Partindo da hipótese de que a população de rua, tal como é concebida hoje, não existiu desde sempre, o objetivo deste trabalho é interrogar parcialmente os jogos de relações que definem este fenômeno enquanto uma questão social. Isto através de três perspectivas fundamentais: sua constituição histórica, sua contestação política e sua regulação institucional. Para tal, utilizo-me do conceito foucaultiano de dispositivo, de modo a tratar esta realidade como efeito de correlações dinâmicas entre agentes, discursos e instituições, estrategicamente situadas no centro da cidade de São Paulo. No primeiro capítulo, busco, através de trajetórias entrecruzadas de atores diretamente envolvidos com o tema, traçar a trama de uma história capaz de expor o nascimento da população de rua como questão social, bem como delinear seu campo de aparição. No segundo capítulo, através de uma cadeia de cinco mobilizações sociais, apresento rituais políticos capazes de exporem as dimensões públicas e conflituosas do fenômeno, assim como o campo de forças em que este se situa, dando especial destaque para os modos no qual o Movimento Nacional da População de Rua (MNPR) elabora um discurso sobre si frente a outras alteridades políticas. No terceiro e último capítulo, apresento a população de rua como um problema de gestão e segurança, descrevendo alguns componentes da rede de atendimento e proteção deste contingente, destacando a importância do albergue nesta composição, e problematizando etnograficamente os usos destes equipamentos institucionais. Entende-se, neste trabalho, que a definição do fenômeno população de rua é um objeto provisório, foco de múltiplos agenciamentos urbanos, e cujo contorno constitui-se como o alvo privilegiado dos questionamentos que o presente estudo busca interrogar. / This study works from the hypothesis that the homeless population (população de rua) of São Paulo, today considered a problem in terms of its growth and control, has not always been considered in these terms. The study seeks, therefore, to interrogate the sets of relations that define this phenomenon as a social question. This approach is developed through three central perspectives: the historical formation of this population, the political conflicts that surround it and its institutional regulation. To this end, the Foucaultian concept of dispositif is considered as a way of treating this reality as the consequence of dynamic correlations between agents, discourses and institutions, strategically situated in the centre of the city of São Paulo. In chapter one, the history of the appearance of the homeless population as a social question is explored through a series of intertwined trajectories of individuals and organizations directly involved with this issue. In chapter 2, through the analysis of a sequence of five political protests, the study explores the ways in which political rituals expose the public and conflictive dimensions of this phenomenon, as well as the political context in which it is situated, with particular emphasis on the ways in which the National Movement of the Homeless Population (Movimento Nacional da População de Rua) elaborates its discourse in dialogue with other political entities. In the third and last chapter of this study, the homeless population is considered as a management and security problem. This chapter describes some of the components of the network of assistance and protection services offered to the homeless, highlighting among these the importance of the hostel, and exploring, from an ethnographic perspective, the uses of these institutional services. This study considers the definition of the phenomenon of homelessness as a provisional object, the focus of a multitude of urban agencies whose configurations represent the field of reference that this study seeks to explore.

Les prochaines plaques combustibles faiblement enrichies des réacteurs HPRR devront résister à de hautes radiations et dévoileront probablement un gonflement. Ce dernier modifie la structure et influence la distance inter-plaque nominale. La mesure de cette distance à l'ordre micrométrique constitue l'objectif du projet PERSEUS via le développement d'un dispositif ultrasonore non-destructif. Réduit à 1 mm pour s'insérer dans l'interstice inter-plaque de 1.8 mm du Réacteur à Haut Flux (RHF), le dispositif comprend deux transducteurs ultrasonores reliés à un système électronique. Il permet les mesures de temps de vol et de vitesse ultrasonore. La faisabilité de mesure précédemment prouvée, des optimisations de la chaîne de mesure et du traitement du signal ont été intégrées, induisant une nouvelle génération de dispositif. Un banc motorisé a été développé et a permis des mesures de reproductibilité précises à 500 nm. La reproductibilité de résistance aux radiations, expérimentée à l'Institut Arc-Nucléart, a démontré la stabilité des dispositifs sous 3500 kGray. De plus, une expérience de mesure de distance inter-plaque sur l'élément combustible du RHF a permis les mesures de position verticale, de distance inter-plaque et de température avec 1 µm de précision d'épaisseur du canal d'eau. Une étude de faisabilité de focalisation des ondes est prévue pour analyser les plaques en profondeur. / The future HPRR LEU fuel plates will have to withstand aggressive irradiations leading to a swelling phenomenon. This latter induces structure modifications and impacts the initial inter-plate distance. This distance is investigated, under the access and microscopic resolution constraints, within the PERSEUS Project aiming the development of a non-destructive ultrasonic device. With a thickness of 1 mm to be inserted into the 1.8 mm water channel width of the High flux Reactor (RHF), the device relies upon two ultrasonic transducers connected to an electronic system. It allows time of flight and ultrasonic velocity estimations. The feasibility being already proved, optimizations on components of the measurement chain and signal processing have led to a new device. A developed motorized bench has allowed reproducibility measurements with a 500 nm resolution. Then, a reproducibility devices' radiation resistance experiment, carried out in the Arc-nucleart Institute, demonstrated their parameters stability under 3500 kGray. Experiments were also realized on the RHF fuel element where vertical position, distance and temperature were evaluated, with a 1 µm precision on channel gap thickness. Future works will explore waves ability to be focused in the depth of the plates.

