A presente pesquisa, de tipo qualitativo e exploratório, é um estudo de caso que enfoca a integração do saber e do fazer na formação do técnico de nível médio na Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. Esse tema tem como referencial a integração do saber pensar e do saber fazer e, portanto, a formação integral do ser humano - sua omnilateralidade - tendo o trabalho como princípio educativo, inclusive o trabalho escolar. Dessa forma, o estudo teve que se estender até a década atual, ano de 2007, uma vez que o ensino integrado na referida instituição perdurou de 1965 até 1999, quando a Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo transformou-se em Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de São Paulo - CEFET-SP. Ocorre que o Decreto n.º 2.208/97 do presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso proibiu o curso técnico integrado ao médio e o presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva permitiu a volta dessa integração com o Decreto n.º 5.154/04. Com isso, tendo-se como parâmetro a importância do curso médio integrado, ou seja, cursos técnicos compostos por disciplinas propedêuticas aliadas às disciplinas técnicas, a pesquisa foi estendida até os dias atuais. Procurou-se entender a conjuntura em que foi criada a Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo, isto é, o Estado de Segurança Nacional, o Projeto Brasil-Potência e o \"milagre econômico brasileiro\", numa relação quase direta com a demanda de técnicos para as multinacionais, cuja tecnologia moderna e padrão produtivo taylorista/fordista do capital demandavam técnicos para comporem, juntamente com os engenheiros, a \"gerência científica\". Foi destacada a Lei n.º 5.692/71 e sua profissionalização compulsória, valorizando os cursos técnicos de forma exagerada. Foram analisadas as causas da excelência da Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo, o papel da classe média ocupando espaços públicos até profissionalizantes para sua ascensão social, a importância da função do técnico nas décadas de 1970/1980 e atualmente, assim como a função do técnico e do tecnólogo no padrão produtivo atual toyotista/taylorizado do capital. A investigação embasou-se, além de muitos documentos secundários, em várias entrevistas com engenheiros e técnicos de empresas particulares, com professores e funcionários administrativos do CEFET-SP, com alunos e exalunos do CEFET-SP e da Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo, em depoimentos de professores e ex-professores, familiares de ex-professores, além de documentos primários da Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo, como Livros de Registro de Matrículas, Registro de Diplomas e Relatórios de Gestão do Diretor de 2005 e 2006. A pesquisa resultou em opiniões muito favoráveis ao retorno do curso médio integrado, pela qualidade de ensino que oferece aos alunos, apontando, ainda, que a função do técnico de nível médio é ainda muito importante para as empresas e, se seu cargo como intermediário entre projeto e execução é desvalorizado, isso ocorre devido ao salário baixo, concorrência com estagiários, engenheiros e cursos concomitantes ou seqüenciais de qualidade inferior com a vigência do Decreto n.º 2.208/97. Vale registrar que o CEFET-SP é um dos últimos CEFETs do país que ainda não integrou o curso médio ao técnico. / This qualitative and exploratory research is a case study focusing on the integration between knowing and doing in the education of high school technicians at \"Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo\" (Federal Technical School in São Paulo) in the 1970\'s and 1980\'s. The reference for this subject is the integration between knowing how to think and knowing how to do and, so, the integral education of the human being - his omnilaterality - considering work as the educational principle, including school work. Therefore, the study had to be brought as far as to the present decade, up to the year 2007, as the integrated education at such institution lasted from 1965 to 1999, when \"Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo\" became \"Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de São Paulo\" (Federal Center of Technological Education in São Paulo) - CEFET-SP. According to Decree no. 2.208/97 by President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, the technical course and high school integration was forbidden, but President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva allowed such integration by Decree no. 5.154/04. Thus, taking as a guideline the importance of the integrated high school course, that is, of the technical courses composed of propaedeutical subjects combined with technical subjects, this research was extended up to the present date. The circumstances under which \"Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo\" was created were analyzed, such as the National Security State, the \"Projeto Brasil-Potência\" (Brazil-Potency Project) and the \"Brazilian economic miracle\", in an almost direct relationship with the