Orientador : Yuzo Iano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T12:22:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Akamine_Cristiano_D.pdf: 23517707 bytes, checksum: c51b616b01118b57a56b6af1f6bec625 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta contribuições para o sistema brasileiro de TV digital. Considera-se a incompatibilidade do BTS (Broadcast Transport Stream) com os sistemas de distribuição de TV digital existentes e a dificuldade de implementação do modulador e demodulador ISDB-TB. Em primeiro lugar um algoritmo inovador capaz de realizar a compressão e adaptação do BTS tomando-o compatível com a maioria dos equipamentos comerciais do sistema DVB, é proposto. Em seguida, um detalhamento do funcionamento do modulador e demodulador é realizado utilizando-se expressões matemáticas e resultados obtidos em simulações computacionais. A partir do BTS, foi desenvolvido um simulador do modulador capaz de monitorar a entrada e saída de todos os blocos de processamento. No último estágio, vetores de RF são criados e podem ser utilizados em simulações computacionais e geradores de forma de onda arbitrária. Utilizando vetores de RF de emissoras de TV, foi desenvolvido um simulador do demodulador ISDB-TB. Esse simulador realiza as operações de sincronismo, estimação de canal, demodulação e decodificação de canal. Além disso, monitores da relação sinal ruído, constelação, resposta em frequência, perfil de atraso e taxa de erro de bits são utilizados para monitorar a reconstrução do BTS / Abstract: This paper presents contributions to the Brazilian digital TV system. It considers the incompatibility of (BTS) Broadcast Transport Stream with the existing digital TV distribution systems. The difficulty of implementation of the ISDB-TB modulator and demodulator are also taken into account. Firstly, an innovative algorithm able to compress and adapt the BTS in order to make it compatible with most DVB commercial equipment is implemented. Then, the detailed operation of the modulator and emodulator are obtained sing mathematical expressions and results from computer simulations. Using the BTS, it has been developed a simulator capable of monitoring the modulation input and output of all processing blocks. In the last stage, the RF vectors are created and can be used on computer simulations and arbitrary waveform generators. Using RF vectors of TV stations, an ISDB-Ts demodulator simulator was developed. This simulator performs the operations of synchronization, channel estimation, demodulation and channel decoding. In addition, monitors of signal to noise ratio, constellation, frequency response, delay profile and bit error rate are used to monitor the reconstruction of the BTS / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

A proposta desta tese parte das discussões sobre comunicação organizacional, especialmente no contexto das mídias sociais. Percebemos que as pesquisas nesse campo tendem a enfatizar a visibilidade como o único desejo das organizações em ambientes online. Contudo, estratégias de invisibilidade também se apresentam como (possíveis) caminhos adotados pelas organizações em situações de risco ou diante do (aparente) avanço de pautas que possam ir de encontro ao modo como esperam ser (re)conhecidas. Nessa perspectiva, nos parece oportuno compreender quais são as estratégias das organizações em situações nas quais predomina o desejo de invisibilidade e de redução/direcionamento da visibilidade nas mídias sociais. Esse é o nosso objetivo geral. Além dele, temos dois objetivos específicos: explicar objetivos/interesses basilares para a tomada de decisão pelo desenvolvimento e implementação de estratégias de invisibilidade, bem como evidenciar a incidência e o nível de contribuição das agências de comunicação digital quando da opção por estratégias de invisibilidade na Web. As reflexões são feitas à luz do interacionismo simbólico, fundamento epistêmico da pesquisa. Em termos de procedimentos metodológicos, trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória. Para a revisão do estado da arte acerca das estratégias de invisibilidade nas mídias sociais, recorremos à Teoria Fundamentada em Dados (WOLFSWINKEL, FURTMUELLER E WILDEROM, 2013) Realizamos, ainda, entrevistas em profundidade com 17 profissionais que atuam em agências de comunicação digital filiadas à Associação Brasileira de Agentes Digitais (Abradi). Nossa opção por envolver as agências parte do pressuposto de que essas são catalizadoras das práticas adotadas pelas organizações, orientando as iniciativas e formatos/posturas/atitudes nesses espaços. A pesquisa resulta em um mapa de estratégias de invisibilidade