This thesis explores the relation between technology and the social, how they determine and naturalize each other, by examining YouTube's socio-technical infrastructure. YouTube is theorized as a dispositif that produces regimes of knowledge, power and subjectification within "control societies" characterized by an informational mode of production. Utilizing a media archaeological and materialist, critical theoretical approach, I analyze YouTube's database, interface, users, algorithms and protocols alongside economic factors, media, advertising and intellectual property laws, as technical and social forces of production in which power relations arise. I find that YouTube incites users to make themselves visible through information inputs, processed by database algorithms to produce outputs as inevitable representations of user actions. On the interface, this is translated as a sequence of algorimages, defined by what is "up next", in accordance with an information and "attention economy" extracting revenue by capturing and commodifying users' attention into hierarchies of value. I conclude that algorimages, whether of cats or political violence, are made homogeneous by the execution of an algorithmic command of continual update, propagating them through their destruction as necropower in a necropolitical regime of visibility, producing YouTube as an "ecology of finitude" and control societies as an inevitable, "third nature".

L’informatique ubiquitaire est graduellement devenue une réalité, nous utilisons divers dispositifs pour travailler et s’amuser (l’ordinateur, le portable, le smartphone). Au-delà des dispositifs personnels, les citoyens obtiennent des informations par les écrans publics qui sont présents partout dans les villes: l’abribus, l’aéroport, le centre commercial, etc. Il semble que la vision de l’informatique ubiquitaire est plus proche, cependant, l’avenir décrit par Mark Weiser est encore loin: «les technologies les plus profondes sont celles qui disparaissent». Actuellement les appareils électroniques ne sont pas assez intelligents et bien intégrés dans le contexte d’une ville. La ville intelligente (smart city) est un concept émergent pour construire une ville utilisant les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC). Ce concept propose d’améliorer la qualité de la vie et d’augmenter l’efficacité des activités dans une ville par les TIC. Il aussi met l’accent sur les savoir-faire des citoyens pour la construction des villes. La ville intelligente est en effet un système ubiquitaire large qui comprend différent systèmes (le système de gestion trafic, le système de transport public, le système de distribution de l’énergie, etc.). Les écrans publics construisent l’une des plus importants systèmes dans une ville. Cependant, ils ne sont utilisés que pour afficher de l’information, ils sont aveugles aux utilisateurs ainsi qu’à leurs dispositifs personnels. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de construire des écrans publics intelligents basés sur l’interaction proxémique. L’interaction proxémique est inspirée par le terme venant de la psychologie «Proxémique». La Proxémique désigne les espaces virtuels autour des êtres humains pendant la communication. Les espaces sont différents selon la culture, les lieux où l’interaction se déroule. La Proxémique a été introduite à l’interaction homme machine par S. Greenberg en 2011 et il a créé le terme d’interaction proxémique. L’interaction proxémique étudie l’interaction en fonction de la relation spatiale entre les objets. Un écran proxémique peut connaître la distance, la position, l’identité et le mouvement de l’utilisateur. Ces dimensions proxémiques sont mesurées par l’écran comme les signaux de l’interaction implicite. Par ailleurs, il peut détecter les dispositifs mobiles des utilisateurs: il peut distribuer et échanger de l’information avec les dispositifs de l’environnement. Par rapport à un écran traditionnel, un écran proxémique offre des contenus plus personnalisés et ainsi répond aux besoins immédiats des utilisateurs. Ces avantages permettent à un écran public de bien s’adapter aux exigences de la ville intelligente. Notre objectif est d’étudier la façon de relever les défis d’un écran public dans une ville intelligente par l’interaction proxémique. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous étudions les dimensions de l’interaction proxémique, et puis nous concevons un prototype d’écran proxémique grâce à différents capteurs: Kinect, Leapmotion et Webcam. Ce prototype supporte l’interaction implicite et explicite des utilisateurs pour fournir un contenu plus personnalisé aux utilisateurs, ainsi que des interactions naturelles. En outre, nous avons développé une boîte à outils pour la migration des données entre l’écran public et les appareils mobiles personnels. Avec cet outil, l’utilisateur peut télécharger des ressources à partir de l’écran, et l’écran deviendra un terminal pour recueillir les connaissances des citoyens pour la ville intelligente. Nous discutons les applications potentielles de ce prototype dans la ville intelligente, et nous proposons une application expérimentale qui est un panneau d’affichage