demand for technicians in multinational companies, which modern technology and taylorist/fordist production pattern of the capital required technicians to constitute the \"scientific management\" together with engineers. Law no. 5.692/71 and its compulsory professionalization were pointed out, under which the technological courses were exaggeratedly regarded. The causes for the excellence of \"Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo\" were examined, as well as the role of the middle class occupying public and professionalizing positions for its social ascension, the importance of technicians in the 1970\'s and 1980\'s and nowadays, besides the role of technicians and technologists in the present toyotist/taylorized production pattern of the capital. Besides being based on several side documents, the research was based on many interviews with engineers and technicians from private companies, with CEFET-SP teachers and employees and with students and alumni from CEFET-SP and \"Escola Técnica Federal de São Paulo\"; also on testimonies by teachers and former teachers, former teachers\' relatives, as well as on primary documents from the school, such as Enrollment and Diploma Registration Books and the Principal\'s Management Reports dated 2005-2006. The research resulted in very favorable opinions for the return of the integrated high school course, due to the quality of education offered to the students; it also pointed out that the role of the high school level technician is still of high importance to the companies and, if his linking job between project and execution is underestimated, it is due to low salaries, competition with trainees and engineers and concomitant or sequential courses of poorer quality after Decree no. 2.208/97 became effective. It is worth noticing that CEFET-SP is one of the last CEFETs around the country which has not integrated the high school level course to the technical course yet.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 303-325) / The topic of God’s beauty, while receiving attention in theological aesthetics, is not often a focused pursuit in Christian spirituality. The study attempts to answer the question of what the nature would be of an Evangelical Protestant Christian spirituality predicated upon seeking and apprehending God’s beauty. The study establishes the relevance of beauty to Christian spirituality. It then develops a definition of God’s beauty from Jonathan Edwards. God’s beauty is found to be his love for his own being. Examining Scripture and Christian history, the study establishes that God’s beauty was regarded as an objective reality until the Enlightenment. The focus of the research then turns to the subjective apprehension of beauty, and examines the methodology of pursuing beauty in art, and finds parallels in spirituality. The study considers the epistemological dichotomy of subject and object with reference to beauty, and considers Christian proposals for a form of correspondence theory for transcendentals. The findings are united in a model of spirituality. Apprehension of God’s beauty occurs through the subject possessing a correspondent form of God’s love. Findings from the aesthetic and epistemological study are united with theology to suggest that this love can be cultivated through four areas: Christian imagination, an implanted new nature, the exposure to communion with God, and the nurture of spiritual disciplines. Each of these areas is explained and justified as means to cultivate correspondent love. The postures and approaches found in the study of art and epistemology are used for explaining the nature of correspondent love. Evangelical Protestant Christian spirituality predicated upon seeking and finding God’s beauty is one which cultivates love for God that corresponds with God’s own love. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Christian Spirituality)

nÃo hà / Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a proposta de formaÃÃo para a classe trabalhadora, presente no EMI no CearÃ, tomando-a como a expressÃo contemporÃnea da dicotomia educativa. Compreendemos que a dicotomia educativa à a categoria essencial que expressa a gÃnese, o desenvolvimento e a funÃÃo social atual do ensino mÃdio e da educaÃÃo profissional, no cerne das quais se mostra o direcionamento formativo da sociedade de classes: a uma parcela da populaÃÃo, as maiores possibilidades de educaÃÃo propedÃutica para assumir os postos de comando e controle social, enquanto para a outra, o caminho mais comum à a qualificaÃÃo para o atendimento das demandas do capital. A dicotomia educativa existe, nesse sentido, como manifestaÃÃo da divisÃo social do trabalho, que se agrava no atual modo de produÃÃo capitalista. Para alcanÃarmos a natureza precisa de nosso objeto de estudo, analisamos documentos e leis que tratam da educaÃÃo em geral e do Ensino MÃdio Integrado, especificamente, a exemplo do RelatÃrio de EducaÃÃo para Todos no Brasil, as Leis de Diretrizes e Bases da EducaÃÃo Nacional, as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a