. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire with closed-ended questions and a well-tested tool, namely the Attitudes towards Violence Scale. The results of the empirical research were analyzed with the SPSS Windows data editor computer program. Conclusions and recommendations regarding school violence were made. In addition, a programme to curb such violence was proposed. Some suggestions for further research into this subject were also advanced. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

The aim of diploma thesis "Probation and mediation as a form of work with juvenile offenders" is to elaborate the social pedagogic aspects of probation and mediation activities. It is intended to be a theoretic study and is divided into five chapters. The opening chapter is concerned for causes of delinquent beaviour and offers an enumeration of factors causing the uprise of this kind of behaviour among youth. The second chapter aims at possibilities of juvenile criminality prevention. The third chapter is employed with an institution of Probation and Mediation Services, which plays an important role on the field of terciary prevention of juvenile criminality. Fourth chapter treats with concrete ways of work of probation officers with their clients. Their work is analysed in the last chapter emphasising the social pedagogic potential of probation and mediation activities. It also mentions a possibility of social support in the work of probation officers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz de Souza Cabezas.pdf: 803647 bytes, checksum: 85f05d629b166959e8a55f413dbe6496 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-28 / This paper outlines judicial criteria related to social and educational judicial measures and analyses their similarities and differences in relation to criminal penalties. As a consequence, both constitutional rules and legal rules other than those within the Constitution have been studied, ranging from the so-called Ordenações Filipinas up to the Children and Adolescents Act; Brazilian jurisprudence of the past 10 years as well as the way Criminal Law relates to this paper s theme. The results attained demonstrate that (1) there is juvenile criminal liability with specific characteristics and a particular set of principles; (2) non-recognition of such juvenile criminal liability hinders the access and permanence of teenagers in the system of legal guarantees and prevents materialization and onset of public policies; (3) both the under ageoriented judicial way of thinking among Brazilian judges and their inclination towards punishment gives rise to legally arbitrary social and educational measures, based on judges personal views and their particular understanding of the Law, which, in turn, produces judicial decisions without any relation to their main goal, that is to say, teenagers pedagogical needs; (4) lack of infrastructure for the execution of social and educational judicial measures in Brazilian cities is also a contributing factor which leads to non-compliance to legal criteria whenever such measures are adopted; (5) interpretation and effectiveness of the Children and Adolescents Act currently face challenges that need to be overcome, be it through judges changing their mentality, be it through the creation of new structures that enable social and educational measures, in order to establish teenagers as legal subjects in a peculiar state of development / A presente dissertação teve por objetivo estabelecer os critérios judiciais de aplicação das medidas socioeducativas, analisando as peculiaridades e diferenciações destes com relação às penas. Para tanto, analisou-se a legislação constitucional e infraconstitucional relacionada à matéria desde as Ordenações Filipinas até o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e a jurisprudência de nossos Tribunais nos últimos 10 anos, bem como a intersecção do tema com relação ao Direito Penal. Os resultados alcançados revelam que: 1) existe uma responsabilidade penal juvenil com nuances próprias e principiologia específica; 2) o não-reconhecimento desta responsabilidade penal inviabiliza o acesso e permanência dos adolescentes no sistema de garantias de direitos, a materialização das políticas públicas e sua operacionalização; 3) a cultura menorista e ao mesmo tempo punitiva dos juízes brasileiros gera a imposição de medidas socioeducativas sem parâmetros legais, ao sabor da convicção pessoal de cada magistrado, sua peculiar leitura da lei e compreensão do tema, acarretando a imposição de medidas sem qualquer correlação com sua finalidade precípua, ou seja, a necessidade pedagógica do adolescente; 4) a ausência de infra-estrutura para execução das medidas socioeducativas nas Comarcas brasileiras também é um dos principais fatores que levam a não-observação dos critérios legais para a aplicação de tais medidas; 4) há uma crise de interpretação e implementação do ECA que urge ser resolvida, seja como uma mudança da mentalidade dos magistrados, seja com a criação de uma nova estrutura que possibilite o cumprimento das medidas socioeducativas, e para que se erija o adolescente como real sujeito de direito em peculiar condição de desenvolvimento

The focus of this thesis falls on school violence. The research addresses the possibility that a culture of violence exists amongst some South African school-going youth. The researcher identified the attitudes and behaviour of learners towards violence as indicators of the culture of these learners. The research specifically focused on the pro-violence attitudes and violent behaviour of learners. The definition of ‘culture’ which was employed suggests the link between a person’s attitude, behaviour and culture. Information was gathered through literature and empirical research. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire with closed-ended questions and a well-tested tool, namely the Attitudes towards Violence Scale. The results of the empirical research were analyzed with the SPSS Windows data editor computer program. Conclusions and recommendations regarding school violence were made. In addition, a programme to curb such violence was proposed. Some suggestions for further research into this subject were also advanced. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

