This thesis examines how organisations within the IT software development industry manage risks associated with IT security and data privacy, with factors such as a growth in digitalisation and the Covid-19 pandemic. The research consists of four separate cases with interviewees in managerial positions in four different organisations.  The research shows the risks and challenges from an operational, financial, and reputational perspective. Development of the existing methods has been identified using cryptocurrencies as means to expose system vulnerabilities, an increase in monitoring and surveillance, which comes with considerations of follow-up and communication, along with the concept of moral hazards and their future implications. Furthermore, IT security organisations strive towards a risk tolerance approaching zero, as a result, discrepancies can occur between growth and risk. Considerations towards the compliance of data privacy must also be made, as new legislations take shape while being attentive to the stakeholders' changes in demands and expectations.  Contributions are made towards the field of risk management and IT security by taking a new era of digitalisation into consideration, giving the field an updated outlook for the future as the importance of data privacy and IT security is increasing. Therefore, the thesis provides valuable information that can be used as guidelines for organisations in this rapidly developing global environment.

With the expansion of underpinning technologies, advanced digital technologies and innovations are transforming many aspects of human daily life, such as education, health, and business productivity. Today, the implementation of digital technologies is considered a characteristic of modern societies. However, while society is becoming increasingly dependent on digital technology and e-innovations in business and trade, the need for paying adequate attention to the societal side of this transformation is also becoming prominent. As a generation setting the future orientation of emerging digital innovations, we hold the ethical responsibility to build an inclusive playground for the current and future generations. Such an ethical responsibility urges attending to societal and humanitarian concerns of the current digital transformation into account. As our perception has evolved over the past decades, we perceive societal consideration as a backbone supporting long-term value creation and equitable welfare. Hence, this PhD thesis investigates the associated societal impact of digital technologies.

Yes / Using data from world-leading digital-driven/technology multinational enterprises (DTMNEs), we draw from the resource orchestration theory to investigate the associations between business model (BM) drivers and firm performance during crisis periods. Drawing on data from the COVID-19 pandemic period, we deploy diverse analytical approaches including multivariate linear regressions and aggregated composite index statistical methods in examining how the BMs of our sampled DTMNEs drive firm performance. Our study highlights six methodological approaches that can be utilised by decision-makers in examining which variables in their BM drive better firm performance. Our findings revealed that the principal component analysis and multicriteria decision analysis (PROMETHEE methods) that espouse the use of aggregate composite index can provide significant and consistent predictive results in comparison to the traditional linear methods when examining the association between BM and firm performance during crisis periods. The paper provides policy and managerial implications on how firms and decision-makers can bolster business continuity, resilience, and plasticity by using analytical lenses that identify optimum resource orchestration during crises.

In the current literature, a gap is identified concerning how SMEs can achieve eco-efficiency through digitalisation. This study sets out to explore how firms can achieve eco-efficiency objectives by employing digitalisation as a resource. It does so by viewing digital resources through the lens of the resource-based view which concerns the link between resource heterogeneity, mobility of resources, and the competitive advantage benefited by the firm. The study employs an explorative investigation using qualitative data collection in the form of interviews with six case companies. All of the cases operate within the Swedish logistics industry. The selection of the logistics industry was made since it is cost and efficiency-oriented, burdensome on the environment, and reliant on digital technologies. The data revealed that the cases have a stronger inclination towards one of two main eco-efficiency motivations. Some are more economically motivated, and others are more environmentally motivated. In either case, the types of digital resources employed are characterised by whether they are configurable or generic. The firms share a commonality in that they all strive to make their digital resources more productive by combining them with digitalisation capabilities, which are a specific form of capabilities that enable companies to deploy digital resources more effectively and efficiently towards eco-efficiency. They do this to separate themselves from the competition and create a sustained competitive advantage.

The public cultural sector in Sweden has been facing the challenges of digitalization over the last decade. The Swedish government has over these past years introduced various strategies and visions for taking advantage of the opportunities that digitalization provides. Due to the implications of the pandemic, many public cultural sector organisations were forced to go through some form of rapid digitalization. However, it is not known how these rapid digital efforts will affect the public cultural sector going forward. Digitalization is not a one-time event, a change in organisational strategy, processes and culture need to happen for digital transformation to occur. The case study of Malmö Opera examines the digitizing activities between 2017 - 2022 in the context of digital transformation. The results of the study showed that although digital efforts had been made prior to the pandemic, a rapid period of digitization occurred during the pandemic years. During 2020 and 2021 the organization took substantial strides in digital progress speed up by the impacts of the pandemic. After the restrictions lifted, digital developments in Malmö Opera were at a slow down due to a lack of dedicated recourses that had be available during the pandemic. The findings of this theses suggests that digital transformation is one way to face the challenges that digitalisation provides. By applying a framework or process for the digital transformation journey this provides a tool for decision makers for how to approach digital transformation on an organisational level.