proxémique des vols dans un aéroport. Basé sur cette application, nous avons réalisé des études utilisateurs systématiques dans notre laboratoire pour vérifier si l’interaction proxémique peut vraiment améliorer les performances d’un écran public. / Ubiquitous computing is gradually coming into reality, people use various digital devices (personal computer, laptop, tablet and smartphone) in order to study, work, entertain and communicate with each other. A city is actually a ubiquitous society, citizens get practical information from digital public displays that are installed everywhere in a city: bus station, railway station, airport or commercial center, etc. It seems that we are closing to the vision of ubiquitous computing, however, it’s still far from the vision what Mark Weiser described: the most profound technologies are those that disappear, they weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it. That means in nowadays the widespread digital devices are still not intelligent enough and not well integrated, this issue is especially serious under a context of city than for personal usage condition.Smart city is a modern concept of city that seeks to improve the efficiency and quality of life by the information and communication technologies (ICTs), it as well emphasizes the importance of citizens’ knowledge for the wise management of city. The ICTs of a smart city constructs a large scale ubiquitous system, including traffic control systems, public transportation system, energy control systems, etc. In all the systems, digital public displays are one of the most important viewports that connect citizens with city. However, the public display today is only used as a screen to display information, it’s blind to the presence of users and ambient devices, these result in low efficiency of interactions, and make a city unable to take use of citizen knowledge.In this dissertation, we build an intelligent public display by the theory of proxemic interaction. Proxemic interaction is spatial related interaction patterns inspired by the psychological term: Proxemics, it studies the spatial -related interaction human to device and device to device. A proxemic interactive public display means that it is aware of user’s presence, position, movement, identity and other user related attributes, and takes these attributes as implicit inputs for interactions. Besides, it can sense ambient mobile devices and act as a hub for local deices information flows. Compared with traditional public display, proxemic interactive display can provide specific users with more personal related and instant - need information rather than provide general information to all users. That means to make displays sense users instead of making users explore displays exhaustively. These advantages make a proxemic display more adapt to the prospect of smart city.Our object is to study how to address the challenges of public display in a smart city by proxemic interaction. Towards this object, we study the dimensions of proxemic interaction, and build a prototype of proxemic interactive projected display with Kinect, Leap motion and web camera. This prototype supports implicit and explicit interaction of users to provide more personalized contents to users, as well as natural interactions. Furthermore, we developed a toolkit for data migration between public display and personal mobile devices, so that public display becomes aware of ambient users’ devices, users can download resources from public displays freely, while public displays can be as a terminal to collect knowledge of citizens for smart city.We discuss the potential applications of this prototype under smart city, and build an experimental application of proxemic airport flight information board. Based on this experimental application, we organized a systematic laboratory user study to validate whether proxemic interaction can really improve the performance of public displays

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Luiz Cecim Abraao Filho.pdf: 13689721 bytes, checksum: 208bee1a4c62987f234617f072d66678 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research focuses on the forms of subjectification in cyberculture, which is understood as a time-related category pertaining to the advanced stage of mediatic capitalism. The focus of attention is on appropriative practices that condition the constitution of individuals in digital social networks, taken as the latest configuration of the device of mediatic visibility. The paradox that lies at the core of mediatically qualified life consists in the fact that individuals actively constituted in/by the appropriation of the technocommunication tools in question are immediately caught up in power strategies that ensure the conductibility of mediatic capitalism in the cybercultural-interactive phase. The corpus of analysis comprises the communication tools of Facebook, such as the autobiographical profile and the practices of like and share, which are understood simultaneously as elements of a technological selfie culture and as power technologies that make-produce signs for marketing and political purposes. In this context, the