Nesta pesquisa tivemos como objetivo explicitar a política de constituição do Dicionário Caldas Aulete Digital a partir da compreensão do funcionamento da concepção de língua veiculada nesse dicionário, uma vez que esta se constitui na tensão entre infraestrutura e superestrutura. Analisamos o funcionamento do conceito de língua na relação entre infraestrutura e superestrutura; compreendemos o conceito de política e suas relações com o sentido; apresentamos as especificidades e as condições de produção do Dicionário Caldas Aulete Digital, pensando a reformulação, do Dicionário Houaiss e do Dicionário Aurélio para entender que relações se estabelecem entre esses diferentes dicionários e buscamos apresentar o espaço de reformulação na articulação com as práticas sociais. O percurso teórico desenvolvido teve por base o materialismo histórico e dialético, perpassando também pelos estudos filológicos, estudos linguísticos estruturalistas e culminando nos estudos discursivos. Com os estudos filológicos de Michel Bréal, entendemos que a linguagem reflete o homem, suas vontades e seus desejos, remontando à condição humana de sujeito histórico e responsável pelas mudanças em uma língua. Os estudos linguísticos estruturalistas de Ferdinand de Saussure apontam a língua como objeto abstrato, cujas alterações ocorrem no deslocamento da relação entre o significante e o significado, sem qualquer interferência externa à língua, limitando-se o objeto língua, portanto, a um sistema estável. Os estudos materialistas de Mikhail Bakhtin/Valentin Volochínov abordam a linguagem enquanto materialidade, cujas condições de uso remetem aos sentidos, logo em funcionamento na realidade concreta de uso. Nos estudos discursivos de Michel Pêcheux, o conceito de língua está articulado ao de discurso, para o qual a língua serve de suporte para a realização dos efeitos de sentido. O conceito de política abordado a partir de Hannah Arendt está articulado ao de liberdade e é a criação do novo, do inesperado, é ação plural, sendo inerente à condição humana. Para Jacques Rancière, a política se instaura com o dano e este desfaz a ordem policial instituída, rompendo com a configuração da sociedade em que se definem as parcelas. Na teoria de Michel Pêcheux, observamos que a política se relaciona com o conceito de formação discursiva, pois é nesta que as palavras adquirem seus sentidos a partir da inscrição dos sujeitos em determinada formação ideológica. Para as análises, selecionamos verbetes que contribuíssem para ilustrar as relações infraestruturais e superestruturais que se estabelecem na produção do dicionário, bem como que possibilitassem a articulação com os conceitos estudados. As análises centraram-se, ainda, nos projetos da editora Lexikon e permitiram apresentar que no projeto inicial de produção dicionarística visava-se a uma obra aberta, de dicionarização da língua viva, isto é, a língua em funcionamento na sociedade, reflexo das práticas dos sujeitos na infraestrutura e na superestrutura, cuja contribuição era estendida aos sujeitos falantes da língua, leigos quanto aos critérios lexicográficos de constituição de um dicionário. No projeto seguinte, reformulado, há um retorno aos dicionários clássicos e tradicionais, pois há um controle sobre a dicionarização na medida em que o sujeito das forças orgânicas não pode mais contribuir com a produção desse dicionário, e a tarefa da lexicalização da língua retorna aos lexicógrafos, sujeitos academicamente instruídos para tal. / In this research we have aimed to explicit the politics of constitution of Caldas Aulete Digital Dictionary, starting from the comprehension of the functioning of the concept of language assumed in this dictionary, since this language is constituted by the tension between infrastructure and superstructure. We analyzed the functioning of the concept of language in the relationship between infrastructure and superstructure; we comprehended the concept of politics and its relations with meaning; we pointed the specificities and the conditions of production of Caldas Aulete Digital Dictionary, considering the reformulation of Houaiss Dictionary and Aurélio Dictionary in order to understand what relations are established between these different dictionaries, and we sought to present this space of reformulation in the articulation with social practices. The theoretical course developed was based on historical and dialectical materialism, also going through philological studies, structuralist linguistic studies, culminating in discursive studies. With Michel Bréal’s philological studies, we understand that language reflects the human being, its wills and desires, reinforcing the human condition of historical subject, responsible for changes in a language. The structuralist linguistic studies of Ferdinand de Saussure point to language as an abstract object, whose alterations occur in the displacement of the relation between the signifier