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The aim of this essay is to examine what happens when Veronica Roths Divergent-trilogy is read with a lutheran theological pre-understanding. Using reader-response theory and lutheran theology written for and in a post-modern context, three lutheran figures of thought are presented as one way of understanding the trilogy. The conclusion is that it is possible to reveal lutheran ideas concerning justification, guilt, forgiveness, mercy and self-sacrificing love in the Divergent-story. / Denna uppsats undersöker Veronica Roths Divergent-trilogi ur ett luthersk-teologiskt perspektiv. Metoden som används är en text- och läsarcentrerad metod. Med hjälp av post-modern luthertolkning till största delen hämtad från projektet Luthersk teologi och etik - i ett efterkristet samhälle så byggs tre tankefigurer upp; människan och det onda, människan och det goda samt människan och vägen till frihet. Dessa tankefigurer läggs som ett raster över trilogin. Resultatet av denna process visar att det i berättelsen är möjligt att synliggöra lutherska tankefigurer rörande rättfärdiggörelse, skuld, en självutgivande kärlek, förlåtelse och nåd.

The background to this essay is that I wanted to analyze the factions in Veronica Roth´s novel Divergent and class from a Marxist perspective. I used a Marxist perspective on social class to find details that matched or looked similar to the novel and did an analysis and comparison between them. I found that a lot of details in how the different factions are described and represented can be compared with classism due to significant similarities, such as social behavior and prioritization among different groups. / Bakgrunden till denna uppsats är att jag ville analysera falangerna i Veronica Roths bok Divergent samt klass från ett marxistiskt perspektiv. Jag använde ett marxistiskt persspektiv på social klass för att finna detaljer som matchade eller liknade novellen och gjorde en analys och jämförelse mellan dem. Jag fann att en hel del detaljer gällande hur de olika falangerna är beskrivna och representerade kan jämföras med klassism tack vare signifikanta liknelser, såsom socialt beteende och prioriteringar inom olika grupper.

The purpose with this paper is to use an older belletristic litterature, like in this case Ett sällsamt öde by Frida Stéenhoff and do a queer theoretical analysis of the short story and then discuss the didactical implications the short story and my reading of the short story can have in the Swedish school and the work to active counteract discrimination. I have designed three questions who can answer my purpose with this paper. The following questions are: - How do Mikael and Ethel challenge the heterosexual standard? - How can the important breakfronts in the short story be comprehended and explained by the queer theory? - What in my reading of the short story can be actualized as relevant in the didactic field? The method I have used to answer these questions is a queer theoretical close reading of the short story. I have been able to use this method with the help of the queer theoretical perspective as my thesis and concepts such as Butler’s perfomativity and Foucault’s categorizing and exlusion are important concepts in my analysis and result. The conclusion I have been able to reach is that the short story Ett sällsamt öde actually is a story that can be used in the Swedish school and the work to actively counteract discrimination. With the queer theoretical perspective as my basis I have been able to find four different aspects that I consider important for the story itself but also to discuss with the students in school. These four aspects are Mikael Ignace’s identity, his suicide and Ethel’s psychological state and her way back to the nursing home as she herself once upon a time was admitted to. These four aspects challenge the heterosexual state and can from a queer perspective interpreted as Frida Stéenhoff’s figurative metaphors for a more comprehending society. With these aspects to my help I want to use queer pedagogy with my students to show them that norms, categorizing and similar aspects are constructions built by human beings and therefore are able to be critically examined and that they are changeable.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é prever a evolução de margens divergentes desde o início da extensão litosférica, levando-se em consideração a interação entre processos superficiais e tectônicos. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico que acopla isostasia flexural, efeitos térmicos, estiramento litosférico e processos superficiais. A isostasia flexural é simulada através de uma placa elástica fina sobre um fluido invíscido, representando o comportamento flexural da litosfera flutuando sobre a astenosfera. Durante a simulação, a estrutura térmica da litosfera evolui como um resultado da advecção e difusão do calor no interior da Terra. Considera-se que o estiramento da litosfera é acomodado por falhas planas na crosta superior e deformação dúctil na crosta inferior e manto. O modelo de processos superficiais descreve como a paisagem é erodida e como os sedimentos são transportados e depositados nas bacias sedimentares. Através desse modelo numérico, é mostrado que o estiramento litosférico tem uma profunda influência na evolução da migração de escarpas em margens divergentes. Os resultados sugerem que escarpas limitadas por falhas criadas em flancos de rifts por descarregamento mecânico e resposta flexural têm pouca chance de \"sobreviver\" através de recuo erosivo se a crosta inferior sob o flanco do rift foi substancialmente estirada. Nessa configuração, o divisor de drenagem que persiste através do tempo é criado em direção ao continente em uma posição que depende da rigidez flexural da crosta superior. Esse cenário ocorre quando a topografia pré-rift mergulha para o continente, caso contrário a evolução da escarpa é guiada pelo