This thesis demonstrates that, while generally seen as a non-democratic activity, lobbying should in fact be viewed as an important part of democratic policymaking, providing valuable input into law and policy, particularly in areas where expertise is at a premium. Constructing a theoretical model of democracy and using the field of intellectual property as a focal point, the role of private actors is examined across a series of case studies: the 2011 Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth, the 2010 Digital Economy Act, and the proposed 2002 EU Computer Implemented Inventions Directive. Each case study is based upon a combination of secondary sources and the first-hand experiences of certain actors involved and in each case the lobbying activity is critically evaluated in light of the features and normative conditions of the democratic model. This study ultimately shows both the positive aspects and negative aspects of lobbying from a democratic viewpoint, noting that the importance of stakeholder input into the law and policy that will affect those stakeholders is essential. It also shows, however, that equality of access to, and influence over, policymakers is far from satisfactory and that until such inequalities can be resolved, lobbying cannot be fully justified under my model of democracy.

<p>Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att skapa klarhet i vad det nya direktivet MiFID innebär, och vilken roll den utgör för harmoniseringen av den Europeiska finansiella marknaden. Vi vill även belysa vad de olika aktörer i den finansiella marknaden anser om harmoniseringen och vilken inställning de har till de olika delarna i MiFID direktivet.</p><p>Metod: Vi har efter en noggrann selektering låtit: Aktiespararna,</p><p>Fondhandlarföreningen och Finansinspektionen representera den svenska</p><p>Finnansmarknaden. Det är utifrån dessa tre parter vårt empiriska intag av hur harmoniseringen i samband med MiFID, samt hur direktivet i sig uppfattas på den svenska finansiella marknaden har fastställts. Vi har tagit del av artiklar, undersökningar och remissvar som har framtagits inom de tre grupperna för att skapa en förståelse angående deras åsikter och ställningstaganden vad gäller MiFID. Vi har även utfört intervjuer med de tre grupperna vidare presenterar vi vissa redan existerande teorier för en välfungerande finansiell marknad samt</p><p>hur harmoniseringen har fungerat inom tidigare områden.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Alla aktörerna är positivt inställda till harmoniseringen och direktivet i stort, likväl framhävs många detaljer som står till hinder för att ambitionen om den enade finansiella marknaden skall kunna bli verklig under överskådlig tid.</p><p>Andra slutsatser är att kostnaderna i samband med införandet av MiFID tros drabba värdepappersinstitutionerna hårdast, och förmodligen blir det investerarna som får bära kostnaderna i slutändan. Värdepappersinstitutionerna kommer och andra sidan få bättre möjligheter att växa internationellt, en möjlighet som troligen kommer att gynna de större institutionerna i större grad än de mindre. Flera aktörer på marknaden ser även brister i harmoniserings-</p><p>arbetet, vilka kan orsaka direkta nackdelar för den svenska finansmarknaden.</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det intressanta med denna studie är att den reflekterar de teorier, fortsatt spekulationer, åsikter samt förväntningar som fanns inför implementeringen. Det vore därför ytterst intressant att undersöka utfallet ur alla de aspekter vi</p><p>lyfte, i olika tidsintervaller efter implementeringen.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien har uppfyllt sitt syfte och dokumenterat den svenska finansmarknadens syn på harmoniseringen av finansmarknaden inom EU, med särskild beaktning av MiFID direktivet och dess innebörd.</p> / <p>Aim: The purpose of our essay is to clear up the difficulties of what the new directive MiFID means, and which part it represents for the harmonisation of the European financial market. Further we want to illuminate what the different operators of the financial market consider about the harmonisation and what attitude they have for the different parts of the MiFID directive.</p><p>Method: After careful selection we have let: Aktiespararna, Fondhandlarföreningen and Finansinspektionen to represent the Swedish financial market. It´s on the basis of these three parts, our empirical input of how the harmonisation in connection with the MiFID directive, and how the directive in general is received on the Swedish financial market, is established. By studying scientific</p><p>articles, studies and comment letters that hese three groupes has developed, we have tryed to make a understanding concerning there opinions and there standpoints respecting the MiFID directive. We performed iterviews with the three groupes and further vi present already existing theories for how a well functional financial market and harmonisation have worked in prior areas.