EducaÃÃo Profissional, o RelatÃrio de GestÃo das PolÃticas de Ensino MÃdio Integrado do Governo do Estado do Cearà (perÃodo de 2008 a 2014) dentre outros. Nossa pesquisa tem como referÃncia teÃrico-metodolÃgica o materialismo histÃrico e dialÃtico e o onto-mÃtodo marxiano-lukacsiano, o que implica, em primeiro plano, tomarmos o trabalho como complexo fundante do ser social e a educaÃÃo como complexo fundado. Decorre daà que a forma como os homens produzem sua existÃncia, em determinado momento histÃrico, por meio do trabalho e das relaÃÃes dele advindas, caracteriza o devir da sociabilidade humana. Na atual quadra histÃrica, tanto o trabalho quanto os outros complexos sociais sÃo atravessados por uma crise no sistema do capital que MÃszaros (2002) descreve como de carÃter estrutural, com rebatimentos severos sobre a educaÃÃo, figurando como significativos, a interferÃncia de organismos financeiros multilaterais sobre as diretrizes educativas globais e nacionais, assim como a aproximaÃÃo da prÃtica escolar com a lÃgica que informa o mercado capitalista. Tais fatos, segundo nossa pesquisa, encontram-se presentes tambÃm no Estado do Cearà e em suas EEEPs. / The following study aims to investigate the proposal of training for the working class, existing on EMI CearÃ, taking it as a contemporary expression of the educational dichotomy. It is understood that the educational dichotomy is the essential category that expresses High Schoolâs genesis, development and the current social function of professional education, at the core of which, is shown the formative orientation of class society: to a portion of the population, the broadest possibilities of propaedeutic education, to assume the positions of command and social control, while to the other, the most usual way is qualification that meets the demands of capital. The educational dichotomy exists, in this sense, as a manifestation of the social division of labour, that is worsened by the current capitalistsâ ways of production. In order to achieve the precise nature of this studyâs object, was performed the analysis of documents and laws concerning general education and full time high school education, specifically those such as the Education for All in Brazil Report, the National Education Guidelines and Bases Law, the National Curriculum Guidelines for Professional Education, the Cearà State Full Time High Schoolâs Policies Management Report (from 2008 to 2014), among others. This research has as theoretical-methodological reference the historical and dialectical materialism and the Marxist-LukÃcsian method, which implies, in the foreground, the take of labour as founding complex of the social being, and education as a founded complex. From there, follows the way that mankind produces its existence, at a particular historical moment, by means of work and its resulting relations, is characterized the becoming of human sociability. On the current historical period, work as well as the others social complexes are crossed by a crisis in the capital system that MÃszaros (2002) describes as of structural nature, with severe repercussions on education, being significant the interference of multilateral financial organization on global and national education guidelines, as well as the approximation of school practice that informs the capitalist market. These facts, per our research, are also present in the State of Cearà and in its EEEPs.

This dissertation makes a comparative analysis of the self-reflexivity in the novels of one British and one Turkish writer - John Fowles and Orhan Pamuk. The study restricts itself to three novels by each writer. In making this analysis under the light of Robert Scholes&amp / #8217 / s theory of reality, and making use of Linda Hutcheon&amp / #8217 / s classification of self-reflexivity, and Jacque Lacan&amp / #8217 / s The Mirror Stage, it is argued that both Fowles and Pamuk create worlds within worlds which are similar to but different from each other, namely the fictional world, the world of the implied author, and the outer world, i.e. the world of the writer. Although these worlds reflect each other, it is not a one-to-one reflection of outer reality, since art/fiction is illusion. This dissertation argues that in accordance with their aims in both life and literature, and their views on reality, Fowles and Pamuk make use iv of different self-reflexive devices. While Fowles prefers overt self-reflexive devices, Pamuk chooses to employ both overt and covert ones / this may be because Fowles aims to be didactic whereas Pamuk does not. While Fowles believes in the existence of the external world, Pamuk rejects it. Whatever techniques they use, it is shown that they both write self-reflexive texts focusing on fictionality as their theme. The analysis of the six novels by Fowles and Pamuk as the representatives of two different literatures demonstrates that self-reflexivity is an indispensable characteristic of postmodern fiction and that Pamuk is more postmodernist compared to Fowles.

