Cities are facing many challenges; challenges linked to world-wide trends like urbanisation, climate changes and globalisation. In parallel to these trends, we have seen a rapid digitalisation in and of different parts of society. Cities and local governments have been appointed an important role in overcoming these world-wide challenges, and subsequently, in policy practices digitalisation is perceived as an important dimension in delivering better and sustainable services to its citizens. As a result, the smart city has emerged as a concept and approach to contemporary urban planning and development. There is still no common understanding of the concept and what components and dimensions it covers. However, in all definitions digitalisation constitutes one dimension, but the role and function of it is still not clear. In this study I have examined how different stakeholders talk about digitalisation in policy and planning practices of urban development. The aim has been to identify and analyse different repertoires of discourses on digitalisation to advance our knowledge on how goals related to the smart city and digitalisation are put into practice. The results are based on a qualitative and interpretative case study with a social constructionist approach. An analytical framework based on discourse analysis, stakeholder theory and (new) institutional theory has been constructed to analyse the case. Main results show that repertoires on digitalisation are limited in both policy and planning of urban development. In these practices, digitalisation is primarily seen as a means or as a communication infrastructure in relation to two city services/functions; i.e. services related to governance and to environment. Results also show that practices of urban planning and development are institutionalised, where different stakeholders’ salience and stakes in urban development and in digitalisation differ, but it is clear that digitalisation is a secondary issue. Implications of these results are that the taken-for-granted discourses in policy and planning practices of urban development limit both practice and research when developing a smart city. / Städer står inför många utmaningar kopplat till världsomspännande trender såsom urbanisering, klimatförändringar, och globalisering. Parallellt med dessa trender har vi sett en snabb digitalisering i och av olika delar av samhället. I detta sammanhang har städer och kommuner blivit tilldelade en viktig roll i hanteringen av dessa utmaningar. På policynivå ses digitalisering som en viktig dimension för att leverera hållbar och bättre service till medborgarna. Som ett led i detta har smarta städer vuxit fram som både begrepp och metod för stadsplanering och stadsutveckling. Det finns dock ingen gemensam tolkning av begreppet. Däremot finns digitalisering med som en dimension i definitionerna, men vilken roll och funktion den har är fortfarande oklart. I denna studie har jag undersökt hur olika intressenter talar om digitalisering i olika policy- och planeringspraktiker kopplat till stadsutveckling. Syftet har varit att identifiera och analysera repertoarer av digitaliseringsdiskurser för att bidra med kunskap om hur mål kopplade till smarta städer och digitalisering omsätts i praktiken. Resultaten är baserade på en kvalitativ och tolkande fallstudie med en socialkonstruktionistisk ansats. Ett analytiskt ramverk baserat på diskursanalys, intressentanalys, och nyinstitutionell teori har tagits fram för att analysera fallet. Resultaten visar att digitaliseringsrepertoarer är begränsade både i policy och i planering av stadsutveckling. I dessa praktiker ses digitalisering främst som ett verktyg eller en kommunikationsinfrastruktur i relation till två samhällsfunktioner, nämligen funktioner kopplade till styrning och administration, och funktioner kopplade till miljö. Resultaten visar också att praktiker kopplade till stadsplanering och stadsutveckling är institutionaliserade, praktiker där olika intressenter har olika makt, legitimitet och angelägenhet gällande stadsutveckling och digitalisering. Det är dock tydligt att digitalisering är en sekundär fråga. Implikationerna av dessa resultat är att de förgivettagna diskurserna begränsar både praktiken och forskningen i utvecklingen av smart städer.