</p><p>Result & Conclusions: In our analyse we found that all parts where positive to the harmonisation and the directive in the big picture, but that there where many detail objects in the way of the ambition of a united financial market in a foreseeable time. On the other side the value paper institutes gone have the opportunity to grove internationally, an opportunity that most likely will benefit the bigger institutes greater then the smaller ones. Several of the actors also notice a lack in the harmonisation work that could cause direct disadvantages for the Swedish financial market if not corrected.</p><p>Suggestions for future research: Whats intresting with this study is that it reflects the theories, speculations views and expectations that existed prior to the implemention of the research: directive. On the basis of this it would be extremley intresting to examie the results in aspect of all the angles we used in this study in varyes</p><p>timeintervals after the implementation.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: This study has fulfiled its aim and documented the swedish view on to the harmonisation of the financial market within the EU, with special consideration of the MiFID directive and it´s signigicance.</p>

Les objectifs de cette recherche sont de comprendre comment se déroule lélaboration de la politique dimmigration de travail dans le cadre européen et comment sest développé un discours favorable à une nouvelle immigration de travail en Europe. La recherche est basée principalement sur des entretiens semi-structurés avec des acteurs des institutions européennes et de la société civile européenne et un corpus documentaire. Lanalyse des différentes phases du processus de policy-making européen montre dune part, comment émerge un discours européen dans le chef de la Commission européenne qui rompt avec le discours public dominant de fermeture à limmigration de travail et qui défend une approche communautaire de cette immigration et dautre part, comment ce discours évolue et se transforme pour développer une stratégie dapproche différenciée de limmigration de travail permettant un changement de politique publique qui se matérialise par ladoption de la Directive dite de la « carte bleue » et une entrouverture de l'UE à l'immigration de travail. La thèse démontre que la Commission cherche avant tout à se positionner comme acteur supranational et à renforcer ses compétences. Elle démontre aussi que la reconnaissance du caractère continu et durable des migrations reste inégale au niveau des différents acteurs européens et leur tendance à préférer limmigration de travail temporaire. Enfin, elle montre aussi que la résolution du paradoxe qui consiste à privilégier limmigration provisoire tout en exigeant des immigrants des qualités de permanence se manifeste en privilégiant ladmission de catégories spécifiques de migrants présumés pré-intégrés ou en transformant lintégration en condition dadmission.

Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att skapa klarhet i vad det nya direktivet MiFID innebär, och vilken roll den utgör för harmoniseringen av den Europeiska finansiella marknaden. Vi vill även belysa vad de olika aktörer i den finansiella marknaden anser om harmoniseringen och vilken inställning de har till de olika delarna i MiFID direktivet. Metod: Vi har efter en noggrann selektering låtit: Aktiespararna, Fondhandlarföreningen och Finansinspektionen representera den svenska Finnansmarknaden. Det är utifrån dessa tre parter vårt empiriska intag av hur harmoniseringen i samband med MiFID, samt hur direktivet i sig uppfattas på den svenska finansiella marknaden har fastställts. Vi har tagit del av artiklar, undersökningar och remissvar som har framtagits inom de tre grupperna för att skapa en förståelse angående deras åsikter och ställningstaganden vad gäller MiFID. Vi har även utfört intervjuer med de tre grupperna vidare presenterar vi vissa redan existerande teorier för en välfungerande finansiell marknad samt hur harmoniseringen har fungerat inom tidigare områden. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Alla aktörerna är positivt inställda till harmoniseringen och direktivet i stort, likväl framhävs många detaljer som står till hinder för att ambitionen om den enade finansiella marknaden skall kunna bli verklig under överskådlig tid. Andra slutsatser är att kostnaderna i samband med införandet av MiFID tros drabba värdepappersinstitutionerna hårdast, och förmodligen blir det investerarna som får bära kostnaderna i slutändan. Värdepappersinstitutionerna kommer och andra sidan få bättre möjligheter att växa internationellt, en möjlighet som troligen kommer att gynna de större institutionerna i större grad än de mindre. Flera aktörer på marknaden ser även brister i harmoniserings- arbetet, vilka kan orsaka direkta nackdelar för den svenska finansmarknaden. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det intressanta med denna studie är att den reflekterar de teorier, fortsatt spekulationer, åsikter samt förväntningar som fanns inför implementeringen. Det vore därför ytterst intressant att undersöka utfallet ur alla de aspekter vi lyfte, i olika tidsintervaller efter implementeringen. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien har uppfyllt sitt syfte och dokumenterat den svenska finansmarknadens syn på harmoniseringen av finansmarknaden inom EU, med särskild beaktning av MiFID direktivet och dess innebörd. / Aim: The purpose of our essay is to clear up the difficulties of what the new directive MiFID means, and which part it represents for the harmonisation of the European financial market. Further we want to illuminate what the different operators of the financial market consider about the harmonisation and what attitude they have for the different parts of the MiFID directive. Method: After careful selection we have let: Aktiespararna, Fondhandlarföreningen and Finansinspektionen to represent the Swedish financial market. It´s on the basis of these three parts, our empirical input of how the harmonisation in connection with the MiFID directive, and how the directive in general is received on the Swedish financial market, is established. By studying scientific articles, studies and comment letters that hese three groupes has developed, we have tryed to make a understanding concerning there opinions and there standpoints respecting the MiFID directive. We performed iterviews with the three groupes and further vi present already existing theories for how a well functional financial market and harmonisation have worked in prior areas. Result &amp; Conclusions: In our analyse we found that all parts where positive to the harmonisation and the directive in the big picture, but that there where many detail objects in the way of the ambition of a united financial market in a foreseeable time. On the other side the value paper institutes gone have the opportunity to grove internationally, an opportunity that most likely will benefit the bigger institutes greater then the smaller ones. Several of the actors also notice a lack in the harmonisation work that could cause direct disadvantages for the Swedish financial market if not corrected. Suggestions for future research: Whats intresting with this study is that it reflects the theories, speculations views and expectations that existed prior to the implemention of the research: directive. On the basis of this it would be extremley intresting to examie the results in aspect of all the angles we used in this study in varyes timeintervals after the implementation. Contribution of the thesis: This study has fulfiled its aim and documented the swedish view on to the harmonisation of the financial market within the EU, with special consideration of the MiFID directive and it´s signigicance.

For some time now, the EU has worked on managing the tax issues that have spawned from companies establishing subsidiaries in various Member States. These tax issues have concerned that of double taxation leading to the conception of the Parent-Subsidiary Directive (2011/96/EU, the PSD). One of the main purposes of the PSD is to prevent double taxation. The PSD aimed to create a mutual taxation system for parent companies, with subsidiaries in other Member States, as it was deemed essential. However, it was a mutual taxation system with regards to dividends paid from subsidiaries to parent companies, which meant there were still discrepancies to be found – and, as it turned out, exploited by companies seeking to gain an illegitimate tax advantage. Consequently, the EU announced the ‘de minimis’ anti-abuse rule in the PSD, whereby adoption was mandatory, for all Member States, so long as a Member State’s current tax legislation does not meet the requirements set forth by the anti-abuse rule. One of the main purposes of the anti-abuse rule was to ensure an improved legal clarity and security as well as preventing the abuse of the provisions as established in the PSD. The idea behind the anti-abuse rule is, thereby, perceived as well meaning although remarks have been made, by various authorities, regarding the prevalent flaws the anti-abuse rule is plagued by. There have been remarks against the anti-abuse rule’s conception to begin with, as it goes against the general principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. Furthermore, there have been remarks regarding the vagueness of the prerequisites and wording in the anti-abuse rule, contrary to the main purposes of the anti-abuse rule as established by the EU.   In this study, the author will examine whether or not the criticism is justified, primarily by focusing on the possibilities of concretising the wording in the anti-abuse rule. This will be achieved by examining six Member States to determine how their respective adoption has fared. Also, the anti-abuse rule’s contribution to legal clarity and security will be determined, to discern whether or not the anti-abuse rule functions in accordance with its main purpose.   