e de redução/direcionamento da visibilidade, composto por sete categorias e 25 subcategorias, que são as ênfases de cada uma das estratégias. São caminhos adotados pelas agências e organizações em situações nas quais predominam três propósitos: 1) diagnosticar a visibilidade e a invisibilidade; 2) direcionar a visibilidade; e, 3) tornar invisível. Nossa compreensão é que tais estratégias precisam ser discutidas à luz das noções de interesse público, de conformidade e de ética, posto que a perspectiva de ocultar pode representar a não visibilidade de assuntos relevantes à sociedade que estejam perdendo espaço dada a profissionalização e o refinamento desses processos e recursos. / The proposition of this thesis starts from the discussions about organizational communication, especially in the context of social media. We realize that research in this field tends to emphasize “visibility” as the only desire of organizations in online environments. However, “strategies of invisibility” are also presented as (possible) paths adopted by organizations in situations of risk or in the face of the (apparent) advance of guidelines that can contradict the way they expect to be known. From this perspective, it seems opportune to understand the strategies of organizations in situations where the desire for invisibility and the reduction/direction of visibility in social media predominates. That is our general goal. In addition to this, we have two specific goals: to explain goals/interests for decision-making for the development and implementation of invisibility strategies, as well as to highlight the incidence and contribution level of Digital Communication Agencies when opting for strategies of invisibility on the Web. The reflections are made in the light of symbolic interactionism, the epistemic foundation of research. In terms of methodological procedures, this is an exploratory research. For a review of the state of the art about invisibility strategies in social media, we use Grounded Theory (WOLFSWINKEL, FURTMUELLER AND WILDEROM, 2013) We also conducted in-depth interviews with 17 professionals that work in Digital Communication Agencies affiliated with the Brazilian Association of Digital Agents (Abradi). Our option to involve the agencies is based on the assumption that these are catalysts of the practices adopted by the organizations, guiding the initiatives and formats/postures/attitudes in these spaces. The research results in a map of strategies of invisibility and reduction/targeting of visibility, composed of seven categories and 25 subcategories, which are the emphases of each of the strategies. They are paths adopted by agencies and organizations in situations in which three purposes predominate: 1) diagnose visibility and invisibility; 2) direct visibility; and, 3) make it invisible. Our understanding is that such strategies need to be discussed in the light of notions of public interest, conformity, and ethics, since the prospect of concealment may represent the non-visibility of issues relevant to society that are loosing space given the professionalization and refinement of these processes and resources. / La propuesta de esta tesis parte de las discusiones sobre comunicación organizacional, especialmente en el contexto de las redes sociales. Se percibe que las investigaciones en este campo tienden a enfatizar la visibilidad como el único deseo de las organizaciones en ambientes online. Sin embargo, estrategias de invisibilidad también se presentan como (posibles) caminos adoptados por las organizaciones en situaciones de riesgo o ante el (aparente) avance de temas que pueden ser contrarios al modo en que desean ser percibidas. En esta perspectiva, nos parece oportuno comprender cuáles son las estrategias de las organizaciones en situaciones en las que predomina el deseo de invisibilidad y de reducción/direccionamiento de la visibilidad en las redes sociales. Este es nuestro objetivo general. Además de eso, tenemos dos objetivos específicos: explicar objetivos/intereses básicos para la toma de decisiones por el desarrollo e implementación de estrategias de invisibilidad, así como evidenciar la incidencia y el nivel de contribución de las Agencias de Comunicación Digital cuando la opción por estrategias de invisibilidad en la Web. Las reflexiones se hacen a la luz del interacionismo simbólico, fundamento epistémico de la investigación. En términos de procedimientos metodológicos, se trata de una investigación exploratoria. Para la revisión del estado del arte acerca de las estrategias de invisibilidad en los medios sociales, recurrimos a la Grounded Theory (WOLFSWINKEL, FURTMUELLER y WILDEROM, 