Over the last four decades emissions trading has enjoyed a high profile in environmental law scholarship and in environmental law and policy. Much of this regulatory discussion is promotional, preferring emissions trading above other regulatory strategies without, however, engaging with legal complexities embedded in conceptualising, scrutinising and managing emissions trading schemes. The combined effect of these debates is to create a perception that emissions trading is a straightforward regulatory strategy, imposable across various jurisdictions and environmental settings. This thesis shows that this view of emissions trading is problematic for at least two reasons. First, emissions trading responds to distinct environmental and non-environmental goals, including creating profit-centres, establishing a governance regime aimed at substituting state control of common resources, and ensuring regulatory compliance. This is important, as the particular purpose entrusted to a given emissions trading regime has, as its corollary, a particular governance structure, according to which the regime may be constructed and managed. Second, the governance structures of emissions trading regimes are culture- specific, which is a significant reminder of the importance of law in understanding not only how emissions trading schemes function but also what meaning is given to them as regulatory strategies. This is shown by deconstructing emissions trading discourses: that is, by inquiring into the assumptions about emissions trading that feature in the literature and in debates involving law- and policymakers and the judiciary at the EU level. Ultimately, this thesis makes a strong argument for reconfiguring the common understanding of emissions trading schemes as regulatory strategies, and sets out a framework for analysis to sustain that reconfiguration.

This thesis concerns the relatively recent phenomenon of part-time managers and professionals. The focus is the part-time working arrangement (PTWA) and specifically the process by which it emerges and develops, building on existing literature on working-hours preferences, the role of the organization in part-time working and alternative work organization for temporal flexibility. Two large private-sector organizations, each operating in the UK and the Netherlands, provided four different research sites for narrative interviews with 39 part-time managers and professionals. The key contribution to knowledge is to identify the process of developing a PTWA as a combination of the formal negotiation of a flexibility task i-deal and an informal process of job crafting. In a situation of high constraint – where the individual’s goals conflict with organizational norms and expectations – the tensions between ‘being part-time’ and ‘being professional’ necessitated identity work at each stage, as individuals constructed a ‘provisional self’ which in turn enclosed each stage of the development of the PTWA. The four stages were: first, evaluation of alternative options, including postponing the transition to part- time until more appropriate circumstances arise; secondly, preparation of the individual business case for part-time; thirdly, formal negotiation of a flexibility task i-deal; and finally an informal, unauthorized adaptation of the arrangement over time. Collaborative crafting of working practices (predictability, substitutability, knowledge management) provided greater opportunities for adaptation than individual activities. This study’s contribution to theory in the nascent field of part-time managers and professionals is a process model which suggests how three sets of discourses act as generative mechanisms at each stage of the emergence and development of the PTWA, creating or destroying ‘action spaces’. These discourses are: the perceived ‘nature’ of managerial and professional work, the perception of part-time as a personal lifestyle choice, and the understanding of part-timers as either ‘other’ or the ‘new normal’.

My experienced- and scientific based essay describes de communicative issues I experience with a specific couple of parents at my preschool. These issues are also applicable in a more general perspective regarding the communication between the preschool and the home. The reflection helps me to reach a deeper understanding of what communication is and the challenges that can arise when the preschool meets the home. Moreover, the reflection helps me to consider whether it is useful to see this from a power related perspective and what the preschool’s curriculum says about cooperation between the preschool and the home. I am trying to view the problematic issues from the parents’ point of view and thereby attend their position. My aim is to study the meaning of communication between pedagogues and parents in the preschool in order to be able to see the consequences that arise for the child when the communication fails. I also aim to illuminate the power relationship that takes place between parents and pedagogues. My question formulations are: Does my dilemma regard power and who possesses the most power in the meeting at the preschool; the pedagogues or the parents? What happens to the child when communication problems arise between pedagogues and parents? My conclusion is that it is difficult to really know how another person experience a situation and it is a bit of a chance when one is to interpret. Furthermore, I find that situations of this sort rarely can be solved by stating that there is a right or a wrong. Human relationships consist of grey zones where the specific situation often decides how it is most appropriate to act. / Min erfarenhets- och vetenskapsbaserade essä beskriver de kommunikativa svårigheter jag upplever med ett specifikt föräldrapar på min förskola. Dessa problem är även applicerbara ur ett mer generellt perspektiv vad gäller kommunikationen mellan förskolan och hemmet. Reflektionen hjälper mig till fördjupning av vad kommunikation är och vilka utmaningar som kan uppstå när förskolan och hemmet möts. Vidare hjälper reflektionen mig att överväga huruvida det är aktuellt att se detta ur ett maktrelaterat perspektiv och vad förskolans läroplan säger om samarbetet mellan förskolan och hemmet. Jag försöker ta möjligheten att se problematiken även ur föräldrarnas perspektiv och därigenom inta deras position. Vad gör att de agerar som de gör och vad gör att jag reagerar som jag gör? Mitt syfte är att studera kommunikationens betydelse mellan pedagoger och föräldrar i förskolan för att kunna se vilka konsekvenser som uppstår för barnet när kommunikationen brister. Jag ämnar även belysa maktrelationen som råder mellan föräldrar och pedagoger. Mina frågeställningar är: Handlar mitt dilemma om makt och vem som innehar störst makt i mötet på förskolans arena; pedagogerna eller föräldrarna? Vad sker med barnet när det uppstår kommunikationsproblem mellan pedagoger och föräldrar? Jag kommer fram till att det är svårt att verkligen veta hur en annan part upplever en situation och det blir lite av en chansning när man ska göra denna tolkning. Vidare finner jag att situationer av detta slag sällan kan lösas genom att säga att något alltid är rätt eller fel. Mänskliga relationer präglas av gråzoner där den specifika situationen ofta avgör hur det är lämpligast att agera.