This essay examines the subject-object dichotomy between men and women in Toni Morrison’s Jazz and the thesis of the essay is that this dichotomy develops into subject-object harmony. Through Simone de Beauvoir’s theory regarding the subject-object dichotomy and a close reading of the novel, this essay concludes that Jazz shows the possibility of reciprocal relationships built on friendship. In other words, the dichotomy changes into harmony, which makes it possible for both men and women to reach freedom and fulfilment in transcendence.

This study examines changing gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status under the light of t&ouml / re/yasa and shar&amp / #299 / &amp / #8216 / a among the Inner Asian Turkic and Mongolian societies and Ottomans in Anatolia especially between the thirteenth and the first half of the sixteenth centuries. In this frame, this study traces gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status in Inner Asia before the influence of Islamic culture and civilizations by using oral and written sources as well as anthropological studies. It also focuses on the formation of t&ouml / re and yasa among Inner Asian societies and shar&amp / #299 / &amp / #8216 / a in the Muslim world. Finally, this study investigates gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status in relation with customary (yasa/t&ouml / re and &ouml / rf-i sultani) and religious laws (shar&amp / #299 / &amp / #8216 / a ) among the Mongol Ilkhans, Timurids and Ottomans. Gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status are examined according to political, social and cultural characteristics of these dynasties from a comparative perspective.

In the German Democratic Republic (GDR) the overthrow of the socialist regime did not only bring about both an economic and political shift, it resulted also in the inclusion of the GDR into the Federal Republic of Germany. The fall of the Wall brought with it transformations in everyday life as well as changes in social identities. This study examines how people who grew up in the GDR define the East and the West in unified Germany, as well as identifying which concepts play a role in the self-interpretations given by former GDR citizens. Through applying discourse theory, I investigate how identities are partially fixed and change over time, relating this always to historically situated discourses. In the analysis, East and West are considered as floating signifiers, which, through articulations made with other categories such as class, nation, place and gender, come to be filled with meaning. The study is based on twenty-five life story interviews conducted in Eastern Germany. The group of interviewees consisted of fifteen women and ten men born in the GDR between the years of 1970 and 1979, all of whom had different levels of education. The demise of the socialist state and the transition to a capitalist society is central in the interviewees’ life stories. Their narratives about the past are formed in a discursive order other than the one in which the events themselves took place. Conversely, the past is used as a foil against which the present is compared. With the dislocation, the interviewees have developed a reflexive stance to both themselves and the world. The study reveals both how East and West are still used to make the world intelligible in a number of fields and, at the same time, how these same concepts are transcended. It shows in what ways the interviewees employ different strategies to adapt to the new circumstances and to handle a potentially marked position in unified Germany.

Dalia Jazukevičiūtė (g. 1952 m.) – viena populiariausių, moterų rašytojų Lietuvoje. Pirmuoju Lietuvos nepriklausomybės dešimtmečiu autorė išgarsėjo tiriamosios žurnalistikos straipsniais. Jazukevičiūtės kūryba apdovanota ne viena premija, o jos trys romanai Anarchistės išpažintis, Juodas kvadratas, Dviejų mėnulių baras susilaukė didelio literatūrologų dėmesio. Rašytoja savo romanuose vaizduoja kuriančią moterį ir jos ieškojimus gyvenime. D. Jazukevičiūtė kuriančios moters stereotipą priešpastato iki tol literatūroje vyravusiam tradicinės moters paveikslui. Tradicinė moteris literatūroje buvo vaizduojama kaip atsisakanti savo interesų, nenorinti ar nesugebanti keistis kartu su besikeičiančiu pasauliu. Jazukevičiūtės romanų tematika apima kuriančios moters gyvenimo istoriją. Autorės kūryboje iškyla ne tik vaizduojamojo laikotarpio peripetijos, bet ir skaudi moteriškoji patirtis. Ryžtingas Jazukevičiūtės „silpnosios“ ir „stipriosios“ lyčių kaip socialinės problemos išryškinimas, moters paveikslo keitimas, kritikų ir skaitytojų vertinimai, liudija