The author has found that the anti-abuse rule is indeed in accordance with the general principles of subsidiarity and proportionality given the proven inability of the individual Member States to devise a common solution to the aforementioned tax issues, as well as the fact that the extent of the measure is appropriate, considering the issue at hand. Furthermore, six Member States have been examined, to determine how their respective adoption of the anti-abuse rule have fared. Three Member States have chosen to adopt the anti-abuse rule whereas the remaining three have chosen to refrain on the grounds that it has been deemed superfluous, seeing as their current legislation already meets the minimum requirements as established in the provisions of the anti-abuse rule. The Member States that have chosen to implement the anti-abuse rule have done so by adopting the vague wording verbatim, giving credence to the notion that they refrained from interpreting and/or rephrasing the wording as it is perceived as not only vague but also occasionally abstract, thus difficult to concretise. Not only does this mean that the anti-abuse rule should be regarded as that of inferior standard, as far as legal clarity and security go, but also that it lacks transparency and should thereby be regarded as nigh counterproductive. / EU har sedan länge arbetat med att hantera de beskattningsfrågor som uppkommer i takt med att bolag etablerar dotterbolag i en annan medlemsstat. Dessa frågor berör exempelvis dubbelbeskattning varpå EU upprättade Moder- och Dotterbolagsdirektivet (2011/96/EU, nedan benämnt PSD) som avsåg hjälpa bolag undslippa denna problematik. Direktivet tog sikte på att skapa gemensamt beskattningssystem för moderbolag och dotterbolag hemmahörande i olika medlemsstater – då det ansågs viktigt med enhetliga beskattningsregler inom EU. Det ska observeras att denna enhetlighet enbart sträcker sig till vinstutdelning som lämnas från dotterbolag till moderbolag i en annan medlemsstat, vilket innebar att olikheter fortfarande förelåg i övriga beskattningsfrågor. Detta ledde sedermera till att multinationella bolag kunde utnyttja medlemsstaternas olikheter genom att företa arrangemang som resulterade i en otillbörlig skattefördel.   Företagandet av sådana arrangemang ledde till att EU valde att upprätta en de minimis-bestämmelse i PSD som var obligatorisk för samtliga medlemsstater att implementera, givet att deras nationella lagstiftningar inte redan uppfyllde bestämmelsens minimikrav. Denna bestämmelse kom sedermera att benämnas anti-missbruksbestämmelsen och ämnade tillföra en högre grad klarhet och säkerhet för att tydligare belysa de arrangemang som anses godtagbara och som inte ämnade missbruka PSD:s bestämmelser, där syftet bakom missbruket av PSD var att anskaffa skattefördelar. Tanken bakom anti-missbruksbestämmelsen är således godartad men likväl är bestämmelsen inte utan brister, samtidigt som den ifrågasätts från olika instanser. Det har påpekats att bestämmelsen inte bör ha upprättats, till att börja med, då den strider mot subsidiaritets- och proportionalitetsprincipen, som är fördragsstadgade. Vidare har det påpekats att rekvisiten i anti-missbruksbestämmelsen är otydliga och tillför således inte den klarhet och säkerhet enligt EU:s syfte.   Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida den nya anti-missbruksbestämmelsens ordalydelse kan konkretiseras, vilket görs efter att ha klarlagt hur sex utvalda medlemsstater gått till väga med implementeringen av nämnd bestämmelse. Slutligen utreds huruvida anti-missbruksbestämmelsens bidrag till klarhet och säkerhet görs i enlighet med dess syfte. Författaren har i denna uppsats kommit fram till att anti-missbruksbestämmelsen är förenlig med såväl subsidiaritetsprincipen som proportionalitetsprincipen, då medlemsstaterna, till dags dato, inte förmått hitta en lösning utan EU:s involverande samtidigt som EU:s ingripande står i proportion till målet med åtgärden. Det har funnits att medlemsstaterna som implementerat anti-missbruksbestämmelsen har avstått från att tolka och anpassa anti-missbruksbestämmelsen varför bestämmelsens vaga ordalydelse återfinns i respektive lands lagbestämmelser. Anledningen bakom varför de avstått från att tolka bestämmelsen anser författaren bero på att bestämmelsen är vag, stundtals abstrakt, med anledning av de rekvisit som begagnas. Detta medför att bestämmelsen blir svår att konkretisera, varför det kan anses att en av EU:s målsättningar – att bidra till ökad klarhet och säkerhet – inte kan anses uppfyllt. Vidare har anti-missbruksbestämmelsen lett till en minskad förutsebarhet och rättssäkerhet, varför bestämmelsen inte bara bör anses undermålig utan även nära inpå kontraproduktiv.