2013) Realizamos, además, entrevistas en profundidad con 17 profesionales que actúan en Agencias de Comunicación Digital afiliadas a la Asociación Brasileña de Agentes Digitales (Abradi). Nuestra opción por involucrar a las agencias parte del supuesto de que éstas son catalizadoras de las prácticas adoptadas por las organizaciones, orientando las iniciativas y formatos/posturas/actitudes en esos espacios. La investigación resulta en un mapa de estrategias de invisibilidad y de reducción/direccionamiento de la visibilidad, compuesto por siete categorías y 25 subcategorías, que son los énfasis de cada una de las estrategias. Son caminos adoptados por las agencias y organizaciones en situaciones en las que predominan tres propósitos: 1) diagnosticar la visibilidad y la invisibilidad; 2) dirigir la visibilidad; y 3) hacer invisible. Nuestra comprensión es que tales estrategias necesitan ser discutidas a la luz de las nociones de interés público, de conformidad y de ética, puesto que la perspectiva de ocultar puede representar la no visibilidad de asuntos relevantes a la sociedad que estén perdiendo espacio dada la profesionalización y el refinamiento de esos procesos y recursos.

Till följd av globalisering, ökad konkurrens och utvecklingen av informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) har sättet på vilket medarbetare samarbetar med varandra inom organisationer förändrats. Idag är det därför vanligt att arbetet organiseras i så kallade virtuella team där teammedlemmarna kan kommunicera och samarbeta oberoende av tid och fysisk plats med hjälp av digitala kommunikationsverktyg. En avgörande aspekt för arbetet i virtuella team är kommunikation. Till följd av att en stor del av denna till stor del sker via digitala kommunikationsverktyg snarare än ansikte-mot-ansikte möter virtuella team utmaningar gällande kommunikation. Vår studie undersöker genom en kvalitativ fallstudie vilka aspekter av kommunikation som påverkas när denna till stor del sker via digitala kommunikationsverktyg snarare än ansikte-mot-ansikte i virtuella team. Detta utifrån vilket behov virtuella team har av kommunikation, hur de digitala kommunikationsverktygen stöttar kommunikation samt vilka sociala aspekter är centrala för kommunikationen. I studien genomfördes fyra intervjuer med olika personer i två olika team hos ett IT-företag som organiserar arbetet med projekt i virtuella team. Vi har kommit fram till slutsatsen att behovet av kommunikationen påverkas utifrån dess frekvens, kvalitet samt flexibilitet. De digitala kommunikationsverktygen stöttar kommunikationen utifrån hur deras egenskaper passar kommunikationen samt hur de faktiskt används. En kombination av verktyg förespråkas av tidigare forskning, men detta kan ifrågasättas kopplat till att tekniken utvecklas. Även mänskliga och sociala aspekter påverkar kommunikationen och de virtuella teamen måste hantera aspekter så som informell kommunikation och tillit. / Due to globalization, increased competition and the development of information and communication technology (ICT) the way in which people work together in organizations has changed. Today it is common to organize work in virtual teams where the team members can communicate and collaborate without regard to time and place using digital communication tools. A crucial aspect for virtual teams is communication. On account of the fact that a large part of communication takes place via digital communication tools rather than face-to-face, virtual teams face challenges regarding communication. This study examines, through a qualitative case study, what aspects of communication are affected when communication largely takes place via digital communication tools rather than face-to-face in virtual teams. This is examined in connection to the need of communication in virtual teams, in what way the digital communication tools support communication as well as what social aspects are central to the communication in virtual teams. Four interviews were conducted with four different people working in two different virtual teams within an IT-company. We have reached the conclusion that the need for communication in virtual teams is affected by the frequency, quality and flexibility of the communication. The properties of the digital communication tools support communication in different ways as well as the way in which they are used. Prior research advocates using a combination of tools, but this notion may be challenged due to the constant development of technology. Furthermore, human and social aspects also affect communication and virtual teams must therefore manage aspects such as informal communication and trust.

Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The purpose of this study was to assess the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) strategies used by the University of Limpopo’s Marketing and Communication, Student Recruitment division. The study focuses on the use of IMC strategies including direct marketing, which includes marketing through branding, face- to -face interaction with customers and other elements including advertising. The other aspect of the marketing strategy is digital communication, which includes social media and web marketing that the university uses to market themselves to their prospective students. The use of marketing strategies by higher institutions of learning was addressed in the literature review and the importance of implementing the strategies was also discussed. The study focused further on direct marketing and digital communication strategies following low student number enrolments in 2016, especially in the faculties of Science and Agriculture, as well as in Management and Law. The study examined the way in which the university presents and sells itself, promotes its services and maintains the relationship between students, both international and domestic. In this work, IMC strategies were explained and outlined for understanding, which allows for proper implementation of the strategies. The use of General Systems Theory (GST) served as a theoretical outline for this study to highlight the importance of marketing strategies that operate in a systematic way. The use of GST also advocated for the implementation of marketing strategies as a system. The theory was able to link both IMC strategies and the organisation of higher learning, wherein IMC is a system itself. There are elements of IMC that work together to create a system in an organisation. GST supports education as it was stated that educational institutions deal with marketing strategies which, need to be approached in a systematic way (Buckey, 1968). Institutions of higher learning are composed of many systems, which should not be viewed as individual, separate units, but as contributing parts to the effective functioning of the whole marketing strategy. The research design utilised grounded theory for philosophical methodological underpinning. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews taken from nine, (9) high school leaners from Zimbabwe and South Africa. International high v school participants were attending an exhibition in different places in Zimbabwe, such as Harare (Gateway High School). In South Africa, data was collected from different areas, such as Capricorn, Vhembe, Mopanae and Blouberg in Limpopo province. Branding and the use of social media was also a concern. Most participants concluded that the university needs to upgrade its marketing strategies and focus more on the digital communication as teenagers spend time on their digital devices, which can be helpful in accessing the information they need.

En la actualidad, según la revista digital Puro Marketing, el tiempo promedio que una persona dedica al consumo de contenido digital es de aproximadamente 7 horas al día.1 La importancia de los medios digitales y el poder de influencia que tiene sobre las personas es notable; del mismo modo, los creadores de contenido. Entre los más destacables están los llamados influencers que por medio de estrategias de contenido logran fidelizar a las masas mediante su liderazgo y generar confianza por medio de plataformas de difusión digitales.[Salto de ajuste de texto][Salto de ajuste de texto]Para la presente investigación, se estudiará la relación entre la narrativa transmedia como estrategia para la construcción de la celebrity Kylie Jenner como influencer. [Salto de ajuste de texto][Salto de ajuste de texto]El enfoque de la investigación fue cualitativo, en donde se realizó un estudio de análisis de contenido enfocado en las apariciones televisivas con mayor relevancia de la celebrity/influencer y, además, las publicaciones de contenido en redes sociales referidas a dichos programas. / Currently, according to the digital magazine Puro Marketing, the average time a person spends consuming digital content is approximately 7 hours a day. The importance of digital media and the power of influence it has over people is remarkable; Similarly, content creators. Among the most notable are the so-called influencers who, through content strategies, manage to retain the masses through their leadership and generate trust through digital dissemination platforms.[Salto de ajuste de texto] For this research, the relationship between the transmedia narrative will be studied as a strategy for the construction of the celebrity Kylie Jenner as an influencer.[Salto de ajuste de texto] The focus of the research was qualitative, where a content analysis study was carried out focused on the television appearances with the greatest relevance of the celebrity / influencer and, in addition, the content publications on social networks referring to said programs. / Trabajo de investigación