divisor de águas interior pré-existente. Esses conceitos são aplicados no estudo das margens do sudeste da Australia e do sudeste do Brasil, onde o cenário de retração de escarpas através de recuo erosivo mostrou-se improvável. O mesmo modelo numérico foi utilizado para estudar como a passagem de uma anomalia térmica sob a litosfera pode afetar a evolução pós-rift de bacias sedimentares em margens divergentes. Os resultados numéricos mostram que a velocidade da litosfera em relação à anomalia térmica e a rigidez flexural da litosfera oceânica e continental afetam a evolução de bacias sedimentares devido ao soerguimento da superfície relacionado com a expansão térmica da litosfera. Como exemplo, é estudada a possível influência de uma anomalia térmica (Pluma de Trindade?) na evolução das bacias de Campos e Espírito Santo, na margem sudeste brasileira. / The purpose of this work is to predict the evolution of divergent margins since the onset of lithospheric extension, taking into account the interaction between surface and tectonic processes. For this, a numerical model was developed to study the coupling of flexural isostasy, thermal effects, stretching of the lithosphere and surface processes. The flexural isostasy is simulated through a thin elastic plate overlying an inviscid fluid, representing the flexural behavior of the lithosphere floating on the asthenosphere. During the simulation, the thermal structure of the lithosphere evolves as a result of advection and diffusion of heat in the Earths interior. The stretching of the lithosphere is assumed to be accommodated by planar faults in the upper crust and ductile flow in the lower crust and mantle. The surface processes model describes how the landscape is eroded and how the sediments are transported and deposited in the sedimentary basins. The results from this numerical model show that the amount of lithospheric stretching has a profound influence on the evolution of escarpment migration in divergent margins. These results suggest that fault-bounded escarpments created at rift flanks by mechanical unloading and flexural rebound have little potential to survive as retreating escarpments if the lower crust under the rift flank is substantially stretched. In this configuration, a drainage divide that persists through time is created landward in a position that depends on the flexural rigidity of the upper crust. This scenario occurs when the pre-rift topography dips landward, otherwise the evolution of the escarpment is guided by the pre-existing inland drainage divide. These concepts are applied to study the margins of Southeastern Australia and Southeastern Brazil, where the retreating escarpment scenario showed to be unlikely. The same numerical model is used to study how the passage of a thermal anomaly under the lithosphere can affect the post-rift evolution of sedimentary basins in divergent margins. The numerical results show that the velocity of the lithosphere relative to the thermal anomaly and the flexural rigidity of the continental and oceanic lithospheres affect the evolution of sedimentary basins due to surface uplift related to thermal expansion of the lithosphere. As an example, the model is applied to assess the possible influence of a thermal anomaly (Trindade Plume?) on the evolution of the Campos and Esp rito Santo Basins, in Southeastern Brazilian margin.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a dinâmica do manto superior em margens continentais através do uso de modelos numéricos que simulam processos convectivos e condutivos no tempo geológico, avaliando-se como a incorporação da convecçãao no estudo da história de subsidência de margens continentais difere do resultado obtido através de modelos puramente condutivos. Como primeiros testes, foram realizadas comparações dos resultados numéricos com soluções analíticas para diferentes valores do número de Rayleigh, verificando-se a validade das soluções computacionais. Também foi feita uma análise da estabilidade da litosfera no tempo geológico para diferentes perfis de viscosidade, servindo como base para a escolha dos parâmetros reológicos do manto para os modelos no contexto de margens divergentes. A partir dos cenários numéricos que melhor reproduziram a estrutura da litosfera terrestre, novos cenários foram criados para simular a evolução térmica e isostática de margens continentais. Como exemplo, utilizou-se dados geofísicos e geológicos extraídos da literatura para a bacia sedimentar do Golfo do Leão, no sudeste da Françaa, com o objetivo de comparar a evolução geodinâmica do presente modelo numérico com outros modelos publicados na literatura. Observou-se que o efeito convectivo astenosférico preserva a estrutura térmica aquecida da margem estirada por mais tempo em comparação com o modelo puramente condutivo. Isso implica que, possivelmente, outros fatores também devem ser levados em consideração como o efeito da geometria tridimensional da margem do Golfo do Leão que pode contribuir para um aumento da subsidência da margem em relação ao modelo obtido no presente trabalho. Adicionalmente, constatou-se que a convecção mantélica pode induzir tensões na base da litosfera que a deslocam dinamicamente ao longo do tempo geológico, podendo influenciar a evolução estratigráfica das bacias sedimentares marginais. São apresentados cerca de 60 cenários geodinâmicos mostrando como a variação da estrutura reológica do manto influencia a evolução térmica da litosfera e consequentemente, a história de subsidência da margem. / This work aims to study the dynamics of the upper mantle in continental margins by using numerical models that simulate convective and conductive processes in geological time scale. It was evaluated the contribution of convection and conduction for subsidence history of sedimentary basins. As first tests, simple numerical scenarios with different Rayleigh number were compared with analytic solutions, verifying the validate of the