following questions are raised: How does the process of subjectification occur on Facebook? To what extent can it be stated that communication in this mediatic environment constitutes a capturing system? What is the modus operandi of this capture exerted upon/by the constitution of communicative individuals on Facebook? This work examines two main hypotheses: [1] digital social networks are observatories for typically cybercultural forms of subjectification, which provide access to the modus operandi of contemporary mediatic capitalism; and [2] the communication practices of these networks constitute ambivalent power strategies, since the technologies of the self through which communicative individuals are formed can also be understood as capture technologies. The objectives are to develop a typified understanding of mediatic visibility as a device; dissect the ways in which this device invests and captures communication flows; and grasp the social signification of digital social networks in the context of advanced mediatic capitalism. The theoretical rationale of this research draws primarily on postmodern theory (Jean-François Lyotard, David Harvey, Fredric Jameson), on the critical epistemology of cyberculture (Eugênio Trivinho, Arthur Kroker, Muniz Sodré) and on the theories of biopower/society of control (Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Giorgio Agamben, Antonio Negri, Michael Hardt). With this proposal, we hope to contribute to debates about the political double bind that is established in the appropriation (individual and/or collective) of the new technologies of communication power / A presente pesquisa versa sobre os modos de subjetivação na cibercultura, entendida como categoria de época atinente à fase avançada do capitalismo mediático. O foco da atenção recai sobre práticas apropriativas que condicionam a constituição de sujeitos em redes sociais digitais, tomadas como mais recente configuração do dispositivo de visibilidade mediática. O paradoxo que radica no bojo da vida mediaticamente qualificada consiste no fato de que os sujeitos ativamente constituídos na/pela apropriação das ferramentas tecnocomunicativas em questão encontram-se imediatamente capturados em estratégias de poder que garantem a condutibilidade do capitalismo mediático em fase cibercultural-interativa. O corpus de análise é formado pelas ferramentas comunicacionais do Facebook, tais como o "perfil autobiográfico" e as práticas de "curtir" e "compartilhar", entendidos simultaneamente como elementos para uma "cultura tecnológica de si" e como tecnologias de poder que fazem-produzir signos para fins mercadológicos e políticos. Nesse recorte, são levantadas as seguintes questões: como se dá o processo de subjetivação no Facebook? Em que medida é possível afirmar que a comunicação nesse ambiente mediático configura um regime de captura? Qual o modus operandi dessa captura exercida na/pela constituição de sujeitos comunicativos no Facebook? Trabalha-se com duas hipóteses principais: [1] as redes sociais digitais constituem observatórios para modos de subjetivação tipicamente ciberculturais, que dão acesso ao modus operandi do capitalismo mediático contemporâneo; [2] as práticas comunicativas dessas redes configuram estratégias ambivalentes de poder, uma vez que as "tecnologias de si" pelas quais se formam sujeitos comunicativos podem ser entendidas simultaneamente como tecnologias de captura. O objetivo é desenvolver compreensão tipificada da visibilidade mediática como dispositivo; dissecar modos pelos quais tal dispositivo investe e captura fluxos de comunicação; apreender a significação social das redes sociais digitais no contexto do capitalismo mediático avançado. Na fundamentação teórica, a pesquisa recorre principalmente ao pós-modernismo teórico (Jean- François Lyotard, David Harvey, Fredric Jameson), à epistemologia crítica da cibercultura (Eugênio Trivinho, Arthur Kroker, Muniz Sodré) e às teorias do biopoder/sociedade de controle (Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Giorgio Agamben, Antonio Negri, Michael Hardt). Com essa proposta, espera-se contribuir para os debates sobre o "duplo vínculo político" que se instaura na apropriação (individual e/ou coletiva) das novas tecnologias do poder comunicacional instituído

Les dispositifs médicaux (DM) innovants offrent sans cesse de nouvelles options thérapeutiques et diagnostiques et contribuent à améliorer la prise en charge des malades à l’hôpital. Toutefois, ces innovations, potentiellement onéreuses, ne disposent pas toujours de données probantes garantissant leur efficience. Par conséquent, pour guider le choix des décideurs hospitaliers, une évaluation à l’échelle de l’hôpital est souvent nécessaire afin de lever le maximum d’incertitudes avant leur acquisition. Cette démarche, appelée évaluation des technologies de santé (ETS) en milieu hospitalier, s’est beaucoup développée à l’étranger, mais reste méconnue en France. A travers notre travail, nous avons montré que les CHU français proposaient des modèles d’organisation pour l’évaluation des DM innovants tout à fait comparables à ceux rencontrés dans d’autres pays. Parmi les modèles d’ETS en milieu