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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Simulation of industrial control system field devices for cyber security

Andersson, Dorothea January 2017 (has links)
Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are an integral part of modernsociety, not least when it comes to controlling and protecting criticalinfrastructure such as power grids and water supply. There is a need to testthese systems for vulnerabilities, but it is often difficult if not impossible to doso in operational real time systems since they have been shown to be sensitiveeven to disturbances caused by benign diagnostic tools. This thesis exploreshow ICS field devices can be simulated in order to fool potential antagonists,and how they can be used in virtualized ICS for cyber security research. 8different field devices were simulated using the honeypot daemon Honeyd,and a generally applicable simulation methodology was developed. It was alsoexplored how these simulations can be further developed in order to functionlike real field devices in virtualized environments. / Industriella informations- och styrsystem utgör en viktig delav vårt moderna samhälle, inte minst när det gäller kontroll och skydd avkritisk infrastruktur som elnät och vattenförsörjning. Det finns stora behov avatt säkerhetstesta dessa typer av system, vilket ofta är omöjligt iproduktionsmiljöer med realtidskrav som är erkänt känsliga för störningar, tilloch med från vanligt förekommande analysverktyg. Denna rapport presenterarhur vanliga komponenter i industriella informations- och styrsystem kansimuleras för att lura potentiella antagonister, och hur de kan användas ivirtualiserade styrsystem för cybersäkerhetsforskning. 8 olika komponentersimulerades med hjälp av Honeyd, och en generellt applicerbarsimuleringsmetodik utvecklades. Hur dessa simuleringar kan vidareutvecklasför att fungera som riktiga styrsystemskomponenter i virtualiserade miljöer harockså undersökts.
22

Device design and process integration for SiGeC and Si/SOI bipolar transistors

Haralson, Erik January 2004 (has links)
SiGe is a significant enabling technology for therealization of integrated circuits used in high performanceoptical networks and radio frequency applications. In order tocontinue to fulfill the demands for these applications, newmaterials and device structures are needed. This thesis focuseson new materials and their integration into heterojunctionbipolar transistor (HBT) structures as well as using devicesimulations to optimize and better understand the deviceoperation. Specifically, a SiGeC HBT platform was designed,fabricated, and electrically characterized. The platformfeatures a non-selectively grown epitaxial SiGeC base,in situdoped polysilicon emitter, nickel silicide,LOCOS isolation, and a minimum emitter width of 0.4 μm.Alternately, a selective epitaxy growth in an oxide window wasused to form the collector and isolation regions. Thetransistors exhibited cutoff frequency (fT) and maximum frequency of oscillation (fMAX) of 40-80 GHz and 15-45 GHz, respectively.Lateral design rules allowed the investigation of behavior suchas transient enhanced diffusion, leakage current, and theinfluence of parasitics such as base resistance and CBC. The formation of nickel silicide on polysiliconSiGe and SiGeC films was also investigated. The formation ofthe low resistivity monosilicide phase was shown to occur athigher temperatures on SiGeC than on SiGe. The stability of themonosilicide was also shown to improve for SiGeC. Nickelsilicide was then integrated into a SiGeC HBT featuring aselectively grown collector. A novel, fully silicided extrinsicbase contact was demonstrated along with the simultaneousformation of NiSi on thein situdoped polysilicon emitter. High-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) was used toinvestigate the growth and stability of SiGeC base layers forHBT integration. HRXRD proved to be an effective, fast,non-destructive tool for monitoring carbon out-diffusion due tothe dopant activation anneal for different temperatures as wellas for inline process monitoring of epitaxial growth of SiGeClayers. The stability of the SiGe layer with 0.2-0.4 at% carbonwhen subjected to dopant activation anneals ranging from1020-1100&#176C was analyzed by reciprocal lattice mapping.It was found that as the substitutional carbon increases theformation of boron clusters due to diffusion is suppressed, buta higher density of carbon clusters is formed. Device simulations were performed to optimize the DC and HFperformance of an advanced SiGeC HBT structure with low baseresistance and small dimension emitter widths. The selectivelyimplanted collector (SIC) was studied using a design ofexperiments (DOE) method. For small dimensions the lateralimplantation straggle has a significant influence on the SICprofile (width). A significant influence of the SIC width onthe DC gain was observed. The optimized structure showedbalanced fT/fMAXvalues of 200+ GHz. Finally, SOI BJT transistorswith deep trench isolation were fabricated in a 0.25μmBiCMOS process and self-heating effects were characterized andcompared to transistors on bulk silicon featuring deep trenchand shallow trench isolation. Device simulations based on SEMcross-sections and SIMS data were performed and the resultscompared to the fabricated transistors. Key words:Silicon-Germanium(SiGe), SiGeC,heterojunction bipolar transistor(HBT), nickel silicide,selectively implanted collector(SIC), device simulation, SiGeClayer stability, high resolution x-ray diffraction(HRXRD),silicon-on-insulator(SOI), self-heating.
23