computational solutions. These numerical experiments were followed by the analysis of the lithospheric stability in the geological time scale for different values of viscosity. These experiments were used as a base for the choice of the rheological parameters of the mantle for the models in the context of divergent margins. From the numerical scenarios that better reproduced the lithospheric structure of the Earth, new scenarios were created to simulate the thermal and isostatic evolution of continental margins. As an example, geophysical and geological data extracted from the literature for the sedimentary basin of the Gulf of Lion, Southeastern France, were compared with the results of different geodynamic models published in the literature and with the numerical scenarios obtained in the present work. We observed that the effect of the astenospheric convection preserves the thermal structure of the stretched margin for a long time in comparison with purely conductive models. This implies that, possibly, other processes must be taken into account, such as the effect of the three-dimensional geometry of the Gulf of Lion margin that may contribute to a higher subsidence of the margin than the one obtained in the present work. Additionally, it was observed that mantle convection may induce stress at the base of the lithosphere that dynamically moves it in the geological time, and may influence the stratigraphic evolution of sedimentary basins. It is presented about 60 scenarios showing how the variation of the rheological structure of the mantle is taken into account in the thermal evolution of the lithosphere and consequently in the subsidence history of the margin.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a dinâmica do manto superior em margens continentais através do uso de modelos numéricos que simulam processos convectivos e condutivos no tempo geológico, avaliando-se como a incorporação da convecçãao no estudo da história de subsidência de margens continentais difere do resultado obtido através de modelos puramente condutivos. Como primeiros testes, foram realizadas comparações dos resultados numéricos com soluções analíticas para diferentes valores do número de Rayleigh, verificando-se a validade das soluções computacionais. Também foi feita uma análise da estabilidade da litosfera no tempo geológico para diferentes perfis de viscosidade, servindo como base para a escolha dos parâmetros reológicos do manto para os modelos no contexto de margens divergentes. A partir dos cenários numéricos que melhor reproduziram a estrutura da litosfera terrestre, novos cenários foram criados para simular a evolução térmica e isostática de margens continentais. Como exemplo, utilizou-se dados geofísicos e geológicos extraídos da literatura para a bacia sedimentar do Golfo do Leão, no sudeste da Françaa, com o objetivo de comparar a evolução geodinâmica do presente modelo numérico com outros modelos publicados na literatura. Observou-se que o efeito convectivo astenosférico preserva a estrutura térmica aquecida da margem estirada por mais tempo em comparação com o modelo puramente condutivo. Isso implica que, possivelmente, outros fatores também devem ser levados em consideração como o efeito da geometria tridimensional da margem do Golfo do Leão que pode contribuir para um aumento da subsidência da margem em relação ao modelo obtido no presente trabalho. Adicionalmente, constatou-se que a convecção mantélica pode induzir tensões na base da litosfera que a deslocam dinamicamente ao longo do tempo geológico, podendo influenciar a evolução estratigráfica das bacias sedimentares marginais. São apresentados cerca de 60 cenários geodinâmicos mostrando como a variação da estrutura reológica do manto influencia a evolução térmica da litosfera e consequentemente, a história de subsidência da margem. / This work aims to study the dynamics of the upper mantle in continental margins by using numerical models that simulate convective and conductive processes in geological time scale. It was evaluated the contribution of convection and conduction for subsidence history of sedimentary basins. As first tests, simple numerical scenarios with different Rayleigh number were compared with analytic solutions, verifying the validate of the computational solutions. These numerical experiments were followed by the analysis of the lithospheric stability in the geological time scale for different values of viscosity. These experiments were used as a base for the choice of the rheological parameters of the mantle for the models in the context of divergent margins. From the numerical scenarios that better reproduced the lithospheric structure of the Earth, new scenarios were created to simulate the thermal and isostatic evolution of continental margins. As an example, geophysical and geological data extracted from the literature for the sedimentary basin of the Gulf of Lion, Southeastern France, were compared with the results of different geodynamic models published in the literature and with the numerical scenarios obtained in the present work. We observed that the effect of the astenospheric convection preserves the thermal structure of the stretched margin for a long time in comparison with purely conductive models. This implies that, possibly, other processes must be taken into account, such as the effect of the three-dimensional geometry of the Gulf of Lion margin that may contribute to a higher subsidence of the margin than the one obtained in the present work. Additionally, it was observed that mantle convection may induce stress at the base of the lithosphere that dynamically moves it in the geological time, and may influence the stratigraphic evolution of sedimentary basins. It is presented about 60 scenarios showing how the variation of the rheological structure of the mantle is taken into account in the thermal evolution of the lithosphere and consequently in the subsidence history of the margin.

