This study looks at the role of women in the economic environment of Roman Egypt in the light of the papyri. By examining marriage and inheritance documents from the first three centuries, the study shows that marital and inheritance laws and customs in Roman Egypt were made to protect women’s interests when it came to ownership and possession of property, which is one of the main reasons why women played such a prominent role in Egypt’s economic environment.

This study looks at the role of women in the economic environment of Roman Egypt in the light of the papyri. By examining marriage and inheritance documents from the first three centuries, the study shows that marital and inheritance laws and customs in Roman Egypt were made to protect women’s interests when it came to ownership and possession of property, which is one of the main reasons why women played such a prominent role in Egypt’s economic environment.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-25T20:37:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BAÍZA FAUSTINO SOARES – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGH) 2017.pdf: 1628851 bytes, checksum: 255435947d6029b9a396ea0321fe5bcb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T20:37:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BAÍZA FAUSTINO SOARES – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGH) 2017.pdf: 1628851 bytes, checksum: 255435947d6029b9a396ea0321fe5bcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / Capes / O costume do dote foi uma prática de Antigo Regime habitual em grupos familiares opulentos com o intuito da conservação de seu patrimônio e funcionou como estratégia de manutenção de uma poupança social para grupos de poder locais. Por meio de vestígios deixados nos Livros de Notas pela pena dos tabeliões que outorgavam perante a lei os desejos de homens e mulheres nos sertões da Capitania da Paraíba do Norte setecentista, buscamos nesta pesquisa analisar o costume do dote numa sociedade marginal ao Império lusitano e em formação, localizada na Povoação de Nossa Senhora do Bom Sucesso do Piancó (e, a partir de 1772, Vila de Pombal). Os registros cartoriais nos propiciam o estudo do costume dos arranjos matrimoniais – com o nome de seus cônjuges, parentes e caudais a serem dispostos – capazes de tecer pequenas redes sociais construtoras de um ethos baseado na posse da terra. Partimos do pressuposto da existência, numa rígida sociedade estamental patriarcal, de uma centralidade política e social das mulheres para a instituição e legitimidade de uma elite local nos recantos do Sertão das Piranhas e Piancó no setecentos. / In the Old Regime the habits of the dowry was a customary practice in opulent family groups with the purpose of the conservation of its patrimony, serving as strategy of maintainance of a social saving for local power groups. According to the vestiges left in the Notary Books by the pen of the notaries who granted before the law the desires of men and women in the hinterlands of the Capitania da Paraíba do Norte, we aim to review the custom of the dowry in a marginal newborn society into the Lusitanian Empire, the Povoação de Nossa Senhora do Bom Sucesso do Piancó (and from 1772, Vila de Pombal). Notary records enable us to study the custom of marriage arrangements, with the names of their spouses, relaties, and welth, to be able to forge small social networks that build an ethos based on land ownership. We sugget that from a rigid patriarcal society, there was women political and social centrality for the establishing and legitimacy of a local elite in the corners of the Sertão de Piranhas e Piancó in the 18th Century.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-04T19:51:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 deboracristinaalves.pdf: 1853554 bytes, checksum: c3a5d6cf0a8592d968ddd01597d1c715 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2016-08-05T11:20:38Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-05T11:42:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 deboracristinaalves.pdf: 1853554 bytes, checksum: c3a5d6cf0a8592d968ddd01597d1c715 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-05T11:53:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 deboracristinaalves.pdf: 1853554 bytes, checksum: c3a5d6cf0a8592d968ddd01597d1c715 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T11:53:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 deboracristinaalves.pdf: 1853554 bytes, checksum: c3a5d6cf0a8592d968ddd01597d1c715 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-08 / Próximo ao efervescente clico minerador a freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Guarapiranga apresentava a seus habitantes a possibilidade de angariar prestígio e sucesso econômico através da exploração de suas jazidas de ouro e de sua crescente e satisfatória propensão à agricultura e pecuária. Embora as riquezas adquiridas nem sempre fossem imponentes, essa região apresentou durante o século XVIII distintas características comumentemente ligadas às nações de Antigo Regime. Com famílias, muitas vezes, formadas por maridos portugueses e mulheres da região, os interesses que contornavam esses indivíduos geralmente perpassavam pela ótica do casamento, no qual era possível estabelecer diferentes alianças vantajosas entre as principais famílias de elite da freguesia. Para que então esses matrimônios fossem concretizados diversas estratégias foram realizadas, entre elas as dispensas ou banhos matrimoniais que permitiam que indivíduos consanguíneos se unissem e sujeitos portugueses se cassassem sem muita comprovação de seu celibato. A concessão de dotes foi outro artifício empregado pelas famílias na obtenção de um “bom partido” às filhas. Ao dotar as filhas com bens, como escravos, dinheiro, ouro, terras, animais entre outros, o genitor alcançava a realização do matrimônio com um indivíduo que oferecia à família privilégios sociais, econômicos e políticos e o genro, por sua vez, abiscoitava os bens dotais e se inseria na sociedade, no caso dos portugueses, como membro permanente e benquisto. Este trabalho, portanto, analisa os diferentes elementos que circundavam a sociedade da freguesia de Guarapiranga, ressaltando os artifícios empregados pelas famílias através dos casamentos e de suas aparentes características associadas ao Antigo Regime. / Nearby to the effervescent miner cycle the patronage of Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Guarapiranga presented to your inhabitants the possibility to obtain prestige and economic success through the exploration of your ore bed of gold and your crescent and satisfactory propensity to the agriculture and cattle raising. Although the richness obtained even always been magnificent, this region presented during 18th century different characteristics usually connected the nations of Old Government. With families, many times, formed to Portuguese husbands and women of region, the interests that contoured this individuals usually to pass over for optics of marriage, in the wich was possible establish different advantageous alliances between the principal affluent families of patronage. So that then this matrimonies were concretized various artifices were realized, like the dispenses or matrimonial baths hat consented what consaguineous individuals united and Portuguese vassals married without much confirmation of your celibacy. The concession of dowers was another artifice employed to the families in the acquisition of a “good catch” to the daughters. On it dower the daughters with properties, as slaves, money, gold, lands, animals and another, the father got the realization of the matrimony with an individual that offered to the family social, economic and political privileges and the son-in-law, often, stealed the dower properties and inserted in the society, in case of the Portugueses, as a permanent member and wellliked. This work, therefore, analyses the different elements that encircled the society of the patronage of Guarapiranga, emphasizing the artifices utilized for the families through the marriages and the your apparent characteristics associated to the Old Government.