moteriškosios problematikos aktualumą. Magistro darbo objektas - kūrybine veikla užsiimančios moters „aš“ raiškos problema, remiantis D. Jazukevičiūtės romanų Anarchistės išpažintis (2007), Juodas kvadratas (2007), Dviejų mėnulių baras (2008) pagrindinių veikėjų, Katerinos N., Stellos ir Marijos gyvenimo istorijomis. Darbo tikslas - atskleisti naujus kuriančios moters vaizdavimo bruožus Dalios Jazukevičiūtės romanuose Anarchistės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dalia Jazukevičiūtė (D.O.B. 1952) is one of the most popular women writers in Lithuania. During the first decade of Lithuanian Independence the author earned her fame by the articles of investigative journalism. The creational work of Jazukeviciute is awarded for some times and her three novels “Anarchistės išpažintis”, “Juodas kvadratas”, “Dviejų mėnulių baras” received much attention from literary specialists. In her novels the writer depicts creating woman and her searches in life. D. Jazukeviciute sets the stereotype of creating woman against the picture of traditional woman, which prevailed in literature till then. Traditional woman in literature was depicted as rejecting her own interests, not wanting or not being able to change with the changing world. The topics of Jazukeviciute’s novels includes life story of a creating woman. In the author’s creational work not only peripeteias of depictive periods are raised, but also a painful woman’s experience. Resolved emphasis of Jazukeviciute’s “weak” and “strong” genders as a social problem, change of woman’s picture, evaluations of critics and readers witness relevance of womanly problematic. The object of master thesis – self-expression problem of a woman, engaged in creative activity, with reference to life stories of protagonists Katerina N., Stella and Marija from the novels by D.Jazukeviciute “Anarchistės išpažintis” (2007), “Juodas kvadratas” (2007), “Dviejų mėnulių baras” (2008). Aim of master thesis – to... [to full text]

L'objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre la neutralité axiologique non pas comme une exigence épistémologique, mais plutôt comme un idéal éducationnel. Max Weber propose une science basée sur la description factuelle, de laquelle on exclut la formulation de jugements de valeur. Pour l'auteur, il est préférable de séparer les jugements descriptifs des jugements évaluatifs dans le but de préserver l'autonomie intellectuelle des étudiants. Comme il serait contraire au principe d'autonomie de laisser le professeur influencer et convaincre ses étudiants, de façon partisane, d'adhérer à certaines thèses normatives, Weber propose un mécanisme pour éviter que le professeur n'influence ses étudiants de manière illégitime. Les critiques contemporaines de la neutralité axiologique, en particulier celles de Sen et Putnam, voient dans le critère de neutralité un rejet de l'entrelacement logique des faits et des valeurs. Ils critiquent la supposée subjectivité des valeurs et, ce faisant, défendent une conception enrichie de la science où les valeurs éthiques sont présentes. Weber n'a jamais défendu qu'il était impossible de mener une analyse à la fois descriptive et normative. Seulement, on doit s'interroger sur les lieux où s'exprime la normativité, et s'assurer que toutes les conditions sont présentes pour qu'une discussion normative tende réellement à l'objectivité. / The objective of this Master’s thesis is to understand axiological neutrality, not as an epistemological requirement, but rather as an educational ideal. Max Weber proposes a science based on factual description, in which making value judgements is excluded. For the author, it is preferable to distinguish between descriptive and evaluative judgements so as to preserve the intellectual autonomy of students. As it would be contrary to the principle of autonomy to allow the professor to influence and convince students, in a biased manner, as well as to adhere to certain normative themes, Weber proposes a mechanism to prevent a professor from influencing students in an inappropriate way. Contemporary criticism of axiological neutrality, specifically by Sen and Putnam, sees the criteria of neutrality as a rejection of the interlacing logic of facts and values. They criticize the so-called subjectivity of values and, by doing this, defend an enriched view of science where ethical values are present. Weber has never defended the idea that it was impossible to do an analysis that is both descriptive and normative. However, one must ask where normative aspects are expressed, and make sure that all conditions are present so that a normative discussion truly results in objectivity.