Most fighters use the convergent-divergent nozzle configuration to accelerate into the supersonic realm. This nozzle configuration greatly increases the thrust potential of the aircraft compared to the simpler convergent nozzle. The nozzle design is not only crucial for thrust, but also for the drag since the afterbody drag can be as high as 15% of the total. Engine manufacturers optimize the engine and the nozzle configurations for the uninstalled conditions, but these may not be optimal when the engine is installed in the aircraft. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to optimize axisymmetric nozzle settings in order to maximize the net thrust. This was accomplished by combining both simulations of thrust and drag. The thrust model was created in an engine performance tool, called EVA, with the installed engine performance of a low bypass turbofan jet engine at maximum afterburner power setting. The drag model was created with CFD, where the mesh was built in ICEM Mesh and the simulations were run with the CFD solver M-Edge. Five Mach numbers in the range from 0.6 to 1.6 were simulated at an altitude of 12 km. The results showed that the afterbody drag generally decreased when increasing jet pressure ratio at both subsonic and supersonic velocities. At subsonic conditions, increasing nozzle area ratio for underexpanded nozzles would decrease the drag. Increasing nozzle area ratio for fully expanded or overexpanded nozzles would instead increase the drag to an intermediate point from where it would decrease. At supersonic condition, increasing nozzle area ratio would generally cause reduction in drag for all cases. The optimization showed that a net thrust increase of 0.02% to 0.09% could be gained for subsonic conditions while the supersonic optimization had negligible gain in thrust.

Comment les individus peuvent ils agir en entrepreneurs institutionnels malgré les pressions institutionnelles qui s'exercent sur eux ? Dans cette étude, je montre que la position des individus dans le champ a un impact sur leur susceptibilité d'agir en entrepreneurs institutionnels. Pour tester le modèle que je développe, j'utilise des données concernant 93 projets de changements qui ont été mis en oeuvre par 93 managers au sein du National Health Service entre 2002 et 2004. Les résultats de cette étude confirment l'impact de la position sociale sur la susceptibilité des individus d'agir en entrepreneurs institutionnels.

<p>Recent studies show that populations of the freshwater isopod <em>Asellus aquaticus L. can rapidly become locally differentiated when submerged stonewort (<em>Chara spp.) vegetation expands in lakes. In the novel <em>Chara habitat, isopods become lighter pigmented and smaller than in the ancestral reed stands. In this study, I used laboratory experiments to investigate if selective predation by fish could be a possible explanation for these phenotypic changes. Predation from fish is generally considered to be a strong selective force on macroinvertebrate traits. In the first experiment I measured perch (<em>Perca fluviatilis L.) handling time for three size classes of <em>Asellus to see which size of those that would be the most profitable to feed upon. No difference in handling time was detected between prey sizes, hence the largest size would be the most beneficial to feed upon. In a second experiment I let perch feed on a mixture of <em>Asellus phenotypes in aquaria manipulated to mimic the substrates in either the <em>Chara or the reed habitats. Remaining isopods were significantly smaller and lighter pigmented in the fish aquaria than in the controls, showing that the perch preferred to feed on large and dark individuals. In the <em>Chara habitat, selection on isopod pigmentation was according to what could be expected from background matching, but in the reed habitat selection was quite the opposite. These results support the hypothesis that predation from fish is a strong selective force behind the rapid local adaptation seen in <em>Asellus populations in the novel <em>Chara habitat. </em></em></em></em></em></em></em></em></em></em></p>