and the signified, without any language external interference, thus limiting the language object to a stable system. Materialistic studies of Mikhail Bakhtin / Valentin Volochínov approach language as materiality, whose conditions of use refer to meaning, therefore, in functioning in the concrete reality of use. In discursive studies of Michel Pêcheux, the concept of language is articulated to the concept of discourse, to which the language serves as support for the accomplishment of the effects of meaning. The concept of politics taken from Hannah Arendt is articulated to the notion of freedom and it is the creation of the new, the unexpected, it is plural action and inherent to the human condition. To Jacques Rancière, politics is established with the damage and this damage undoes the police order instituted, breaking with the configuration of the society in which social classes are defined. In Michel Pêcheux’s theory, we observe that politics is related to the concept of discursive formation, as the words acquire their meaning inserted in such discursive formation, from the inscription of the subjects in a certain ideological formation. For the analysis, we selected entries which could contribute to illustrate the infrastructural and superstructural relations that are established in the production of the dictionary, as well as entries that could enable the relation with the concepts addressed. Such analysis also focused in the projects of Lexikon editor and allowed to present that in the initial project of the dictionary production an open work was aimed; a work of living language in the dictionary, that is, the functioning language in society, as a reflection of the practice of the subjects in infrastructure and superstructure, whose contribution was extended to the language speaking subjects, lay people when it comes to lexicographic criteria of the constitution of a dictionary. In the following project, redesigned, there is a return to classical and traditional dictionaries, as there is a control on the entries inclusion in the extent that the subject of organic forces can no longer contribute to the production of such dictionary, and the task of lexical establishment returns to lexicographers, subjects who are academically instructed to do so.

Segmentação é uma etapa essencial para sistemas de pré-triagem de lesões melanocíticas. Neste trabalho, um novo método para segmentar lesões melanocíticas em imagens de câmera padrão (i.e., imagens macroscópicas) é apresentado. Inicialmente, para reduzir artefatos indesejáveis, os efeitos de sombra são atenuados na imagem macroscópica e uma présegmentação é obtida usando um esquema que combina a transformada wavelet com a transformada watershed. Em seguida, uma imagem de variação textural projetada para melhorar a discriminabilidade da lesão em relação ao fundo é obtida e a região présegmentada é usada para o aprendizado de um dicionário inicial e de uma representação inicial via um método de fatoração de matrizes não-negativas. Uma versão nãosupervisionada e não-paramétrica do método de aprendizado de dicionário baseado em teoria da informação é proposta para otimizar esta representação, selecionando o subconjunto de átomos que maximiza a compactividade e a representatividade do dicionário aprendido. Por fim, a imagem da lesão de pele é representada usando o dicionário aprendido e segmentada com o método de corte normalizado em grafos. Nossos resultados experimentais baseados em uma base de imagens bastante utilizada sugerem que o método proposto tende a fornecer melhores resultados do que os métodos estado-da-arte analisados (em termos do erro XOR). / Segmentation is an essential step for the automated pre-screening of melanocytic lesions. In this work, a new method for segmenting melanocytic lesions in standard camera images (i.e., macroscopic images) is presented. Initially, to reduce unwanted artifacts, shading effects are attenuated in the macroscopic image and a pre-segmentation is obtained using a scheme that combines the wavelet transform and the watershed transform. Afterwards, a textural variation image designed to enhance the skin lesion against the background is obtained, and the presegmented skin lesion region is used to learn an initial dictionary and an initial representation via a nonnegative matrix factorization method. An unsupervised and non-parametric version of the information-theoretic dictionary learning method is proposed to optimize this representation by selecting the subset of atoms that maximizes the learned dictionary compactness and representation. Finally, the skin lesion image is represented using the learned dictionary and segmented with the normalized graph cuts method. Our experimental results based on a widely used image dataset suggest that the proposed method tends to provide more accurate skin lesion segmentations than comparable state-of-the-art methods (in terms of the XOR error).