Multimedia transmission is the effective way of transmitting multimedia elements (comprising voice, audio, video, data etc) from one place to the other via internet enabled protocols and other means. The term 'effective' is used because multimedia transmission is a nightmare if the conveyance is not smooth, seamless and efficient. Over time, the world has seen tremendous improvement that started from the era of the first generation of multimedia generation to the point of multimedia transmission. Much has been said and done in this area and the world has become a connected enterprise because of the transmission of multimedia. In spite of these successes that have been recorded in these areas, there are still many challenges facing multimedia transmission. What determines the progress of technology globally is the trends of evolution that multimedia transmission has gone through. An important challenge facing multimedia transmission is one that has been neglected for a long time. There has been deep neglect of the devices that are used in transmission while much emphasis has been on the protocols and the software that are being developed for multimedia transmission. Devices play a very important role in the realization of seamless transmission of media. Lately, the world seems to have realized the fact that devices that do the actual transmission needs more attention. These devices are the ones that do the distribution and the transmission of the multimedia streams or signals. This has been highlighted in a recent research study that was referenced in the Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning that showed that the expectations of meeting the world's target on multimedia has been reduced by half because of problems arising from the inefficiency of multimedia devices and not really from the protocol perspective as earlier perceived. It is inline with the above that this research was titled "improving multimedia transmission through enhanced multimedia devices". Multimedia devices are the end to end units that are used in multimedia transmission. This research investigated the current devices that are being used, their deficiencies and the reasons that make them unstable for multimedia transmission. It focused on the real time multimedia transmission over the internet protocol (IP) through enhancing limited capabilities of the current multimedia devices. This will make way for new studies into newer devices that are better designed for the efficient multimedia flow. It will assure better quality end-to-end solutions in the area of multimedia distribution and transmission. This research is broad enough to cover most of the major areas of multimedia transmission and cut across several industries and technologies. These might include industries that specialize in internet telephony; design and manufacture multimedia devices and multimedia technologies. Despite the huge number of fields that this research cut across, the focus remained unchanged in highlighting this challenge and proffering a solution through enhanced end to end multimedia elements. It is hoped that this research work will contribute to the solution of this area of challenge and bring to fore the work that should be done in this regard. The advantages of improved multimedia transmission cannot be over emphasized as there will be a tremendous reduction in the cost of long distance communication globally and smoother media transmission which makes use of the readily available internet protocols. In spite of these successes that have been recorded in these areas, there are still many challenges facing multimedia transmission. What determines the progress of technology globally is the trends of evolution that multimedia transmission has gone through. An important challenge facing multimedia transmission is one that has been neglected for a long time. There has been deep neglect of the devices that are used in transmission while much emphasis has been on the protocols and the software that are being developed for multimedia transmission. Devices play a very important role in the realization of seamless transmission of media. Lately, the world seems to have realized the fact that devices that do the actual transmission needs more attention. These devices are the ones that do the distribution and the transmission of the multimedia streams or signals. This has been highlighted in a recent research study that was referenced in the Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning that showed that the expectations of meeting the world's target on multimedia has been reduced by half because of problems arising from the inefficiency of multimedia devices and not really from the protocol perspective as earlier perceived. It is inline with the above that this research was titled "improving multimedia transmission through enhanced multimedia devices". Multimedia devices are the end to end units that are used in multimedia transmission. This research investigated the current devices that are being used, their deficiencies and the reasons that make them unstable for multimedia transmission. It focused on the real time multimedia transmission over the internet protocol (IP) through enhancing limited capabilities of the current multimedia devices. This will make way for new studies into newer devices that are better designed for the efficient multimedia flow. It will assure better quality end-to-end solutions in the area of multimedia distribution and transmission. This research is broad enough to cover most of the major areas of multimedia transmission and cut across several industries and technologies. These might include industries that specialize in internet telephony; design and manufacture multimedia devices and multimedia technologies. Despite the huge number of fields that this research cut across, the focus remained unchanged in highlighting this challenge and proffering a solution through enhanced end to end multimedia elements. It is hoped that this research work will contribute to the solution of this area of challenge and bring to fore the work that should be done in this regard. The advantages of improved multimedia transmission cannot be over emphasized as there will be a tremendous reduction in the cost of long distance communication globally and smoother media transmission which makes use of the readily available internet protocols. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.