hospitalier, la mini-ETS semble être le plus généralisable et pourrait concourir à l’harmonisation des pratiques entre CHU. Ce modèle en plein essor existe sous de multiples formes dans le monde. La confrontation des critères d’évaluation identifiés dans les modèles assimilables à la mini-ETS à ceux utilisés dans les CHU français nous a permis d’isoler 26 critères d’évaluation d’intérêt pour l’évaluation des DM innovants. Enfin, nous avons élaboré puis testé, en situation réelle, un outil d’aide multicritère à la décision dérivé des précédents critères identifiés. / Innovative medical devices offer solutions to medical problems. However, medical devices arriving on the European market have generally little evidence about efficiency. To manage the uncertainty surrounding the introduction of innovative medical devices, hospitals and university hospitals have developed worldwide hospital-based health technology assessment (HTA) processes to guide the selection of expensive and innovative products. Nevertheless, little is known about hospital-based HTA activities in France. We demonstrated that French models of hospital-based HTA are comparable to those found elsewhere and presented sometimes a combination of several HTA models. We also underlined that a mini-HTA like model could easily be applied to French university hospitals. Mini-HTA has become widespread in many different forms across the world. We compared criteria of different mini-HTA forms to criteria used in French university hospitals and identified 26 relevant criteria to assess innovative medical devices. Finally, we developed and tested in real conditions a multiple-criteria decision tool derived from these 26 criteria.

Les Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication ayant nouvellement investi les services en ligne et en particulier le domaine du e learning- largement occupé par les sciences de l’éducation, les sciences cognitives, la psychosociologie ou encore l’informatique- notre objectif est d’aborder cette question selon trois figures de pensée rencontrées dans la recherche en enseignement à distance : la substance, la relation et le mouvement. Après avoir envisagé les médiations à partir de la fonction de la substance qui s’intéresse aux caractéristiques des acteurs/actants par rapport au dispositif ou à la nature de celui-ci, on a porté notre attention sur la relation, car c’est depuis ce « entre » que chaque sujet en lui-même va se construire. Il en va ainsi du modèle de communication, lui-même intermédiaire, un « entre ». Dans cette perspective, la communication médiatisée procède d’abord de la qualité de la relation, des situations comme celles qui se nouent entre les registres, comme la dimension technique et les composantes médiationnelles du e-learning. Enfin, avec la figure du mouvement, on s’est affranchi de la figure de la substance et de la relation en les dépassant, pour penser en termes de dynamique et de processus, soit dans notre cas aux modalités de l’agencement homme-machine ou homme-homme. Le modèle qui en résulte semble ne reposer qu’en partie sur la proposition technologique, voire pédagogique, mais sur des formes persistantes de médiation agissant dans le dispositif. La spatialisation des compétences à distance ramène le curseur autour d’un axe médiationnel dans un domaine que l’on pourrait désormais appeler apprentissage intégré («integrated learning ») et qui renvoie à l’intégration de toutes les dimensions d’un objet de connaissance. / The Communication and Information sciences have lately invested on-line services and in particular the field of the e-learning, largely occupied by the sciences of education, cognitive sciences, social psychology or data processing. Our objective is to tackle this question according to the three figures of thought in research in elearning: the substance, the relation and the movement. After having considered the mediations starting from the function of the substance which is interested in the characteristics of the actors/agents compared to the process or nature of this one, we have focused our attention on the relation, because it is from this “between” that each subject in itself will be built. It goes from there thus from the model of communication, in itself intermediary. In this point of view, the mediatized communication proceeds first of all from the quality of the relation, of the situations as those which are tied between the registers, such as technical dimension and the mediational components of the e-learning. Finally, with the figure of movement, we freed ourselves from the figure of substance and relation by exceeding them, by thinking in terms of dynamics and of process. Thus in our case thinking according to the process man-machine or man-man, which calls for an “engineering”. The model which is implied seems to rest only partly on the technological, even pedagogical proposal, but also on persistent forms of mediation acting as a process. The spatialization of e-learning skills brings back the cursor around a mediational axis in a field which we could from now on call “integrated learning” and which sends back to the integration of all dimensions of an object of knowledge.