Violence against women has been acknowledged both nationally and internationally as a violation of women's basic human rights, an issue which weakens the overall development of women globally. India enacted the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act in 2005 in order to address the issue of domestic violence. This work examines the impact of the law and women's education and economic status on reported cases of dowry deaths and cruelty by husband and his relatives in 28 states of India between the years 2001 to 2016. My study hypothesizes that the states' female literacy rate and female workforce participation are negatively associated with the rate of reported cases of dowry deaths and cruelty by husband and his relatives. This study supports the ameliorative hypothesis that higher literacy rates and advanced economic and political status help reduce the victimization of women. Also, variations are seen among the 28 states for the cases of reported dowry death rates and cruelty by husband and his relatives' rates, suggesting that rates of dowry death are significantly higher in the eastern region and rates of cruelty by husband and his relatives are significantly higher in the south and the west (compared to the north). / Master of Science / Domestic violence is a global issue. It can be understood as arising from patriarchal values and gendered norms which relegate women to a subordinate position to men. India is the world’s largest democracy, and India is a place where crimes against women are highly prevalent. India enacted the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act in 2005 in order to address the issue of domestic violence. This study examines the impact of the Act after 14 years of its passage. Domestic violence takes different forms ranging from physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological violence. This study focuses on two forms of domestic violence: dowry deaths and cruelty by husband and his relatives against the wife. It focuses on the analysis of reported cases of the two crimes. In this study, data from various Indian governmental websites have been collected and analyzed to demonstrate rates of domestic violence for all the states of India. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of women’s status—operationalized as female literacy rate and female workforce participation—on the number of reported cases of domestic violence in Indian society from 2001 to 2016. This study supports the ameliorative hypothesis, which argues that places in which women have higher status report lower rates of victimization.

On the 4th of October 1562, the Polish princess Catherine Jagiellon married the Swedish prince and duke of Finland Johan Vasa. Leaving Poland, Catherine Jagiellon was equipped with a very rich dowry and followed by an entourage of nearly 50 people. The objective of this study is to investigate the objects and people surrounding the newly wedded 16th century princess and asses if the document mirrors the complex cultural interactions of the early modern world. The analysis of the inventory is carried out using two theoretical approaches: material culture and culture transfer. The study is constructed in two parts. The first part focuses on the analysis of the sections of the inventory following the order of the document. If possible, the objects are mapped, their history is traced through the sources, their appearance and function are discussed. The examination of the members of the court is also carried out. With the deepened analysis of the inventory as a basis, the second part of the study is dedicated to the search of culture hybridization markers in described artefacts, people, practices as well as the language of the document itself. With the result of this investigation, the author is able to pinpoint the complex international cultural processes that were occurring in an early modern world.