A partir del análisis de los artículos correspondientes a agua y aire en los fascículos del malogrado Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (1960-1996), expongo la necesidad de que el redactor de las definiciones de una obra de este tipo se incline por la filología —en cuanto reflejo, en el texto definicional, de las experiencias del mundo por parte de la comunidad usuaria del término en una época determinada— más que por la traducción de dichas experiencias a otras más próximas a nuestro acervo actual de conocimientos. Una descripción semántica de este tipo repercutirá en una mejor comprensión de las realidades pasadas y, a la postre, de cómo eran consideradas, por medio del léxico que sirve para designarlas. / As a result of the analysis of the articles regarding agua and aire in the fascicles from the —failed— Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (1960-1996), I propose the necessity that the editor of the definitions in a work of this type should prefer and be inclined towards philology, rather than the translating of those experiences into ones closer to our current heritage of knowledge, because of the reflection —in the definitional text— of the experiences of the community of users of that term in a specific period. A semantic description of this kind will aid to improve the understanding of past realities and, as a later step, of how those realities were understood, by means of the lexis which designates those experiences.

abstract: Effective modeling of high dimensional data is crucial in information processing and machine learning. Classical subspace methods have been very effective in such applications. However, over the past few decades, there has been considerable research towards the development of new modeling paradigms that go beyond subspace methods. This dissertation focuses on the study of sparse models and their interplay with modern machine learning techniques such as manifold, ensemble and graph-based methods, along with their applications in image analysis and recovery. By considering graph relations between data samples while learning sparse models, graph-embedded codes can be obtained for use in unsupervised, supervised and semi-supervised problems. Using experiments on standard datasets, it is demonstrated that the codes obtained from the proposed methods outperform several baseline algorithms. In order to facilitate sparse learning with large scale data, the paradigm of ensemble sparse coding is proposed, and different strategies for constructing weak base models are developed. Experiments with image recovery and clustering demonstrate that these ensemble models perform better when compared to conventional sparse coding frameworks. When examples from the data manifold are available, manifold constraints can be incorporated with sparse models and two approaches are proposed to combine sparse coding with manifold projection. The improved performance of the proposed techniques in comparison to sparse coding approaches is demonstrated using several image recovery experiments. In addition to these approaches, it might be required in some applications to combine multiple sparse models with different regularizations. In particular, combining an unconstrained sparse model with non-negative sparse coding is important in image analysis, and it poses several algorithmic and theoretical challenges. A convex and an efficient greedy algorithm for recovering combined representations are proposed. Theoretical guarantees on sparsity thresholds for exact recovery using these algorithms are derived and recovery performance is also demonstrated using simulations on synthetic data. Finally, the problem of non-linear compressive sensing, where the measurement process is carried out in feature space obtained using non-linear transformations, is considered. An optimized non-linear measurement system is proposed, and improvements in recovery performance are demonstrated in comparison to using random measurements as well as optimized linear measurements. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2013

abstract: Image understanding has been playing an increasingly crucial role in vision applications. Sparse models form an important component in image understanding, since the statistics of natural images reveal the presence of sparse structure. Sparse methods lead to parsimonious models, in addition to being efficient for large scale learning. In sparse modeling, data is represented as a sparse linear combination of atoms from a "dictionary" matrix. This dissertation focuses on understanding different aspects of sparse learning, thereby enhancing the use of sparse methods by incorporating tools from machine learning. With the growing need to adapt models for large scale data, it is important to design dictionaries that can model the entire data space and not just the samples considered. By exploiting the relation of dictionary learning to 1-D subspace clustering, a multilevel dictionary learning algorithm is developed, and it is shown to outperform conventional sparse models in compressed recovery, and image denoising. Theoretical aspects of learning such as algorithmic stability and generalization are considered, and ensemble learning is incorporated for effective large scale learning. In addition to building strategies for efficiently implementing 1-D subspace clustering, a discriminative clustering approach is designed to estimate the unknown mixing process in blind source separation. By exploiting the non-linear relation between the image descriptors, and allowing the use of multiple features, sparse methods can be made more effective in recognition problems. The idea of multiple kernel sparse representations is developed, and algorithms for learning dictionaries in the feature space are presented. Using object recognition experiments on standard datasets it is shown that the proposed approaches outperform other sparse coding-based recognition frameworks. Furthermore, a segmentation technique based on multiple kernel sparse representations is developed, and successfully applied for automated brain tumor identification. Using sparse codes to define the relation between data samples can lead to a more robust graph embedding for unsupervised clustering. By performing discriminative embedding using sparse coding-based graphs, an algorithm for measuring the glomerular number in kidney MRI images is developed. Finally, approaches to build dictionaries for local sparse coding of image descriptors are presented, and applied to object recognition and image retrieval. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2013