Le thème central de la recherche est la place du vide constructif dans la dimension spatiale du décor de cinéma. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence, à travers les racines et le processus de création du décor de cinéma, la notion d’objet espace vide comme source d’informations et comme « troncage narratif » en sus de sa spatialité et de sa dépendance au construit et au visible. En s’appuyant sur la notion de tressage, on observe le jeu du visible et de l’invisible qui devient, pour le décorateur, le jeu du construit, de l’intervalle et du vide. Cette poïétique du décor de cinéma nous fait voyager en aller-retour entre image et espace. L’image de création, l’image iconographique devient matière, ontogénèse à double sens. L’étude des processus de perception des images met en évidence des notions que le créateur d’espace, le décorateur plasticien utilisera dans la modélisation de son espace poétique et la mise en place de sa vraisemblance, émergence de nos jeux d’enfance. Espace de la feinte théâtrale et cinématographique, espace poétique sensible au scopique, véritable installation panoptique du sens dont le processus de perception a été expérimenté par certains artistes du Quattrocento avec la naissance de la perspective puis ensuite par des artistes contemporains. / The central theme of my research is the importance of constructive emptiness in the spatial dimension of the film set. My intent is to highlight, through the roots and processes of the creation of the film set, the notion of empty space object as a source of information and as a “narrative truncation" besides its spatiality and dependence on what is constructed and visible. By relying on the notion of interweaving, one can observe the interactions of what is visible and invisible, which becomes, for the set designer, the interactions of what has been constructed on the set, as well as the intervals and the empty spaces. This poietics of the film set makes us go back and forth between image and space. The creative image, the iconographic image becomes material, a two-way ontogeny. The study of the process of image perception highlights the concepts that the creator of the space, the artistic decorator, will use in the modelling of their poetic space and the establishment of their likelihood, which is the emergence of our childhood games. It is the crafty space of theater and film, the poetic space sensitive to the scopic, a true panoptic installation of meaning whose processes of perception have been experienced by some artists of the Quattrocento with the birth of perspective and now by contemporary artists.

Cette recherche porte sur l’enseignement de la littérature dans un cursus universitaire de français langue étrangère. Elle questionne la notion de culture littéraire à travers les « canons littéraires », les littératures « mineures » selon la terminologie de G. Deleuze, et leur contextualisation d’une part, et, d’autre part, à travers la mise en place de pratiques enseignantes visant sa transmission / construction. Cette recherche étant ancrée dans les sciences humaines par ses champs d’étude – la littérature et la didactique – et étant, par conséquent, relativement subjective, nous avons choisi d’étudier un cas particulier, celui dans lequel nos questions sont apparues, afin de mettre en évidence ses spécificités mais aussi des traits généralisables ou, du moins, ouvrant des pistes de réflexions transposables dans d’autres contextes. Pour effectuer cette étude, nous avons privilégié une approche inductive et compréhensive et nous avons opté pour une méthode mixte ou une triangulation permettant le croisement de différentes données dans le but d’avoir une vision globale de la situation en termes de pratiques, de potentiels et de limites. Les résultats obtenus dans ce contexte ouvrent un champ de possibles pour penser une didactique du FLE adaptée à un enseignement littéraire en milieu universitaire. / This research focuses on teaching literature at a university-level French language department. It questions the concept of literary culture through the concepts of “literary canon”, “minor” literature, following G. Deleuze’s terminology, and their contextualization on the one hand, and on the other, through the implementation of teaching practices aiming at transmitting / building it. This research, rooted in human sciences because of its fields of study – literature and didactics – and as a consequence, being relatively subjective, is focused on a specific case, the one where our questions first emerged from: the French department at Birzeit University in Palestine. This approach allows us to enhance the specificities of this context while drawing at the same time some features that could be generalized, or at least that could open some opportunities for transferable reflections on other contexts. In conducting this study an inductive and comprehensive approach has been favored. A mixed-method approach or triangulation was used, allowing us to cross-compare data in order to get a more global view of the situation in terms of practice, potential and limits. The results obtained in this context then open new horizons to think adapted French as a foreign language didactics to literary teaching/learning in an academic context.