Gender equality is an important attribute in Sweden, much connected to the country’s selfimage. This thesis analyzes Swedish state policy strategies for Sweden’s works with gender equality abroad, in development cooperation. From a feminist postcolonial perspective, the thesis conducts a critical discourse analysis of the policy framework regulating Swedish development cooperation in relation to gender equality. The result show that women and men are constructed as discursively different in the policy framework. Further, the issue of gender inequality, as portrayed within the policy framework, constructs women as particular vulnerable and subordinated to men. A discursive construction which paradoxically reinforces the traditional, stereotypical gender norms which the policy framework aims to abolish. In line with this paradox the result also show that men are not recognized as responsible for gender inequalities nor are they lifted as agents of change in gender equality work. A result that suggests that women are both the ones in need of and the ones responsible for creating a gender equal future in developing nations according to the discourse of Swedish development cooperation policy.

This research project falls under the broader Apartheid Archives Project. The aim of the project was to collect the narratives of black and white South Africans, of their earliest quotidian or everyday racist experiences. This project focused particularly on the nature of the experiences of racism of (particularly ‘ordinary’) white South Africans under the old apartheid order and their continuing effects on individual and group functioning in contemporary South Africa, especially on the ways in which white South Africans are positioned by racialised discourses and the reproduction of power relations through these positions. The project utilised narratives that were written by white South Africans and were available on the Apartheid Archive Project’s database. In total, the narratives of twelve white, middle-aged, middle class South Africans were analysed using Parker (1992) and Willig’s (2008) guidelines for analysis of the discourses which converge with Foucault’s ideas. This research report gives prominence to the discourses of race present in the narratives of white South Africans which were examined and it also focuses on how racialised discourses offer the narrators different subject positions to occupy in present day South Africa. Three discursive themes were identified, namely rationalising discursive strategies, race and racism discourses and discourses of redemption. Rationalising discursive strategies were found to utilise discourses of innocence, discourses of denial and discourses that avoid complicity. These discourses enabled the narrators to be positioned as victims. Race and racism discourses included othering discourses, discourses of whiteness and discourses of interracial relationships. Through an appeal to these kinds of discourses narrators were able to occupy opposing positions, such as perpetrator, hero, privileged and non-racial. Finally, discourses of redemption were also found to be prominent in the narratives. These comprised of religious discourses and notions of white liberalism. The utilisation of such discourses enabled constructions of the narrators as moral, virtuous and honest.