abstract: Many learning models have been proposed for various tasks in visual computing. Popular examples include hidden Markov models and support vector machines. Recently, sparse-representation-based learning methods have attracted a lot of attention in the computer vision field, largely because of their impressive performance in many applications. In the literature, many of such sparse learning methods focus on designing or application of some learning techniques for certain feature space without much explicit consideration on possible interaction between the underlying semantics of the visual data and the employed learning technique. Rich semantic information in most visual data, if properly incorporated into algorithm design, should help achieving improved performance while delivering intuitive interpretation of the algorithmic outcomes. My study addresses the problem of how to explicitly consider the semantic information of the visual data in the sparse learning algorithms. In this work, we identify four problems which are of great importance and broad interest to the community. Specifically, a novel approach is proposed to incorporate label information to learn a dictionary which is not only reconstructive but also discriminative; considering the formation process of face images, a novel image decomposition approach for an ensemble of correlated images is proposed, where a subspace is built from the decomposition and applied to face recognition; based on the observation that, the foreground (or salient) objects are sparse in input domain and the background is sparse in frequency domain, a novel and efficient spatio-temporal saliency detection algorithm is proposed to identify the salient regions in video; and a novel hidden Markov model learning approach is proposed by utilizing a sparse set of pairwise comparisons among the data, which is easier to obtain and more meaningful, consistent than tradition labels, in many scenarios, e.g., evaluating motion skills in surgical simulations. In those four problems, different types of semantic information are modeled and incorporated in designing sparse learning algorithms for the corresponding visual computing tasks. Several real world applications are selected to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, including, face recognition, spatio-temporal saliency detection, abnormality detection, spatio-temporal interest point detection, motion analysis and emotion recognition. In those applications, data of different modalities are involved, ranging from audio signal, image to video. Experiments on large scale real world data with comparisons to state-of-art methods confirm the proposed approaches deliver salient advantages, showing adding those semantic information dramatically improve the performances of the general sparse learning methods. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Computer Science 2014

Ett bildlexikon ger en bildlig stimulans och gör lärande till en interaktiv lek. Men bildlexikon är inte enbart för barn, de skapas även för ungdomar och vuxna. De kan berätta historier och sagor på ett underhållande sätt, även återge historia. Deras syfte bestäms enbart av deras skapare. Det denna rapport handlar om är skapandet av ett bildlexikon. Syftet med detta lexikon är att utbilda yngre människor inom ämnet vardag, allt som man kan komma att stöta på inom vardagen finns i detta lexikon. Det företag som står för detta bildlexikon är Euroway Media Business AB, de har länge jobbat med hemsidor men vill nu ge sig in på nytt territorier där de kan utöka sina kunskaper. Bildlexikonet kommer sedan att göras om till en applikation, i ett senare projekt, och integreras på en hemsida som för tillfället är under konstruktion. Det som är viktigt att tänka på vid skapandet av ett bildlexikon är att ha en röd tråd igenom hela arbetet, göra många undersökningar för att hålla koll på att man är på rätt spår och till sist vara kreativ. Olika väl använda metoder – som till exempel enkäter och persona - kom att användas under projektet för att samla in data, undersöka målgruppen och för att utvärdera lexikonet. Resultatet blev ett strukturerat lexikon med tillräckligt många bilder och kategorier för att det ska vara utbildande. Rent grafiskt blev det tilltalande och framhäver innehållet i lexikonet. / A picture dictionary gives a figurative stimulus and makes learning an interactive game. But the dictionary is not just for children, they are also made for young people and adults. They can tell stories and fairytales in an amusing way, they can even retell history. Their purpose is only decided by their creator. This report is about the creation of a dictionary with pictures. The purpose of this dictionary is to educate young people about the objects we encounter in our everyday life; anything you can encounter is in this dictionary. The company that is in charge for this dictionary is Euroway Media Business AB, they usually work with websites for other companies but they feel like expanding their ground and knowledge. The dictionary will be made into an application, in a later project, which eventually will be integrated on a website – that is currently under construction. One thing to keep in mind when designing a dictionary is to have a main theme throughout the project, go through a lot of surveys to keep on track and finally – be creative. Different kinds of methods were used – for example a poll and a persona – during the project to collect data, examine the target group and evaluate the dictionary. The result became a well structured dictionary with enough pictures and categories to be educational. It became pure graphic, appealing and highlights the dictionaries content.