High Frequency Characterization and Modeling of SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

Malm, B. Gunnar January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
24

Electro-thermal-mechanical modeling of GaN HFETs and MOSHFETs

James, William Thomas 07 July 2011 (has links)
High power Gallium Nitride (GaN) based field effect transistors are used in many high power applications from RADARs to communications. These devices dissipate a large amount of power and sustain high electric fields during operation. High power dissipation occurs in the form of heat generation through Joule heating which also results in localized hot spot formation that induces thermal stresses. In addition, because GaN is strongly piezoelectric, high electric fields result in large inverse piezoelectric stresses. Combined with residual stresses due to growth conditions, these effects are believed to lead to device degradation and reliability issues. This work focuses on studying these effects in detail through modeling of Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors (HFETs) and metal oxide semiconductor hetero-structure field effect transistor (MOSHFETs) under various operational conditions. The goal is to develop a thorough understanding of device operation in order to better predict device failure and eventually aid in device design through modeling. The first portion of this work covers the development of a continuum scale model which couples temperature and thermal stress to find peak temperatures and stresses in the device. The second portion of this work focuses on development of a micro-scale model which captures phonon-interactions at the device scale and can resolve local perturbations in phonon population due to electron-phonon interactions combined with ballistic transport. This portion also includes development of phonon relaxation times for GaN. The model provides a framework to understand the ballistic diffusive phonon transport near the hotspot in GaN transistors which leads to thermally related degradation in these devices.
25

High Frequency Characterization and Modeling of SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

Malm, B. Gunnar January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
26

Device design and process integration for SiGeC and Si/SOI bipolar transistors

Haralson, Erik January 2004 (has links)
<p>SiGe is a significant enabling technology for therealization of integrated circuits used in high performanceoptical networks and radio frequency applications. In order tocontinue to fulfill the demands for these applications, newmaterials and device structures are needed. This thesis focuseson new materials and their integration into heterojunctionbipolar transistor (HBT) structures as well as using devicesimulations to optimize and better understand the deviceoperation. Specifically, a SiGeC HBT platform was designed,fabricated, and electrically characterized. The platformfeatures a non-selectively grown epitaxial SiGeC base,<i>in situ</i>doped polysilicon emitter, nickel silicide,LOCOS isolation, and a minimum emitter width of 0.4 μm.Alternately, a selective epitaxy growth in an oxide window wasused to form the collector and isolation regions. Thetransistors exhibited cutoff frequency (f<sub>T</sub>) and maximum frequency of oscillation (f<sub>MAX</sub>) of 40-80 GHz and 15-45 GHz, respectively.Lateral design rules allowed the investigation of behavior suchas transient enhanced diffusion, leakage current, and theinfluence of parasitics such as base resistance and C<sub>BC</sub>. The formation of nickel silicide on polysiliconSiGe and SiGeC films was also investigated. The formation ofthe low resistivity monosilicide phase was shown to occur athigher temperatures on SiGeC than on SiGe. The stability of themonosilicide was also shown to improve for SiGeC. Nickelsilicide was then integrated into a SiGeC HBT featuring aselectively grown collector. A novel, fully silicided extrinsicbase contact was demonstrated along with the simultaneousformation of NiSi on the<i>in situ</i>doped polysilicon emitter.</p><p>High-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) was used toinvestigate the growth and stability of SiGeC base layers forHBT integration. HRXRD proved to be an effective, fast,non-destructive tool for monitoring carbon out-diffusion due tothe dopant activation anneal for different temperatures as wellas for inline process monitoring of epitaxial growth of SiGeClayers. The stability of the SiGe layer with 0.2-0.4 at% carbonwhen subjected to dopant activation anneals ranging from1020-1100&#176C was analyzed by reciprocal lattice mapping.It was found that as the substitutional carbon increases theformation of boron clusters due to diffusion is suppressed, buta higher density of carbon clusters is formed.</p><p>Device simulations were performed to optimize the DC and HFperformance of an advanced SiGeC HBT structure with low baseresistance and small dimension emitter widths. The selectivelyimplanted collector (SIC) was studied using a design ofexperiments (DOE) method. For small dimensions the lateralimplantation straggle has a significant influence on the SICprofile (width). A significant influence of the SIC width onthe DC gain was observed. The optimized structure showedbalanced f<sub>T</sub>/f<sub>MAX</sub>values of 200+ GHz. Finally, SOI BJT transistorswith deep trench isolation were fabricated in a 0.25μmBiCMOS process and self-heating effects were characterized andcompared to transistors on bulk silicon featuring deep trenchand shallow trench isolation. Device simulations based on SEMcross-sections and SIMS data were performed and the resultscompared to the fabricated transistors.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Silicon-Germanium(SiGe), SiGeC,heterojunction bipolar transistor(HBT), nickel silicide,selectively implanted collector(SIC), device simulation, SiGeClayer stability, high resolution x-ray diffraction(HRXRD),silicon-on-insulator(SOI), self-heating.</p>
27