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapsområdet och förståelsen kring företagens användning av sökmotoroptimering och sökmotormarknadsföring, avseende integrering med andra digitala marknadsföringskanaler. Teoretisk referensram: De teorier som använts i denna studie är Push/Pull, The 4S Web Marketing Mix Model, Integrated Marketing Communication Mix och Digital Marketing Channel Decision Model. Metod: Denna studie utgår ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi där det empiriska underlaget har samlats in genom sju semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer. Slutsatser: Syftet med att använda sökmotorer är främst för att få synlighet och nå målgruppen. Sökmotormarknadsföring används i större utsträckning för att synas när de är hög konkurrens medan sökmotoroptimering används för att förse kunder med relevant information. Studiens slutsats visar att det krävs att det utvecklas en marknadsföringsmodell som utgår ifrån att kunder idag kontrollerar köpprocessen gällande hur företag ska förse kunder med information. Huruvida sökmotormarknadsföring integreras beror på företagens mål samt hur de integrerar digitala byråer i sin verksamhet. Företag med konkreta mål kan lättare anpassa strategi i sökmotorer efter andra digitala kanaler. Företag som anlitar byråer bör integrera byråerna i den digitala strategin för att anpassa strategi i sökmotorer efter andra digitala kanaler. / Purpose: The purpose of this research is to increase the area of knowledge and understanding of companies use of search engine optimization and search engine marketing, regarding integration with other digital marketing channels. Theoretical frame of reference: The theories used in this study are Push/Pull, The 4S web Marketing Mix Model, Integrated Marketing Communication Mix and Digital Marketing Channel Decision Model. Method: This study is based on a qualitative research strategy where the empirical data has been collected through seven semi-structured telephone interviews. Conclusions: The purpose of using search engines is primarily to gain visibility and reach the target audience. Search engine marketing is used to a greater extent to be seen when there is high competition while search engine optimization is used to provide customers with relevant information. The study's conclusion shows that it is necessary to develop a marketing model that is based on customers controlling the purchasing process regarding how companies should provide customers with information. Whether search engine marketing is integrated depends on the companies' goals and how they integrate digital agencies into their operations. Companies with concrete goals can adapt strategy in search engines with other digital channels. Companies that hire agencies should integrate the agencies into the digital strategy in order to adapt the strategy in search engines with other digital channels.

En 1996 le Président de la République Jacques Chirac, suspendait le service national. Supprimant ainsi un vivier non négligeable de ressources que possédaient les armées. Depuis lors le ministère de la Défense à du trouver des moyens pour palier à ce déficit de recrutement, d’image et de compétences. Les armées n’ont eu d’autres choix que celui de communiquer pour attirer et de donner envie à des dizaines de milliers de jeunes de rejoindre les rangs des forces armées. Si le surnom de la « Grande Muette » colle à la peau de l’armée française, cette dernière a entrepris depuis des années des réformes visant à améliorer sa communication publique. Dans cette société ou l’instantanéité est un principe élémentaire, où les outils numériques sont légion, la Défense n’a d’autre choix qu’apprendre à se servir de ces nouvelles passerelles numériques pour faire parler d’elle. Ainsi se servant des nouvelles tendances et ayant analysé le comportement de la classe d’âge concernée (18-30 ans), le ministère de la Défense tente désespérément d’investir les réseaux sociaux afin d’occuper le champ de bataille médiatique pour faire parler de lui et tenter de recruter. / In 1196, the President of the French republic, Jacques Chirac suspends the military service. This action has for consequences to cut definitely the link between French army and the youth. Ever since the French army search a way for recruit young people. The ministry of defense has a bad reputation and suffers of a stereotypical image. For sort out of this deficit of renown the French army decide to use the digital tools for speak at the youth. Nowadays the young people can live without smartphone, internet or Facebook. For that the French ministry of Defense tries to invade the mediatized battlefield.