Ce travail vise à étudier le statut, c’est-à-dire la place et le traitement des termes scientifiques et techniques dans le dictionnaire général. On oppose généralement le dictionnaire général au dictionnaire spécialisé. Le premier s’intéresse aux mots (ou lexique de la langue générale) et le deuxième aux termes (ou lexique des langues spécialisées). Or, le dictionnaire général inclut, en plus des mots de la langue générale, un nombre important de termes. Ces termes figurant alors simultanément dans les deux types de dictionnaire font l’objet de cette étude. Celle-ci se propose ainsi d’examiner les deux aspects macrostructurel - choix et emplacement - et mircostructuel - étiquetage, définition, exemplification et, pour les dictionnaires bilingues, correspondants arabes - des termes dans ce type de dictionnaire. Les termes retenus dans cette recherche relèvent de domaines divers. Ils sont extraits d’un corpus trilingue anglais-français-arabe constitué de textes de vulgarisation publiés par l’ONU. Le statut de ces termes est analysé dans deux dictionnaires monolingues français, deux monolingues arabes et deux bilingues français-arabe. / This research aims to study the status - place and treatment - of scientific and technical terms in general dictionaries. General dictionaries concentrate on words (or general language lexicon) whereas specialised dictionaries focus on terms (or specialised language lexicon). However, general dictionaries include, in addition to words, a large number of terms. These terms, which are simultaneously included in both dictionaries types, are the subject of this study. Thus, it proposes to examine the following aspects of the term: macrostructural - choice and location - and mircostructual - labelling, definition and exemplification as well as the term’s equivalent in the Arabic bilingual dictionaries. The terms which are used in this research are from various domains. They are extracted from a trilingual English-French-Arabic corpus which consists of texts published by the UN. The status of these terms is analysed according to two monolingual french dictionaries, two monolingual arabic dictionaries and two bilingual french-arabic dictionaries.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho propÃs descrever e apresentar, em forma de dicionÃrio, com uma versÃo impressa e outra eletrÃnica, a linguagem tÃcnica do ciclo de produÃÃo do alumÃnio primÃrio no Estado do ParÃ, distribuÃda em trÃs atividades: a mineraÃÃo da bauxita, refino da alumina e a metalurgia do alumÃnio. Para tanto, investigamos a linguagem das trÃs maiores empresas que desempenham essas atividades, respectivamente a MineraÃÃo Rio do Norte S.A. (MRN), a HYDRO ALUNORTE e a AlumÃnio Brasileiro S.A. (ALBRAS). A pesquisa foi fundamentada teÃrica e metodologicamente em duas correntes teÃricas terminolÃgicas - a Socioterminologia e Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia. A coleta dos dados foi feita a partir de um corpus constituÃdo de 173 textos especializados e 18 DVDs institucionais distribuÃdos de acordo com as trÃs atividades desenvolvidas pelas empresas. Com este trabalho de coleta, extraÃmos os termos tÃcnicos, as definiÃÃes e contextos de ocorrÃncia dos termos. Esses dados foram digitalizados em um programa computacional chamado Lexique Pro, que automaticamente organizou a macro e as microestruturas do dicionÃrio. ApÃs uma versÃo provisÃria do dicionÃrio, checamos as informaÃÃes contidas no dicionÃrio junto a alguns especialistas das atividades envolvidas para verificar se tais informaÃÃes estavam corretas. A versÃo definitiva do dicionÃrio possui 1.110 termos que representam um amplo universo da linguagem tÃcnica atual do ciclo de produÃÃo do alumÃnio, das quais 362 se relacionam à mineraÃÃo da bauxita, 228 se relacionam ao refino da alumina e 693 se relacionam à metalurgia do alumÃnio. Quanto Ãs categorias gramaticais, o dicionÃrio apresenta 564 substantivos masculinos, 516 substantivos femininos, 22 verbos e 8 adjetivos. Ao todo, 97% dos termos sÃo substantivos. O dicionÃrio apresenta ainda, observando o modelo variacionista de Faulstich (2010) adotado para esta pesquisa, 214 variantes formais (variantes concorrentes), 164 sinÃnimos (variantes coocorrentes) e 50 emprÃstimos (variantes competitivas). O DicionÃrio que apresentamos tem como meta sistematizar a linguagem tÃcnica dessas trÃs principais atividades o ciclo de produÃÃo de alumÃnio. Nessa perspectiva, o principal intuito deste trabalho foi produzir um dicionÃrio tÃcnico que favoreÃa a comunicaÃÃo