The purpose of this study is to investigate changes in municipalities that occur when the NIS and NIS 2 directives are introduced. The changes refer to internal and external changes that municipalities experience. Furthermore, an increased threat of cyber attacks as well as a lack of cyber security is the basis for conducting the survey. A research gap has been identified regarding municipalities' work with EU directives for cyber security, which the study intends to contribute to. The study's empirical data consists of six semi-structured interviews with various Swedish municipalities, where the result is the identified changes that the municipalities state. In a thematic analysis, the following themes are presented: IT focus, IT systems, competence development and cooperation, employment, clarity, conflict of interest, prerequisites for the NIS 2 directive and meaningfulness. The study uses Bolman and Deal's (2021) framework Four frame model, which forms the structure for the results and the analysis and strengthens the study by contributing with a comprehensive theory for possible changes. The study contributes with insight into the changes that municipalities may face upon the introduction of the NIS 2 directive, as well as what changes municipalities have experienced upon the introduction of the NIS directive. / Denna studie har till syfte att undersöka förändringar hos kommuner som uppstår vid införandet av NIS- och NIS 2-direktivet. Förändringarna avser interna och externa förändringar som kommuner upplever. Vidare ligger ett ökat hot om cyberattacker samt en bristande cybersäkerhet till grund för undersökningens genomförande. Ett forskningsgap har identifierats kring kommuners arbete med EU-direktiv för cybersäkerhet, vilket studien ämnar bidra till. Studiens empiri utgörs av sex stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika svenska kummuner, där resultatet utgörs av de identifierade förändringar som kommunerna uppger. I en tematisk analys presenteras följande teman: IT-fokus, IT-system, kompetensutveckling och samarbete, anställning, tydlighet, intressekonflikter, förutsättningar för NIS 2-direktivet samt meningsfullhet. I studien tillämpas även Bolman och Deals (2021) ramverk Four frame model, vilken utgör strukturen för resultatet och analysen samt stärker studien genom att bidra med en heltäckande teori för möjliga förändringar. Studien ämnar bidra med insikt i de förändringar som kommuner kan ställas inför vid införandet av NIS 2-direktivet, samt vilka förändringar kommuner har upplevt vid införandet av NIS-direktivet.

Working time is a constantly discussed topic. In Sweden working time is largely controlled by collective agreements. About 90% of all workers are covered by a collective agreement. For those who are parts of a collective agreement, it is important to consider the regulations in both the Swedish Arbetstidslagen (ATL) and the Working Time Directive (the Directive) when making a collective agreement. The purpose of this thesis is to examine various aspects of working time regulation in the form of directives, law and collective agreements. The thesis intends to contribute to knowledge of how the regulations regarding working hours in Sweden meet the requirements of the Directive by the EU. Further, the purpose is to examine how deviations from ATL can be regulated by collective agreements. The legal dogmatic method has been used in combination with an EU legal method. Directive, law, preparatory acts, case law, doctrine and literature were studied to investigate the legal situation. Collective agreements have been used as a source of law as well as empirical material. When studying implementation of the Directive to Swedish law, certain contradictions can be identified. The Swedish model collides with the Directive and the Swedish legislators as well as the Labour court choose to safeguard the Swedish model. Another contradiction is the purpose of the directive, protection of worker's health and safety, it is important and the Court of Justice of EU returns to it in many cases. A counterpart is lacking in ATL, instead, a connection is made to AML. Furthermore, the definition of working time is an issue where differences can be noticed between the Directive and Swedish law. Interpretations of the Court of Justice of EU and ATL defines different interpretations of call time and a new case may affect the travel time. The Court of Justice of EU calls the member countries to have equivalent definitions of working time and it should originate from the Directive. Regarding deviations through collective agreements the study shows that there are difficulties to interpret 3 § ATL, which is giving contradictory instructions regarding deviations. The paragraph and the EU-lock puts a great responsibility on the parties of the labour market to be familiar with both the Swedish law and the Directive. Some regulations are better for workers in ATL than the Directive at first glance, but this can be settled by collective agreements. Practice shows that there may be errors in the preparation of collective agreements.