SAMMANFATTNING Datum: 2022-06-01 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 hp Akademi: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Universitet Författare:       Asaad, Jonathan     (99/07/12)    Haddad, Ribal     (99/03/04)  Kara, Sercan     (99/11/18) Titel: Att leda och motivera på distans Handledare: Rana Mostaghel  Nyckelord: Ledarskap på distans, distansarbete, motivation, digital kommunikation, SDT, McClelland  Forskningsfrågor: FF1) Hur arbetar ledare för att motivera medarbetare på distans? FF2) Hur interagerar och kommunicerar ledare och medarbetare på distans? Syfte: Utifrån tidigare studier kring ledarskapsrollen på distans är det tydligt att övergången till ledarskap på distans kommer med utmaningar. En av dessa utmaningar är kopplad till motivation. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken påverkan en ledare på distans kan ha på sina medarbetare och hur ledaren kan motivera sina medarbetare. Metod: Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ metod. Empiriinsamlingen har utförts genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Denna studie har utgått från en deduktiv ansats, vilket innebär att relevant litteratur och teori har samlats in för att kunna dra slutsatser om undersökningens frågeställningar. Teorier och primärdata har analyserats genom en tematisk analysmetod, vilken användes för att identifiera mönster och teman. Slutsats: Ledare arbetar med att motivera medarbetare på distans genom att ha deras motivationsfaktorer i åtanke. Genom att skapa samhörighet, intresse, tydligt syfte, kompetens och autonomi, kan ledare lättare öka sina medarbetares motivation på distans. Interaktion och kommunikation hanteras mellan ledare och medarbetare genom rika kommunikationskanaler. Stor vikt läggs av ledarna på rika kommunikationskanaler som exempelvis Zoom och Skype. Dessa kommunikationskanaler tillåter medarbetare och ledare att utnyttja flera av sina sinnen vilket har lett till ökad interaktion och samhörighet. Dock nyttjas inte alla rika kommunikationskanalers funktioner av ledare vilket har lett till att de klassas som fattiga kommunikationskanaler. / ABSTRACT Date: 2022-06-01 Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors:       Asaad, Jonathan     (99/07/12)    Haddad, Ribal     (99/03/04)  Kara, Sercan     (99/11/18) Title: To lead and motivate in remote work Supervisor: Rana Mostaghel Keywords: Remote leadership, remote work, motivation, digital communication, SDT, McClelland Research questions: RQ1) How do leaders work towards motivating employees when working remotely? RQ2) How do leaders and employees interact and communicate remotely? Purpose: Based on previous studies on the leadership role in remote work, it is clear that the transition to remote leadership has come with challenges. One of these challenges is linked to motivation. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect a leader working remotely can have on their employees, and how a leader can motivate their employees. Method: A qualitative method has been used for this study. The data collection for empirical data was performed through six semistructured interviews and the approach for this study has been based on a deductive approach. This means that relevant literature and theories have been collected in order to come to conclusions about the research questions. Theories and primary data have been analysed through a thematic analysis method, the method was thereafter used to identify patterns and themes. Conclusion: Leaders mostly work with motivating employees in remote work by focusing on their inner motivation factors. By creating solidarity, interest, a clear purpose, competence and autonomy, leaders can more easily increase their employees' motivation in remote work. Interaction and communication between leaders and employees is done through the use of rich communication channels. Leaders put a lot of weight on rich communication channels, such as Zoom and Skype, since these types of communication channels allow both employees and leaders to utilise more of their senses, which in turn has led to an increase in interaction and solidarity. These functions that rich communication channels offer are however not being fully utilised by leaders, which has led to some of them still being classified as poor communication channels when they don't get fully utilised.