Schnelle Dioden mit tiefen Donatoren aus Selen / Fast diodes with deep selenium donators

Pertermann, Eric 28 August 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Die Anforderungen an schnelle Dioden sind sehr hoch für große Spannungen und große Ströme. Die Beeinflussung des Bauelementverhaltens durch das Design des Dotierprofils mit einem tiefen mehrstufigen Feldstopp aus Selen bildet einen zentralen Punkt der Dissertation. Mit physikalischen Messverfahren werden die in der Literatur nur unzureichend untersuchten Eigenschaften von Selen in Silizium erfasst und als Basis für Bauelementsimulationen verwendet. Für die Untersuchung der Störstelleneigenschaften kommt die klassische aufwändige DLTS zum Einsatz. Des Weiteren werden für diese Untersuchungen die Vorteile der einfacheren frequenzabhängigen Admittanzspektroskopie ausführlich dargelegt. Anhand der Bauelementsimulationen erfolgt ein Vergleich mit Messungen und führt zur Vorstellung und Erläuterung einer verbesserten soften und robusten Diodenstruktur mit tiefen Donatoren aus Selen. / The focus of the following work is the correlation between the field-stop design and the behaviour of high-voltage power diodes. The objective is to present a further improvement of the diode performance using a special field-stop, which optimizes the diode in relation to a soft switching behaviour and an increased robustness. The function of such a field-stop is investigated. Benefits are shown of materials for field-stops with deep impurities in the semiconductor material and of multiple stepped deep field-stop structures. Therefore a central role have silicon diodes with selenium in the field-stop layer. Measurements and simulations with the power device simulator Sentaurus TCAD are done and explain the named correlations. The deep level transient spectroscopy is used as method to analyse the required impurity parameters. Beside this method the evaluation is done by the introduced frequency resolved admittance spectroscopy.
28

Schnelle Dioden mit tiefen Donatoren aus Selen

Pertermann, Eric 12 December 2016 (has links)
Die Anforderungen an schnelle Dioden sind sehr hoch für große Spannungen und große Ströme. Die Beeinflussung des Bauelementverhaltens durch das Design des Dotierprofils mit einem tiefen mehrstufigen Feldstopp aus Selen bildet einen zentralen Punkt der Dissertation. Mit physikalischen Messverfahren werden die in der Literatur nur unzureichend untersuchten Eigenschaften von Selen in Silizium erfasst und als Basis für Bauelementsimulationen verwendet. Für die Untersuchung der Störstelleneigenschaften kommt die klassische aufwändige DLTS zum Einsatz. Des Weiteren werden für diese Untersuchungen die Vorteile der einfacheren frequenzabhängigen Admittanzspektroskopie ausführlich dargelegt. Anhand der Bauelementsimulationen erfolgt ein Vergleich mit Messungen und führt zur Vorstellung und Erläuterung einer verbesserten soften und robusten Diodenstruktur mit tiefen Donatoren aus Selen. / The focus of the following work is the correlation between the field-stop design and the behaviour of high-voltage power diodes. The objective is to present a further improvement of the diode performance using a special field-stop, which optimizes the diode in relation to a soft switching behaviour and an increased robustness. The function of such a field-stop is investigated. Benefits are shown of materials for field-stops with deep impurities in the semiconductor material and of multiple stepped deep field-stop structures. Therefore a central role have silicon diodes with selenium in the field-stop layer. Measurements and simulations with the power device simulator Sentaurus TCAD are done and explain the named correlations. The deep level transient spectroscopy is used as method to analyse the required impurity parameters. Beside this method the evaluation is done by the introduced frequency resolved admittance spectroscopy.
29

Simulation of Thin Silicon Layers: Impact of Orientation, Confinement and Strain

Joseph, Thomas 23 May 2018 (has links)
Silicon-on-insulator is a key technology which ensures continuation of Moore’s law. This document investigates the impact of orientation, confinement, and strain on the electronic structure of thin silicon slabs using density functional theory. Moreover a systematic comparison of FDSOI device characteristics using parameters of both the default bulk material and that of the studied slab material is also performed. The comparative study of low index orientations show that confinement not only widens the band gap but also transforms the band gap type. Moreover, it is found that for thin silicon layers, strain can alter band gap and band gap type. By summarizing the findings for different crystal orientations, we demonstrate that the consideration of the electronic structure of strained and confined silicon is of high relevance for modelling actual devices with ultra thin body.
30