entre os interessados por essa atividade, entre o publico objeto da pesquisa, pesquisadores, docentes e estudantes. / This study aimed to describe and present, in dictionary form, with a printed and an other electronics version, the technical language of the primary aluminum production cycle in Parà State, distributed in three activities: bauxite mining, alumina refining and metallurgy of aluminum. Therefore, we investigated the language of the three largest companies that develop these activities, respectively the MineraÃÃo Rio do Norte S.A. (MRN), HYDRO ALUNORTE and the AlumÃnio Brasileiro S.A. (ALBRAS). The research was based theoretically and methodologically in two terminological theoretical currents - the Socioterminology and Communicative Theory of Terminology. The data collection was taken from a corpus of 173 specialized texts and 18 institutional DVDs distributed according to these three activities developed by the companies. With this collection work, we extract technical terms, definitions and contexts of occurrence. These data were introduced into a computer program called Lexique Pro, which automatically organized the macro and microstructure of the dictionary. After a provisional version of the dictionary, we check the information contained in the dictionary with some experts of the activities involved to verify if the informations were correct. The final version of the dictionary has 1,110 terms that represent a broad universe of current technical language of the aluminum production cycle, of which 362 are related to the mining of bauxite, 228 relate to the refining of alumina and 693 relate to the metallurgy of aluminum. As for the grammatical categories, the dictionary has 564 masculine nouns, 516 feminine nouns, 22 verbs and 8 adjectives. Altogether, 97% of the words are nouns. The dictionary presents, according to the variationist model developed by Faulstich (2010), 214 formal variants (concurrent variants), 164 synonyms (coocorrentes variants) and 50 loanwords (competitive variants). The Dictionary that we present aims to systematize the technical language of these three main activities of the aluminum production cycle. In this perspective, the main purpose of this work was to produce a technical dictionary that favour communication between interested by this activity, between the public object of the research, researchers, teachers and students.

Este trabalho parte da idéia de que os neologismos recebem, nos dicionários e manuais de redação jornalística, um tratamento assistemático, desprovido de rigor e critérios para que os jornalistas (e pessoas em geral) os reconheçam como tais e saibam lidar convenientemente com eles. A partir da elaboração de uma taxonomia própria, identificamos diferentes tipos de neologismos e constatamos que eles são um fenômeno natural na língua, que permite a sua subsistência e continuidade. Porém, ainda que naturais e necessários, os neologismos costumam ser “incômodos”: nos manuais de redação, são logo considerados “incorretos” ou “inexistentes”, embora a própria menção que se faz a eles ateste sua existência. Após o exame dos conceitos de correção e incorreção na língua, propomos, com o apoio de Rabanales (1984), a substituição dos termos “correto/incorreto” e “existente/inexistente”, que, geralmente, caracterizam-nos, por “necessário/desnecessário”, “culto/inculto”, “formal/informal”, “exato/inexato” e “genuíno/falso”, de acordo com os tipos de neologismos que identificamos. / Our starting point in this paper is the belief that neologisms receive a non systematic treatment in dictionaries and newspaper stylebooks. There is no rigour nor criteria for journalists to be able to recognize them for what they are and to deal conveniently with them. Through the design of our own taxonomy for them, we were able to identify different types of neologisms and consider them as a natural fenomenon of language which permits its subsistency and continuity. However, even if they are something natural and necessary, they are also seen as troubling: in the stylebooks they are usually considered “incorrect” or “inexistent”, but the mere fact of having been mentioned in these kind of books proves their existence. After examining the concepts of correction and incorrection in language, we propose, following Rabanales (1984), the substitution of the terms “correct/incorrect” and “existent/non existent” for “necessary/unecessary”, “cult/incult”, “formal/informal”, “exact/inexact” and “genuine/false” according to the types of neologisms.