A la suite de la signature de l'Acte Unique Européen en 1986 fixant les bases de l'achèvement du marché intérieur, l'Union européenne s'était mise à la recherche d'une formule qui aurait permis une taxation effective des revenus de l'épargne dans Il a fallu attendre de nombreuses années pour qu'une mesure concrète puisse voir le jour. Le 3 juin 2003, le Conseil ECOFIN adopta une directive européenne sur la fiscalité de l'épargne d'application depuis le 1er juillet 2005. Luxembourg a obtenu de déroger à la règle générale de l'échange d'informations et a bénéficié d'un régime transitoire qui consiste en une retenue à la source. Quel est l'impact réel de l'application de la directive sur le maintien du secret bancaire dans le grand-duché du Luxembourg ?Comment se positionne t-il par rapport aux autres pays appliquant ce principe et au mouvement en faveur d'une plus grande transparence fiscale ? De quelle manière la place financière luxembourgeoise a-t-elle dû s'adapter afin de répondre aux dispositions communautaires introduisant le prélèvement à la source ? / .

Tout d'abord, en ce qui concerne le premier chapitre, cette thèse vise à vérifier l'impact des normes des Traités, comme, par exemple, la liberté d'établissement et la libre prestation de services, par rapport aux activités économiques qui sont offerts sur les espaces domaniales. Ensuite, après avoir examiné la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice en matière de services, en ce qui concerne le deuxième chapitre, nous avons examiné aussi l'impact des principes généraux du droit européen et de l'art. 16 de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. En ce qui concerne le troisième chapitre, nous avons adressé un examen approfondi de la Directive « Services » : après avoir analysé sa genèse, plutôt problématique et difficile, nous en avons décrit les objectifs et la ratio. Le résultat qui a émergé est une fragmentation du marché commun de services, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les services qu’on prend en examen dans cette recherche. L'une des phases les plus critiques par rapport à la Directive « Services », c'est sa transposition. Ce qui semble clair, c'est une fragmentation générale qui entrave l’achèvement et le bon fonctionnement du marché commun. Une fois qu'on a examiné le rôle de la directive « Bolkestein », on a montré la nécessité d'évaluer l'impact de cette norme sur les services offerts sur le domaine public. Dans le quatrième chapitre, on a décidé d'examiner le rôle des directives sur les contrats publics. D'un point de vue juridique, les contrats publics et les concessions sont deux choses distinctes, même si la logique sous-jacente à l’article 12 de la Directive « Services » et le principe de concurrence établissent que les espaces (et, indirectement, par conséquence, les services qui sont intéressés) concernés doivent être attribués dans le cadre d'une procédure de sélection publique. Il convient de rappeler que, avant la présentation d'une proposition de directive de la Commission Européenne pour réglementer les concessions, les principes applicables à ces dernières ont été (et sont encore aujourd’hui) empruntés à la discipline des contrats publics. Nous avons décidé de mettre en évidence comment l'état actuel des contrats publics et les concessions sont interconnectés. On montre aussi que les directives sur les marchés publics jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des types de concessions examinées dans le présent document. On a décidé d'examiner l'impact potentiel de la Directive « concessions ». Dans le cinquième et le sixième chapitre, nous avons examiné et comparé les différents systèmes des États membres de l’Union Européenne. En particulier, nous avons vu comment les concessions des plages sont réglementées en Italie, où, par exemple, il y a un problème juridique qui est loin d’être adressé, en France, en Croatie, en Portugal, et, finalement, en Espagne. Dans le septième et le huitième chapitre, nous avons choisi de parler du risque éventuel de violation des normes en matière d'aides d’État. / With regard to the first chapter, this thesis aims at analysing the impact of the Freedom of Establishment and of the Free Movement of Services on those economic activities which are offered in areas belonging to the public domain. Thus, after examining the relevant case-law of the ECJ in the field of services, in the second chapter what has been analysed is the impact of the general principles and of Art. 16 of the Charter on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the third chapter, a deep analysis of the Services Directive has been conducted: after addressing its genesis, which was