This thesis examined the future office by interviewing 16 participants according to the Delphi method. Participants were given the opportunity to share their individual opinions related to ten introductory questions. All participants then continued the interview by participating in a feedback session that would form the basis of a future scenario for the office. According to the participants, the spread of Covid-19 has been a catalyst for the office's development. Environmental focus is high in the future when employees can take meetings from any place they prefer, instead of traveling the world to meet customers. Efficiency enables work regardless of workplace and thanks to digital tools and platforms, the employee can work anywhere at any time. What was somewhat more difficult to discern was the development of demand for offices. Although there were some aspects that all participants agreed on, it was possible to distinguish a lot of aspects that they thought about in different ways. There were different opinions from each stakeholder group regarding demand, rental levels, vacancies and other market factors that drive the market forward, as well as who will win and lose if the market moves on to a market characterised by flexible work. / Detta examensarbete undersökte det framtida kontoret genom att intervjua 16 deltagare enligt Delphi-metoden. Deltagarna fick möjlighet att dela sina individuella åsikter tillhörande tio inledande frågor. Alla deltagare fortsatte därefter intervjun genom att delta i en feedback- session som skulle ligga till grund för ett framtida scenario för kontoret. Enligt deltagarna har spridningen av Covid-19 varit en katalysator för kontorets utveckling. Miljöfokus är högt i framtiden när anställda kan ta möten från vilken plats de helst föredrar, istället för att resa världen för att träffa kunder. Effektivitet möjliggör arbete oavsett arbetsplats och tack vare digitala verktyg och plattformar kan medarbetaren arbeta var som helst när som helst. Det som var något svårare att urskilja var utvecklingen av efterfrågan på kontor. Trots att det fanns en del aspekter som alla deltagare höll med varandra om gick det att urskilja en hel del aspekter som de tyckte mycket olika om. Det framkom olika åsikter från varje intressent angående efterfrågan, hyresnivåer, vakanser och andra marknadsfaktorer som driver marknaden framåt, liksom vem som kommer att vinna och förlora om marknaden går vidare till en marknad som kännetecknas av flexibelt arbete.

Digitaliseringen i samhället går snabbt framåt men det är inte alltid enkelt att utveckla   digitala tjänster, framförallt inte inom den offentliga sektorn. Inom skolväsendet har    digitaliseringen gått långsamt och mött utmaningar i form av bristen på digital kompetens, säkerställa att elever inte hamnar i ett digitalt utanförskap och en ständigt    växande EdTech-marknad. När covid-19-pandemin drabbade världen valde Sverige     att stänga gymnasie- och högskolor och bedriva all undervisning på distans. Denna    studie har undersökt hur gymnasielärare har upplevt hur digitaliseringsarbetet i    svenska gymnasieskolor har påverkats under covid-19-pandemin när de har tvingats    att bedriva undervisning på distans. Syftet har varit att få en större förståelse för hur    skolor har hanterat pandemin och på vilket sätt det har påverkat skolors    digitaliseringsarbete. Gymnasielärare har intervjuats för att ta reda på hur de har    upplevt det digitala arbetet under covid-19-pandemin. Resultatet visar att     gymnasielärare har stött på många utmaningar under pandemin varav det största har     varit att säkerställa elevers närvaro och deltagande under distansundervisningen.    Studien visar att gymnasielärare upplever att det har funnits en brist på    gemensamma digitaliseringsstrategier i organisationen samt att de har fått en ökad     arbetsbelastning i och med att all kommunikation sker digitalt. Resultatet visar också    att när gymnasielärare under covid-19-pandemin har blivit tvingade att utföra allt sitt    arbete på distans med digitala verktyg har de fått upp ögonen för hur undervisning    kan bedrivas med digitala medel och de upplever att digitaliseringsarbetet i skolorna    har tagit ett stort kliv framåt. / Digitalisation in society is advancing rapidly, but it is not always easy to develop digital  services, especially not in the public sector. In the school system, digitalisation has been slow and faced challenges in the form of a lack of digital competence, ensuring that  students do not end up in digital exclusion and an ever-growing EdTech market. When    the Covid-19 pandemic hit the world, Sweden chose to close universities and upper    secondary schools and conduct all distance learning. This study has examined how upper secondary school teachers have experienced how the digitalisation in Swedish     upper secondary schools has been affected during the Covid-19 pandemic when they    have been forced to conduct distance learning. The aim has been to gain a greater    understanding of how schools have handled the pandemic and in what way it has     affected schools' digital work. High school teachers have been interviewed to find out    how they have experienced the digital work during the Covid-19 pandemic. The     results show that high school teachers have encountered many challenges during the     pandemic, the largest of which has been to ensure students' presence and participation    during distance education. The study shows that upper secondary school teachers     feel that there has been a lack of common digitalisation strategies in the organization    and that they have had an increased workload as all communication takes place    digitally. The results also show that when high school teachers during the Covid-19    pandemic have been forced to carry out all their work remotely with digital tools, it    has opened their eyes to how teaching can be conducted with digital means and they     feel that digitalisation in schools has taken a big step forward.