This paper deals with the impact of prematurely canceled foster care on a deve-lopment of a child. It gives an overview of the system of care of endangered children in the Czech Republic. It also presents the current legislation which is the basis of the surrogate family care in the Czech Republic. In 2013, an amendment of the Social and Legal Protection of Children law came into force, which the legislators built up on the experi-ence with professional foster care in Slovakia. Its goal is to reduce the number of chil-dren in children's institutions. The paper further includes a thorough analysis of develo-pmental needs of a child. Foster parents have to accept the fact, that they decided to take in a child with an unfulfilled attachment bond. Premature cancellation of foster care can bear witness to the fact that a foster family cannot create an attachment bond to the child and does not provide a sufficient amount of support for its development. The pa-per takes into consideration the dangers the juveniles are challenged with as a result of an unsuccessful foster care. Based on the interviews with many directors of children's homes in the South Bohemian region, negative impact of the canceled foster care on children has been noted. New questions suitable for further research in this region have emerged out of the interviews. Host care is one of the possibilities to provide children with a family educational model in children's home. The directors agree that it is the first-rate personality of a foster parent that is crucial for a first-rate foster care, i.e. a foster parent who can open her- or himself to the child and grant him or her his or her own family affectionate environment. The problem of unsuccessful foster care can be minimized only by genuine acceptance of a child and unconditional love for him or her.

Les ‘Panama papers’ (2016) représentent une fuite de 11,2 millions de documents issus de la firme panaméenne Mossack Fonseca. Les révélations exposent des conduites fiscales compromettantes relevant de la finance offshore, soulignant par le fait même l’implication d’acteurs sociaux, parmi lesquels des banques, politiciens, chefs d’entreprises, responsables politiques et économiques, fortunes familiales, etc. D’une envergure internationale, les ‘Panama papers’ ont marqué l’univers médiatique de façon importante, toutefois en référence au jeu d’interprétation entourant les conduites exposées, il est possible de souligner le pluralisme des réactions sociales. S’intéressant particulièrement aux figures politiques et économiques listées, le mémoire se présente sous la forme de trois études de cas : Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson, premier ministre de l’Islande (de 2013 à 2016), David Cameron, premier ministre du Royaume-Uni (de 2010 à 2016) et Malcom Turnbull, premier ministre de l’Australie (de 2015 à 2018). Le mémoire vise à dégager deux niveaux d’analyse. D’une part, détailler la couverture médiatique respective des cas, cela dans le but de saisir les réactions sociales suscitées, en particulier lors de la production et l’évolution des discours publics. D’autre part, il s’agit d’objectiver et discerner les prises de positions et de défenses à l’utilisation de comptes offshores, ce mémoire s’inscrivant dans le prolongement des études portant sur la résistance au stigmate. Afin de mener à terme la recherche, un corpus incluant treize références de la presse écrite a été constitué, représentant une analyse approfondie du contenu de plus de 671 documents écrits parus entre le 3 avril et le 30 septembre 2016. En s’appuyant sur les prémisses théoriques de la sociologie du scandale, la recherche illustre, dans les cas présents, différentes finalités possibles à l’épisode des ‘Panama papers’ : scandale, affaire ou non-scandale. / The Panama Papers (2016) represent a leak of 11,2 million documents from the Panamanian firm Mossack Fonseca. The revelations exposed compromising tax practices relating to offshore finance, and highlights by the same token, the involvement of the players : banks, politicians, business leaders, political and economic leaders, family fortunes, etc. Of an international scope, the 'Panama papers' have marked the media world in an important way. In reference to the interpretation game surrounding the exposed behaviors, it is possible to emphasize the pluralism of social reactions. Focusing on the listed political and economic figures, the document is presented in the form of three case studies : Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson, Iceland’ prime minister (2013-2016), David Cameron, UK’ prime minister (2010-2016) and Malcom Turnbull, Australia’ prime minister (2015-2018). The thesis aims to identify two levels of analysis. The first level of analysis details the respective media coverage of the cases. The goal is to collect the social reactions, the production and the evolution of the discourse. The second level of analysis objectifies and discerns positions and defenses used with offshore accounts, whereas the writings of the dissertation are an extension of studies on the resistance of the stigma. In order to complete the research, a corpus including thirteen references of the written press was gathered, representing a thorough analysis of the contents of more than 671 written documents published between April 3 and September 30, 2016. Based on the theoretical premises of the sociology of scandal, the research illustrates, in the present cases, different possible outcomes to the episode of the 'Panama papers' : scandal, affair, or non-scandal.