A pesquisa toma como objeto os discursos e práticas utilizados por participantes do mercado de cervejas artesanais, surgido no Brasil a partir dos anos 1990, a fim de explorar como estes estabelecem uma identidade própria do artesanal, classificando-o como categoria à parte no mundo dos bens e, logo, um mercado à parte no universo das cervejas. Esta análise permite refletir acerca do papel dos discursos e das interações entre produtores e consumidores para o estabelecimento de uma identidade própria, dialogando com a literatura em sociologia econômica preocupada com as dinâmicas de emergência e estabelecimento de nichos de mercado ou mercados em si. Assim, também é perpassada por uma preocupação com a dimensão cultural destes processos, entendida como um trabalho ativo de classificação e valoração dos bens. Estes discursos e suas implicações são captados por meio de entrevistas e etnografias realizadas em feiras e eventos de cerveja, momentos em que os discursos de produtores entram em contato diretamente com consumidores, e permitem observar as implicações práticas destas dimensões discursivas. Nestas, um elemento central de análise é a figura do outro, com a noção de alteridade e oposição atribuída às grandes empresas do ramo cervejeiros, referidas como grandes indústrias. Ao restituir como se dá o processo de construção destas identidades partidas entre o grande e o artesanal, bem como quais as dinâmicas que se formam neste universo, exploramos novas possibilidades na interpretação dos processos de competição e emergência de mercados. / The object study for this research are the discourses and practices from craft beer Market agents, which emerged in Brazil in the 1990s, in order to explore how this agents establish their own craft identity, being able to classify it as a new consumption category in the world of goods, apart from common beer. This analysis allows reflection upon the role discourses and interactions among producers and consumers for the establishment of this own identity, in conversation with the wider literature in Economic Sociology which focuses on the emergence and establishment of new markets or Market niches. This work is thus also permeated by the cultural dimension of these processes, which are to be understood as active classification and valuation works. Discourses and their implications are captured through interviews and ethnographic incursions in beer events, moments in which producers may directly talk to consumers, which allow us to perceive practical implications of these discursive dimensions. Among them, one of the key elements is the role of the other, with otherness and oppositions attributed to the big beer companies. By recapturing the process of how identities split between craft and big are built, we explore new opportunities of interpreting competition and emerging markets.

O presente trabalho, situado na linha de Psicologia e Educação, trata-se de uma revisão de literatura, cuja finalidade inicial foi a sistematização dos conhecimentos produzidos acerca do que se convencionou chamar, primeiramente sob o viés psicanalítico, de neurose obsessiva e, posteriormente, a partir do ponto de vista científico, de transtorno obsessivo compulsivo (TOC). Num segundo momento, teve como objetivo analisar os discursos produzidos sobre o tema, tendo em vista as diferentes áreas de conhecimento que dele se ocuparam, bem como as divergentes concepções teóricas. Porém, mais do que os saberes que têm sido produzidos, interessou-nos analisar as práticas que estão implicadas na produção e no funcionamento desses saberes, isto é, quais os efeitos dos discursos das áreas de radical psi - compreendidas aqui pela psiquiatria, psicologia e psicanálise na produção de um tipo bem determinado de sujeito e qual o papel da educação nesse contexto. Para tanto, lançamos mão de alguns estudos de intelectuais de lastro foucaultiano, que nos permitiram compreender a verdade como invenção - e não como descoberta, tal como sugerem muitos cientistas daí a necessidade de desnaturalizá-las; e o discurso como um conjunto de enunciados, vinculado a jogos de poder, que fazem circulam determinados regimes de verdade, através dos quais, realidade e sujeitos são produzidos. Nesse sentido, se a invenção se dá na/pela linguagem, podemos afirmar que, a invenção da neurose obsessiva - ou TOC - e de sua clínica, ganha status de verdade e de realidade na medida em que começa a ser produzida nas narrativas, quando começa a circular em diferentes discursos, quando começa a ganhar força em estudos que visam compreendê-la, explicá-la, enfim, quando começa a produzir saberes geradores de novas práticas e, de modo circular, práticas que convocam novos saberes. Do estudo, também foi possível depreender que os discursos psi são importantes dispositivos de poder, que funcionam no sentido de apagar toda e qualquer diferença, com vistas à adequação dos sujeitos aos padrões normativos. Nesse sentido, a escola, entendida como instituição disciplinar por excelência, onde discursos psi e pedagógicos se fundem e, por vezes, se confundem, é o lugar privilegiado para o exercício do poder e, portanto, das práticas de governo de todos e de si ao mesmo tempo. / This work, situated in the line of search of Psychology and Education, is a literature review, whose initial purpose was the systematization of knowledge produced about what is termed, primarily under the psychoanalytical view, obsessional neurosis, subsequently, from the scientific point of view, obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD). In a second moment, aimed to analyze the speeches produced about the subject, in view of, the different areas of knowledge that gets occupied by it, as well as the divergent theoretical conceptions. However, more than the knowledge that have been produced, interested to us, examining the practices that are involved in the production and operation of such knowledge, that is, what effects the speeches of the radical psy areas - understood here by psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis in the production of a determined type of subject and the role of education in that context. For both, in support in some studies of foucaultian approach, which allowed us understand the truth as invention - and not as discovery, as suggest many scientists hence the need for denaturalize them; and the discourse as a set of statements, entailed with power games, which are moving certain truth regimes, through which, reality and subject are produced. Then, if the invention is in/on the language, we can affirm that, the invention of obsessional neurosis - or OCD - and its clinical, get status of truth and reality in so far as it begins to be produced in narratives, when it begins to circulate in various speeches, when it begins to gain strength in studies that aim to understand and explain it, finally, when it begins to produce new knowledge-generating practices and, in a circular way, practices that summon new knowledge. From the study, it was also possible to conclude that the psy speeches are important power devices, which work in order to erase any distinction, to the suitability of the subject to normative standards. Therefore, the school, understood as disciplinary institution par excellence, where psy and educational speeches merge, and sometimes, are confused, is the privileged place for the exercise of power, and consequently, of the rules practices of every and of itself at the same time.