The aim of this work is to complete property tenure of Czech princesses and queens until the beginning of the 14th century. In connection with queens talk we about "dowry towns" formation. Under this term arises idea of the continuity of the transfer of widow's property. To be able to make such a generalization, it is necessary to study the provision of property wives of rulers from the standpoint of the previous developments, especially on the basis of diplomatic material and subsequently of narrative sources. According to the interpretation of existing proofs of property possession by princesses an queens, it will be possible to determine, whether there was a tradition of transfer of certain goods, not only towns but also movable and immovable property, rights and pecuniary pays. Obtained facts put the work into context of legal anchoring marital and widow's status. It is differentiated for these two categories, whether tenure which the queens were endowed with was the dowry, jointure or purely personal property. Mutual comparison between property tenure of female sovereigns is focused on presentation of different approaches to management of property issues with a greater or lesser degree of initiative. Keywords: Princesses and queens, dowry, jointure, widow's status, location of possession,...

In the context of a changing political landscape, where shifts in state boundaries and socio-economic structures deeply affected the Italian peninsula and its people, this thesis analyses women and the law in action in the years from the Restoration up to the enactment of the Pisanelli code (1815-1865). It does so with particular reference to the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. These years also saw a number of changes in the legal system with various new laws instituted. The quick succession of these legal acts testified to the new ideas, behaviours and perceptions that began to take form in the period in question, but which the patriarchal and hierarchical nineteenth century society - so reliant on strict class stratification to perpetuate its status quo - resisted fully accepting. Within this context, women began to redefine their sense of self and to think of themselves as having an identity which went beyond their traditional domestic roles of mother, wife or daughter. This work aims to describe this process by focusing on women's attitudes towards the law and their interactions with the legal system. The thesis is structured in the following way: the first part focuses on the Ottocento context, the ideals promulgated about women in public discourse and the legal framework of the Italian peninsula. In the second part attention turns to relevant case studies from the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, brought to light by first-hand examination of archival documents and court proceedings preserved in legal journals of the time. Each part is subdivided into three chapters. After an examination of the social, political and economic context of the nineteenth-century Italian peninsula (Chapter one), the discussion presents a picture of contemporary views about women according to scientists, theorists, moralists and jurists (Chapter two). Chapter three is devoted to the law in force in the pre-unification states with regard to women, paying close attention to the institution of dowry. Chapter four deals with a selection of case studies concerning marriage promises, seduction, and extramarital relations. What emerges from the investigation is the intrusiveness of authorities and the reach they extended into people's private lives in an effort to maintain social order and exercise power within a society founded on hierarchy, immobility, and obedience. Chapter five examines lawsuits questioning dowries and wills. These acts show the families' choices to preserve their wealth, often inevitably paving the way to future discord, with women initiating lawsuits to obtain more money from their relatives. Finally, Chapter six analyses widowhood and separation, two possible moments in a woman's existence that had important implications in terms of both their intimate sphere and the devolution of wealth. In particular, the chapter traces widows' actual access to inheritance, and women's requests for separation, focusing on the reasons that drove them before a court to relate issues pertaining to their very intimate lives, such as contracting diseases. Through the analysis of the law in action and women's use of the law itself, this thesis will recover the forgotten voices and lives of those ordinary women, who, in their everyday life, reacted against the limitations and constraints imposed upon them by society and decided not to passively accept their status.

On May 7, 1581, Elisabet Vasa, Princess of Sweden, married Duke Kristoffer of Mecklenburg. The Princess was equipped with a large dowry and, by Swedish standards, an extensive collection of objects, including jewellery. The essay's thesis is that the official jewellery that Elisabet brought with her to her new court were identity-creating symbols of a performative nature that would consciously strengthen the legitimacy of the new Vasa dynasty on the international stage. The essay is based on a comparative analysis of inventories from 1581, 1593 and 1597. The essay examines and discusses the donors' and recipient's agency, or "touch", and intentions with the jewellery. The essay's result shows that parts of the thesis - that the official jewellery that Elisabet brought with her among the gifts in 1581 were identity-creating symbols of a performative nature - appear to be highly probable based on the few but significant art acts that have been possible to trace in sources and archives. According to the material of the existing study, however, the jewellery did not fulfil its intended function of strengthening the Vasa dynasty and its legitimacy on the international stage as Elisabet herself had different intentions and apparently actively worked to assimilate to her new environment as Duchess of Mecklenburg.

This study examines changing gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status under the light of t&ouml / re/yasa and shar&amp / #299 / &amp / #8216 / a among the Inner Asian Turkic and Mongolian societies and Ottomans in Anatolia especially between the thirteenth and the first half of the sixteenth centuries. In this frame, this study traces gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status in Inner Asia before the influence of Islamic culture and civilizations by using oral and written sources as well as anthropological studies. It also focuses on the formation of t&ouml / re and yasa among Inner Asian societies and shar&amp / #299 / &amp / #8216 / a in the Muslim world. Finally, this study investigates gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status in relation with customary (yasa/t&ouml / re and &ouml / rf-i sultani) and religious laws (shar&amp / #299 / &amp / #8216 / a ) among the Mongol Ilkhans, Timurids and Ottomans. Gender roles and women&amp / #8217 / s status are examined according to political, social and cultural characteristics of these dynasties from a comparative perspective.