Section 71(3) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 has introduced into South African company law a provision which for the first time permits the board of directors to remove another director from office in certain specific instances. A further significant innovation in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 is contained in section 162, which empowers a court to make an order declaring a director delinquent or placing him under probation in specific instances. The effect of section 162 is that a court is empowered to remove a director from the board of directors. The focus of this thesis is the removal of directors from office by the board of directors and by the judiciary. The thesis explores the underpinning philosophy of the statutory provisions relating to the removal of directors from office. It also examines the impact of the power given to the board of directors and to the courts to remove a director from office. The grounds and the procedures for the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary are examined. The fiduciary duties applicable to directors in removing a director from the board of directors are also explored. In addition, this thesis examines the removal of directors holding multiple positions or capacities in relation to a company, such as an employee or a shareholder with loaded voting rights. The remedies which may be relied on by a director who has been removed from office by the board of directors are examined. Recommendations are made to strengthen and improve the provisions in the Companies Act 71 of 2008 relating to the removal of directors from office by the board of directors and the judiciary. Amendments to the Companies Act 71 of 2008 are suggested to remove ambiguities; to guard against the abuse of sections 71(3) and 162; to improve the grounds and procedures for the removal of directors by the board of directors and the judiciary, and to enhance the remedies that may be relied on by a director who has been removed from office by the board of directors. / Artikel 71(3) van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 het ’n bepaling tot Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyreg toegevoeg wat die direksie vir die eerste keer in staat stel om ’n ander direkteur in sekere spesifieke gevalle uit sy of haar amp te verwyder. ’n Verdere belangrike vernuwing in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word in artikel 162 vervat, wat ’n hof magtig om ’n bevel uit te vaardig wat ’n direkteur misdadig verklaar of hom of haar in spesifieke gevalle aan ’n proeftydperk onderwerp. Die effek van artikel 162 is dat ’n hof by magte is om ’n direkteur uit die direksie te verwyder. Die fokus van hierdie tesis is die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte deur die direksie en die regbank. Die tesis verken die onderliggende filosofie van die statutêre bepalings wat met die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte verband hou. Dit ondersoek ook die impak van die bevoegdheid wat aan die direksie en die howe verleen word om ’n direkteur uit sy of haar amp te verwyder. Die gronde en prosedures vir die verwydering van direkteure deur die direksie en die regbank word ondersoek. Die fidusiêre pligte van toepassing op direkteure by die verwydering van ’n direkteur uit die direksie word ook verken. Daarbenewens ondersoek hierdie tesis die verwydering van direkteure wat veelvuldige posisies of hoedanighede met betrekking tot ’n maatskappy beklee, soos ʼn werknemer of aandeelhouer met gelaaide stemregte. Die regsmiddele waarop ’n direkteur, wat deur die direksie uit sy of haar amp verwyder is, kan steun, word ondersoek. Aanbevelings word gemaak om die bepalings in die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008, wat met die verwydering van direkteure uit hul ampte deur die direksie en regbank verband hou, te versterk en te verbeter. Wysigings aan die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 word voorgestel om dubbelsinnighede uit te skakel; om teen die misbruik van artikels 71(3) en 162 te waak; om die gronde en prosedures vir die verwydering van direkteure deur die direksie en die regbank te verbeter, en om die regsmiddele waarop ’n direkteur wat deur die direksie uit sy of haar amp verwyder is kan steun, te versterk. / ISigaba 71(3) Somthetho weZinkampani 71 ka 2008 sewuze wangenisa emithethweni yezinkampani zaseNingizimu Afrika, umthetho ongowokuqala ovumela ibhodi labaqondisi ukuthi libe namandla wokugudluza omunye umqondisi esikhundleni sakhe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Olunye ushintsho olusha kuMthetho wama-71 weZinkampani ka 2008 uqukethwe yiSigaba 162, wona ugunyaza inkantolo ukuthi ikhiphe umyalelo owazisa umqondisi ngokuthi unecala noma obeka umqondisi ngaphansi kophenyo, phecelezi “probation” ngesinye isikhathi. Inhloso yeSigaba 162 wukunikeza inkantolo igunya lokugudluza umqondisi kwibhodi labaqondisi. Impokophelo yale thisisi wukugudluzwa kwabaqondisi, bagudluzwe yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho/nobulungisa. Ithisisi ihlola ifilosofi yemithetho ekhishiwe emayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi ezikhundleni zabo, Kanti futhi ihlola umthelela wamandla anikezwe ibhodi labaqondisi kanye nezinkantolo ukuthi zigudluze umqondisi esikhundleni. Izizathu kanye nengqubo elandelwayo mayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho nazo ziyahlolwa. Imisebenzi emayelana nokuthembeka eyenziwa ngabaqondisi ukugudluza umqondisi kwibhodi labaqondisi nayo iyacwaningwa Ngaphezu kwalokhu, le thisisi .iphenya ukugudluzwa kwabaqondisi abaqokwe ezikhundleni eziningi noma abanegunya elithize ngokwengqubo yenkampani, enjengesisebenzi, phecelezi “employee” noma umabelwa-mashezi onamalungelo amaningi okuvota, phecelezi, “loaded with voting rights”. Izeluleko ezingasetshenziswa wumqondisi ogudluzwe esikhundleni sakhe yibhodi labaqondisi nazo ziyahlolwa. Izincomo nazo ziyenziwa ngenhloso yokuqinisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla oMthetho we-71 weZinkampani ka 2008, mayelana nokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi ezikhundleni yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho. Izinguquko zoMthetho wama-71 weZinkampani ka 2008 ziqonde ukususa izixakaxaka, ukulwa nokudlelezelwa kweSigaba 71(3) kanye no 162, ukuthuthukisa izizathu kanye nezingqubo zokugudluzwa kwabaqondisi yibhodi labaqondisi kanye nomthetho, ukuqinisa izindlela zokulungisa ezingasetshenziswa wumqondisi osegudluziwe esikhundleni yibhodi labaqondisi. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.