Esta pesquisa procurou relacionar os efeitos da ideologia neoliberal sobre o corpo. Em 2012 o Brasil alcançou o primeiro lugar no ranking internacional na proporção cirurgia plástica por habitante. Segundo dados da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica, entre 2009 e 2012 o número de intervenções estéticas cresceu 120%, tendo sido realizadas mais de 1,5 milhão só no ano de 2012. Ainda de acordo com a SBCP nos últimos anos houve um salto de 5% para 30% do número de homens que se submetem à cirurgia plástica com finalidade não reparadora, mas sim estética. Estes números refletem uma mudança nas formas do uso do corpo masculino na contemporaneidade. A ideologia neoliberal extrapolou os limites da economia, invadiu os modos de agir e desejar e tornou o corpo um bem a mais a ser produzido e consumido. O Mercado triunfa sobre as demais formas de crença, servindo enquanto uma espécie de religião à qual o sujeito torna-se devoto frente ao risco da castração, representada pelas marcas do envelhecimento. O resultado da influência neoliberal será a produção de um homo economicus (LAVAL, 2007) cuja ação será sempre medida e planejada visando obter o máximo de satisfação e o mínimo de desprazer. Alinhados ao pensamento de Christian Laval estão Dany-Robert Dufour e Roland Gori cujo pensamento é necessário para desenvolvermos a ideia de que estamos diante de uma subjetividade empreendedora de si e crente no Mercado. O desenvolvimento da tese segue com a teoria dos discursos de Jacques Lacan (1969/1970), com especial destaque para seus dois efeitos principais: o discurso do capitalista e o discurso da ciência. Tal artifício permitiu uma maior extensão para o debate sobre as implicações subjetivas da ideologia neoliberal sobre as formas de estabelecimento do laço social. A pesquisa traz ainda cinco entrevistas que foram analisadas a partir dos conceitos previamente estudados. Os entrevistados foram homens que realizaram procedimentos médicos com finalidades estéticas, tais como cirurgias plásticas, preenchimento com botox, lifting facial, etc. Dois casos destacaram-se pelo peculiar uso que fizeram do corpo, sendo um diagnosticado enquanto neurótico e o outro enquanto um caso de psicose ordinária. A pesquisa é finalizada com as implicações para o plano cultural destes novos modos de subjetivação que privilegiam a identificação ao objeto que seu uso erótico / This research aimed at relating the effects of neoliberal ideology on the body. In 2012 Brazil reached the first place in the international ranking of plastic surgery proportionally per citizen. According to the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica), between 2009 and 2012 the aesthetic interventions number grew 120% with 1.5 milion of them having being done only in 2012. Still accordingly to SPCB, in the last years there has been a leap from 5% to 30% in the number of men who undergo plastic surgery with aesthetic and not reparatory purpose. These numbers reflect a change in the forms of use of the masculin body in contemporaneity. Neoliberal ideology has extrapolated the economy limits, has invaded the forms of acting and desiring and has made the body one more asset to be produced and consumed. The Market prevails over other forms of belief, serving as a kind of religion to which the subject becomes obedientiary as they face castration, represented by the marks of aging. The resulto of neoliberal influence will be the production of a homo economicus (LAVAL, 2007) whose action will always be measured and planned aiming at obtaining the maximum of satisfaction and the least of unpleasure. Aligned with the thought of Christian Laval are Dany-Robert Dufour and Roland Gori whose thought is necessary for us to develop the idea that we are facing a subjectivity that is entrepreneurial of itself and that believes in the Market. The thesis development goes on to the discourses theory of Jacques Lacan (1969/1970), highlighting its two main effects: the discourse of the capitalist and the discourse of Science. Such artífice allowed a greater extension for the debate about the subective implications of neoliberal ideology on how we stablish social bounds. The research contains five interviews that were analized from the previously studied concepts. The interviewees were men who underwent medical procedures with aesthetic purpose, such as plastic surgeries, botox filling, facial lifting, and so on. Two cases stood out because of the peculiar usage they made of the body, one being diagnosed as neurotic and the other as na ordinary psychotic. The research ends with the implications on the cultural field of these new ways of subjectivation that priviledge identification to the object rather than its erotical use