För att hänga med och konkurrera i det allt hårdare och teknikcentrerade företagsklimatet tar organisationer olika initiativ för att digitalt transformera verksamheten. En del i organisationers arbete med den digitala transformationen härleds till implementeringen och integreringen av digitala kommunikationsverktyg, som gör det möjligt för två eller flera avlägsna personer att kommunicera med varandra. För att framgångsrikt lyckas med införandet av digital kommunikation i form av digitala möten i en organisation, har tidigare litteratur identifierat både utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer som är viktiga att ta i beaktning. Tidigare litteratur förutsätter dock att företag har tid för både planering och utvärdering av den digitala transformationen. När Covid-19 pandemin bröt ut i samhället tvingades organisationer till en acceleration inom den digitala transformationen och ett införande av digital mötesteknik var ett måste för att kunna upprätthålla kommunikation, samtidigt som ett långsiktigt tillvägagångssätt inte längre var möjligt. Denna studie undersöker vilka framgångsfaktorer som krävs eller vilka utmaningar finns när en snabb och forcerad transformation är ett måste till anledning av förändrade förutsättningar. Problemet undersöks genom frågeställningen:Vilka faktorer behöver organisationer som på kort tid behöver ställa om från fysiska till digitala möten ta hänsyn till?För att besvara studiens frågeställning genomförs en litteraturgranskning av befintliga teorier inom ämnesområdet, samt att en kvalitativ datainsamling genomförs med semi-strukturerade intervjuer som insamlingsmetod. Datainsamlingen sker med respondenter från små och medelstora företag (SME) inom tillverkningsindustrin som genomgått en digital transformation från fysiska till digitala möten.Studiens resultat påvisar 12 utmaningar respektive framgångsfaktorer som SME:er inom tillverkningsindustrin bör ta i beaktning, för att snabbt kunna digitalt transformeras från fysiska till digitala möten. / Organisations are taking various initiatives to digitally transform their operations to keep up and compete in the increasingly harsh and technology-centred business climate. Part of organisations work with digital transformation is derived from implementing and integrating digital communication tools, making it possible for two or more remote people to communicate. In order to successfully succeed with the introduction of digital communication in the form of digital meetings in an organisation, previous literature has identified both challenges and success factors that are important to consider. However, previous literature assumes that companies have time for both planning and evaluation of the digital transformation. When the Covid-19 pandemic broke out in society, organisations were forced to accelerate in the digital transformation and introduce digital meeting technology, while a long-term approach was no longer possible. This study examines what success factors are required and what challenges exist when a rapid and forced transformation is a must due to changing business conditions. The problem is examined through the research question:What factors do organisations that need to transform from physical to digital meetings in a short period of time need to take into account?A literature review of existing theories in the subject area is carried out to answer the research question, and a qualitative data collection is carried out with semi-structured interviews. Data collection takes place with respondents from small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) in the manufacturing industry who have undergone a digital transformation from physical to digital meetings.The result demonstrates 12 challenges and success factors that SMEs in the manufacturing industry should consider to quickly digitally transform from physical to digital meetings.

Because of covid-19, everyone has to follow the public health authority's recommendations to work from home. It's not only people's daily routines that have changed, it's also the workplaces. This has led to companies having to work more digitally than they did before. For some people this has been a big difference and for others it has not, depending on how digital the company worked before the start of the pandemic. People's way of communicating has changed due to the pandemic. With this background, this essay will examine how people at an IT company have experienced the change from physical communication to digital communication at their workplace due to covid-19. We are also interested in seeing whether the relationship and communication with colleagues has changed or not.  We have used a qualitative method and conducted interviews with ten people at an IT company. The communication at the IT company has changed in some areas while it has not changed in others. To summarize the internal and external communication, the internal has changed a lot because the employees only communicate digitally with each other. External communication, on the other hand, has not changed much as the employees communicated largely digitally with their customers even before the pandemic, as they have customers all over Sweden and in the world. The biggest change that can be identified is that the employees themselves have had to take great personal responsibility in the work and meeting process.  The pandemic has affected the communication between employees in a way that many feel more alone when they cannot have the same contact with their colleagues as they previously had. There has been a big difference in digital communication as it is much more difficult to see body language through a screen than it is when employees can meet physically.