Organische Feldeffekt-Transistoren: Modellierung und Simulation / Organic field-effect transistors: modeling and simulation

Lindner, Thomas 17 April 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Simulation und Modellierung organischer Feldeffekt-Transistoren (OFETs). Mittels numerischer Simulationen wurden detaillierte Untersuchungen zu mehreren Problemstellungen durchgeführt. So wurde der Einfluss einer exponentiellen Verteilung von Trapzuständen, entsprechend dem sogenannten a-Si- oder TFT-Modell, auf die Transistorkennlinien untersucht. Dieses Modell dient der Beschreibung von Dünnschicht-Transistoren mit amorphen Silizium als aktiver Schicht und wird teils auch für organische Transistoren als zutreffend angesehen. Dieser Sachverhalt wird jedoch erstmals in dieser Arbeit detailliert untersucht und simulierte Kennlinien mit gemessenen Kennlinien von OFETs verglichen. Insbesondere aufgrund der Dominanz von Hysterese-Effekten in experimentellen Kennlinien ist jedoch eine endgültige Aussage über die Gültigkeit des a-Si-Modells schwierig. Neben dem a-Si-Modell werden auch noch andere Modelle diskutiert, z.B. Hopping-Transport zwischen exponentiell verteilten lokalisierten Zuständen (Vissenberg, Matters). Diese Modelle liefern, abhängig von den zu wählenden Modellparametern, zum Teil ähnliche Abhängigkeiten. Möglicherweise müssen die zu wählenden Modellparameter selbst separat gemessen werden, um eindeutige Schlussfolgerungen über den zugrundeliegenden Transportmechanismus ziehen zu können. Unerwünschte Hysterese-Effekte treten dabei sowohl in Transistorkennlinien als auch in Kapazitäts-Spannungs- (CV-) Kennlinien organischer MOS-Kondensatoren auf. Diese Effekte sind bisher weder hinreichend experimentell charakterisiert noch von ihren Ursachen her verstanden. In der Literatur findet man Annahmen, dass die Umladung von Trapzuständen oder bewegliche Ionen ursächlich sein könnten. In einer umfangreichen Studie wurde daher der Einfluß von Trapzuständen auf quasistatische CV-Kennlinien organischer MOS-Kondensatoren untersucht und daraus resultierende Hysterese-Formen vorgestellt. Aus den Ergebnissen läßt sich schlussfolgern, dass allein die Umladung von Trapzuständen nicht Ursache für die experimentell beobachteten Hysteresen in organischen Bauelementen sein kann. Eine mögliche Erklärung für diese Hysterese-Effekte wird vorgeschlagen und diskutiert. In einem weiteren Teil der Arbeit wird im Detail die Arbeitsweise des source-gated Dünnschicht-Transistors (SGT) aufgezeigt, ein Transistortyp, welcher erst kürzlich in der Literatur eingeführt wurde. Dies geschieht am Beispiel eines Transistors auf der Basis von a-Si als aktiver Schicht, die Ergebnisse lassen sich jedoch analog auch auf organische Transistoren übertragen. Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass der SGT ein gewöhnlich betriebener Dünnschicht-Transistor ist, limitiert durch das Sourcegebiet mit großem Widerstand. Die detaillierte Untersuchung des SGT führt somit auf eine Beschreibung, die im Gegensatz zur ursprünglich verbal diskutierten Arbeitsweise steht. Ambipolare organische Feldeffekt-Transistoren sind ein weiterer Gegenstand der Arbeit. Bei der Beschreibung ambipolarer Transistoren vernachlässigen bisherige Modelle sowohl die Kontakteigenschaften als auch die Rekombination von Ladungsträgern. Beides wird hingegen in den vorgestellten numerischen Simulationen erstmalig berücksichtigt. Anhand eines Einschicht-Modellsystems wurde die grundlegende Arbeitsweise von ambipolaren (double-injection) OFETs untersucht. Es wird der entscheidende Einfluß der Kontakte sowie die Abhängigkeit gegenüber Variationen von Materialparametern geklärt. Sowohl der Kontakteinfluß als auch Rekombination sind entscheidend für die Arbeitsweise. Zusätzlich werden Möglichkeiten und Einschränkungen für die Datenanalyse mittels einfacher analytischer Ausdrücke aufgezeigt. Es zeigte sich, dass diese nicht immer zur Auswertung von Kennlinien herangezogen werden dürfen. Weiterhin werden erste Simulationsergebnisse eines ambipolaren organischen Heterostruktur-TFTs mit experimentellen Daten verglichen.

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