Esta tese tem como objetivo central investigar as formas que o discurso sobre a Educação Inclusiva assume na contemporaneidade e os efeitos desse discurso para a subjetividade das crianças, pais e profissionais da escola. Para isso, realizamos inicialmente um levantamento bibliográfico acerca da inclusão escolar, apresentando as origens desse movimento, os principais marcos legais que organizam o campo e as perspectivas teórico-críticas atuais. Em seguida, analisamos a emergência da temática da diferença na educação e apresentamos a abordagem psicanalítica da diferença e sua função na constituição do sujeito a partir das obras de Freud e Lacan. A partir da psicanálise, propomos uma articulação entre ética e inclusão, destacando o alinhamento do discurso sobre a educação inclusiva com os fundamentos éticos e morais previamente apresentados. Nosso referencial teórico-metodológico é a psicanálise de orientação lacaniana, em especial o instrumento dos quatro discursos formalizado por Lacan no Seminário 17: O avesso da psicanálise. O corpus de nossa pesquisa é composto por fragmentos discursivos oriundos de duas fontes: do atendimento de um grupo de profissionais que trabalham com educação inclusiva, cuja escuta é realizada pela pesquisadora no Serviço de Psicologia Escolar do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo e do material veiculado pelo Fórum Permanente de Educação Inclusiva. Os resultados foram reunidos em torno dos seguintes temas: a deficiência como metonímia do sujeito, a dimensão da técnica e a lógica da especialização, o discurso do capitalista e seus efeitos para a inclusão escolar, a construção do ideal e a escola. Ao final, apresentamos as contribuições que a noção de ética em psicanálise pode trazer para a educação inclusiva. / This research aims to investigate the central ways in which the discourse on Inclusive Education assumes in contemporary times and the effects of this discourse on the subjectivity of children, parents and school professionals. In order to accomplish this goal, we first review the literature concerning Inclusive Education, showing the origins of this movement, the main legal frameworks that organize this subject and the current theoretical perspectives. We then analyze the emergence of the theme of the difference in education, and present the psychoanalytic approach of difference and its role in the constitution of the subject based on the works of Freud and Lacan. Using psychoanalysis, we propose a link between ethics and inclusion, highlighting the alignment of the discourse on Inclusive Education with the ethical and moral foundations previously presented. Our theoretical and methodological framework is the Lacanian psychoanalysis, particularly the instrument of four discourses formalized by Lacan in Seminar, Book 17: the other side of psychoanalysis. The corpus of our research consists of discursive fragments from two sources: the care of a group of professionals working in Inclusive Education, whose listening were conducted by the researcher in the Department of Educational Psychology at the Institute of Psychology of the University of São Paulo, and material disseminated by the Permanent Forum on Inclusive Education. The results were gathered around the following themes: disability as metonymy of the subject, the extent of technical expertise and the logic of the specialization, the capitalist discourse and its effects on school enrollment, and the foundation of the ideal and the school. At the end, we present the contributions that the notion of ethics in psychoanalysis can bring to Inclusive Education.