quite problematic, both its objectives and its rationale have been analysed. What has emerged is a fragmentation of the internal market of services, especially with regard to the activities that are examined in this research. One of the most problematic issues related to that Directive is its implementation. Again, what has emerged is a fragmentation of the market of services. Thus, what has been addressed is the impact of the Directive on the services provided in areas belonging to the public domain. In the fourth chapter, the impact of the Public Contracts Directives has been examined. Legally speaking, public procurement contracts and concessions are different, even if the rationale beyond Art. 12 of the Services Directive together with the general principle of competition require the services at issue to be awarded through a selection procedure. Indeed, even before the adoption of what is now the Concessions Directive, the principles applicable to concessions have always been the same as those applicable to public procurement contracts. What emerges is that the public procurement contracts and concessions are strongly interconnected. The potential impact of the Concessions Directive has been addressed as well. In the fifth and in the sixth chapter a comparison between the Italian status quo with regard to those services provided in areas belonging to the public domain and the situation in Portugal, Croatia, France and Spain has been drawn. In the seventh and in the eighth chapter all the implications regarding potential violations of the State Aid rules have been addressed.

Selon la Directive Cadre européenne sur l’Eau (DCE), le bon état écologique de tous les milieux aquatiques devra être atteint d’ici 2015. Cet état s’évalue en grande partie au moyen de paramètres biologiques, eux-mêmes régis par les conditions physico-chimiques et hydromorphologiques des masses d’eau. Pour atteindre les objectifs de la DCE, l’évaluation de l’état physique du réseau hydrographique apparaît comme une phase essentielle alors que cette question relève encore pour certains aspects de la recherche fondamentale. La mise en oeuvre de cette étape à l’échelle du bassin du Rhône entraîne un certain nombre de questions scientifiques auxquelles il est nécessaire de répondre avant d’envisager toute application. En effet, les connaissances dans les domaines de la géomorphologie ou de l’hydrologie sont aujourd’hui suffisantes à l’échelle locale pour envisager de régionaliser ce type d’informations. Cependant le changement d’échelle est à l’origine de contraintes méthodologiques importantes liées notamment à la très grande hétérogénéité des milieux à caractériser.L'objectif de cette thèse est donc double. D’une part, il s’agit de mettre en place des outils géomatiques permettant d’obtenir une vision globale et homogène des caractéristiques physiques du réseau hydrographique. Pour cela, nous proposons (i) de développer une méthodologie d’extraction de l’information à partir de données vectorielles ou rasters, et (ii) de définir des indicateurs pertinents de caractérisation hydrogéomorphologique. D’autre part, ces outils et cette méthode ont été testés et appliqués sur le réseau hydrographique du Rhône afin d’évaluer leur efficacité et de proposer des éléments fiables de caractérisation des conditions physiques à large échelle. / According to the Water Framework Directive (WFD), the good ecological status of all aquatic environments should be achieved by 2015. This status is evaluated largely using biological parameters, which are controlled by the physico-chemical and hydromorphological conditions of water bodies. To achieve the objectives of the WFD, assessing the physical condition of the hydrographic network appears to be a prerequisite, yet this issue still requires research of a fundamental nature. This stage in the basin of the Rhône raises a number of scientific issues which it is necessary to answer before considering practical application. In fact, knowledge of geomorphology and hydrology is now sufficient at a local scale and we can envisage applying this information at a regional scale. However, the change of scale results in important methodological constraints linked in particular to the great heterogeneity of environments.This thesis has two objectives. The first one is to implement geomatic tools to obtain an overall and homogeneous characterisation of the physical network. We propose to develop a methodology to extract information. Second, these tools and methodology will be tested and applied to the Rhône River system to evaluate their effectiveness and to provide reliable evidence for the characterization of large-scale physical conditions.