The financial industry is currently undergoing radical change as a result of the increased implementation of digitalisation strategies. Due to pressure from a number of sources, finance firms, including asset managers, are looking to adopt technology solutions in their business processes. Through the introduction of new technologies and digitalisation strategies, the asset managers are hoping to secure their market segments in the future. Choosing which technology to implement is considered one of the most difficult decisions a manager has to make. Hence, this thesis proposes a framework to be used by asset managers in order to efficiently and swiftly evaluate a number of technologies when looking to digitalize manual processes. The largest bank in the Nordic region is Nordea, who have just recently announced that they will be looking to implement more digital solutions. This thesis was conducted in collaboration with Nordea Asset Management. The thesis explores three core areas: the future of the asset management industry, digitalisation strategies, and new technology adoption in order to produce the analytical framework. The framework is constructed using previously explored methods described in literature along with the key information gathered from experts at Nordea Asset Management. The result is a framework which combines expert knowledge of the asset management industry, successful methods regarding conceptual frameworks, technology life cycle and new technology adoption theory and digitalisation strategy concepts. In order for traditional asset managers to maintain their market position they will need to adapt new technologies. This is not only needed for efficiency and cost reasons but also because customers are starting to demand it. The sales channels, operations, personnel requirements and the business model as a whole are areas identified by this research project that will adapt through the introduction of digitalisation strategies being introduced. The framework constructed in this thesis provides the asset management firms with a method of successfully applying digitalisation strategies through new technology adoption. / Finansindustrin genomgår just nu radikala förändringar på grund av att digitaliseringsstrategier implementeras. Efter påtryckning från en rad olika håll, känner sig finansbolag, som inkluderar kapitalförvaltningsbolag, tvungna att implementera nya tekniska lösningar i sin verksamhet. Genom att adoptera nya tekniker och digitaliseringsstrategier hoppas kapitalförvaltare på att kunna försäkra sina marknadsandelar i framtiden. Men att välja vilken teknik som ska implementeras är ett av de svåraste beslut en ansvarig måste ta. Alltså, så föreslår detta arbete ett ramverk som kan användas av ett kapitalförvaltningsbolag för att, på ett effektivt och snabbt sätt, kunna evaluera en mängd tekniker när man vill digitalisera manuella processer. Den största banken i den nordiska regionen är Nordea, som just har informerat allmänheten att de kommer att börja implementera digitala strategier. Detta arbete skrevs i samarbete med Nordea Asset Management (NAM). Detta arbete koncentreras på tre centrala områden. Framtiden av kapitalförvaltningsindustrin, digitaliseringsstrategier, samt implementering av nya tekniker för att producera ett analytiskt ramverk. Ramverket är hopsatt genom att använda metoder från tidigare forskning tillsammans med nyckelinformation samlad av experter på NAM. Resultatet blir då ett ramverk som kombinerar expertkunskap från kapitalförvaltningsindustrin, lyckade metoder i relation till konceptuella ramverk, tekniklivscykel och ny teknikimplementationsteorier samt digitaliseringsstrategikoncepter. För att traditionella kapitalförvaltare ska kunna bibehålla sina nuvarande marknadspositioner, kommer de att behöva implementera nya tekniker. Detta behövs inte endast för effektivitet och kostnadsanledningar utan också för att kunden kommer att begära det. De områden som detta arbete har identifierat som kommer att behöva ändras på i och med implementeringen av digitaliseringsstrategier är: säljkanaler, operations, personalbehov och verksamhetsmodell. Ramverket konstruerat i detta arbete, förser kapitalförvaltningsbolag med en metod för att implementera digitaliseringsstrategier på ett effektivt och framgångsrikt sätt.

Der Vortrag 'Didaktik in digitalisierten Laboren und Werkstätten' im Rahmen der zweiwöchigen Veranstaltungsreihe 'Austausch digitale Lehre' der Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz (HSZG) beschreibt die möglichen Bereiche für eine Digitalisierung in Labor und Werkstatt nach dem Ebenenmodell von J.Franke und G. Wegner, 2022. Für jeden Bereich werden Herausforderungen für Lehrende aufgezeigt und anhand dieser eine Checkliste für Lehrende in digitalisierten Lehrszenarien entworfen.:I) Mein Hintergrund II) Ebenen der Digitalisierung III) Checkliste zu Vorüberlegungen

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