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la manière dont les images et les discours produits sur l’Amazonie, ses populations et ses ressources, ont permis de faire du sud du Pará l'un des territoires d’expansion de l'élevage bovin les plus importants. Nous avons pour cela considéré l’élevage comme une institution, définie ici comme des foyers d’expérience en mouvement, posture à la base de la formulation de notre cadre théorique et méthodologique. Celui-ci nous a permis de nous écarter des variables explicatives conventionnelles et d’identifier plutôt les différents mécanismes et dispositifs qui ont rendu possible la justification et légitimité de cette activité dans une région où les forêts prédominent. Nous avons utilisé pour cela une approche multidisciplinaire alimentée principalement par Thorstein Veblen, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze et Veena Das,. La polyphonie de cette tessiture théorique et méthodologique a favorisé la mise en place d'un regard distinct sur l'évolution de l'élevage bovin dans le biome de l'Amazonie. Nous avons utilisé l'analyse d'images, de discours et d'autres pratiques qui sont à la base de la formation et du fonctionnement de cette institution unique. L'accent est mis sur certains mécanismes qui en font partie : les déclarations de « peur de perdre » et « volonté de changer », ce que nous appelons ici « dispositif d'efficacité » et « émulation-force ». Ces mécanismes ont été mis en valeur par la relecture des écrits sur les élevages itinérants partant du Nord-Est du Brésil et arrivés dans le sud du Para, qui sont considérés ici sous le concept de « machine de guerre », aux côtés de la notion de «marges d'État ». / Essa tese analisa como as imagens e os discursos produzidos sobre a Amazônia, as populações e os recursos, desde uma perspectiva histórica, permitiram tornar o sul do Pará em um dos locais de maior expansão da criação de gado bovino. No primeiro momento, passamos a considerar a pecuária como uma instituição, definida aqui como focos de experiência em movimento, de modo a conduzir a formulação de um referencial teórico e metodológico que fugisse das variáveis explicativas convencionais, buscando, antes, os diversos mecanismos e dispositivos que possibilitaram a justificação/legitimidade da atividade em uma região onde predominavam florestas. Para esse percurso, valemo-nos de uma abordagem multidisciplinar fecundada principalmente por reflexões de autores como Thorstein Veblen, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Veena Das, entre outros. A polifonia dessa tessitura teórica e metodológica aqui proposta favoreceu a constituição de um olhar distinto sobre a evolução da pecuária bovina no bioma amazônico, pensando-a como uma instituição, e trazendo para o escopo das análises as imagens, os discursos e outras práticas que permitiram a formação e funcionamento dessa instituição singular. Há uma ênfase para alguns mecanismos que fizeram parte dessa trama: os enunciados do “medo de perder” e da “vontade de transformar” e aquilo que aqui chamamos de “dispositivos de eficiência” e a “emulação-força”, que foram construídos na tese a partir da releitura dos escritos sobre a pecuária itinerante que saiu do Nordeste brasileiro e chegou ao sul do Pará, considerada aqui à luz do conceito de “máquina de guerra”, juntamente com a noção de “margens do estado”. / This thesis examines how the images and discourses produced on Amazon, populations and resources, from a historical perspective, allowed making the south of Para in one of the sites of greatest expansion of cattle breeding. At first we should consider livestock as an institution, defined here as moving experience outbreaks, so as to allow the formulation of a theoretical and methodological framework to flee the conventional explanatory variables, seeking rather to the various mechanisms and devices that allowed the justification / legitimacy of the activity in a region where forests predominated. For this route, we make use of a multidisciplinary approach enriched mainly by reflections of authors such as Thorstein Veblen, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Veena Das, among others. This polyphony made possible by theoretical and methodological frameworks proposed here allowed the establishment of a different look at the evolution of cattle breedingin the Amazon biome, considering it as an institution, and bringing to the scope of the image analysis, speeches and other practices that allowed the formation and operation of this unique institution. There is an emphasis on some mechanisms that were part of this plot: the statements of the "fear of losing" and "wish of transforming" and what we here call "efficiency device" and "emulation-force", as well as a reinterpretation the writings on the itinerant cattle that came out from Northeast Brazil and reached the south of Pará, considered here in the light of the concept of a "war machine" with the notion of "state banks".