Estruturas treliçadas de linhas de transmissão submetidas à ação do vento têm sido utilizadas de forma rotineira em aplicações da engenharia estrutural há mais de um século. Entretanto, o conhecimento dos efeitos do vento sobre este tipo de estrutura é, ainda hoje, imperfeito e as prescrições das normas a respeito destes efeitos são, em muitos casos, mutuamente inconsistentes e em desacordo com os dados experimentais. Partindo deste contexto, no caso particular de estruturas para linhas de transmissão, podemos acrescentar que as normas existentes não são, em princípio, aplicáveis à maior parte das geometrias utilizadas nos projetos das torres. Além disso, maiores níveis de segurança e confiabilidade são atingidos quando a consideração criteriosa dos efeitos do vento é feita a partir da etapa de concepção sendo, geralmente, este o processo de menor custo e de maior eficiência. Sabe-se também que o modelo físico adotado para consideração dos carregamentos difere do real, seja pela forma de atuação ou pela complexidade para estimativa da interação entre fluido-estrutura. Nesse sentido, através do presente trabalho procurou-se: desenvolver e aperfeiçoar instrumentos e técnicas de medição de coeficientes de arrasto; verificar a aplicabilidade dos critérios de estimativa do carregamento devido ao vento sobre trechos de estruturas treliçadas; propor coeficientes de arrasto compatíveis com geometrias tradicionalmente utilizadas em torres de linhas de transmissão determinados a partir da aplicação de dois critérios de área de referência, a saber, área calculada e área projetada; além de comparar os resultados experimentais com outras referências como normas técnicas de projeto. Este trabalho de pesquisa contempla o estudo de duas torres de suspensão autoportantes em túnel de vento. Para a realização dos ensaios, através de modelos reduzidos, cada torre foi dividida em módulos. Os módulos foram ensaiados para diferentes ângulos de incidência do vento e também para diferentes níveis de velocidade do vento. As forças de arrasto sobre os modelos foram determinadas através de uma balança de forças unidirecional instalada na base da câmara de ensaios. / Transmission lines lattice structures submitted to wind action have been widely used in structural engineering applications for more than a century. However, the knowledge of the wind effect on this type of structure is yet imperfect, being the codes recommendations, in several cases, inconsistent and in disagreement with the experimental data. From this point of view, in the particular case of transmission lines structures, we can add that the existing codes are not, in principle, applicable to a large amount of geometries used in the towers design. Furthermore, largest safety and reliability levels are reached when careful consideration of the wind effects is made from the conception stage, being this process, in general, the less costly and the most efficient. It is also known that the physical model adopted for the consideration of the loads differs from the real, either for the way in which the load is really applied or the complexity for an accurate estimate of the fluid-structure interaction. In this sense, the present work had the aim of: developing and improving instrumentation and measurement techniques for drag coefficients; verifying the applicability of the criteria for estimating wind loads on modules of lattice structures; proposing drag coefficients applicable to geometries traditionally adopted in transmission lines towers, obtained from the application of the two reference areas criteria, calculated area and projected area; as well as comparing experimental results with other references such as design codes. The research contemplates wind tunnel studies of two self-supported suspension towers. For the accomplishment of the tests, through scaled models, each tower was divided in modules. The modules had been tested for different angles of incidence of the wind and also for different wind speeds. The drag forces on the models were measured through a unidirectional force balance installed in the base of the models.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-04-23T00:13:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ArthurViniciusDantasDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 840223 bytes, checksum: a197958ada04d856e2f0807b2a40aca3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-23T00:26:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ArthurViniciusDantasDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 840223 bytes, checksum: a197958ada04d856e2f0807b2a40aca3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-23T00:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArthurViniciusDantasDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 840223 bytes, checksum: a197958ada04d856e2f0807b2a40aca3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-06 / A uma leitura mais atenta, o texto de Caio Fernando Abreu se apresenta m?ltiplo. Seja por uma indistin??o gen?rica que problematiza a categoriza??o de sua obra em uma inst?ncia de g?nero apenas, seja por opera??es que suspendem alguns outros sentidos temporariamente. Dessa forma, este trabalho se prop?e a encontrar esses espa?os de suspens?o, em conson?ncia com o curso ministrado no Coll?ge de France pelo escritor franc?s Roland Barthes em 1977-1978, intitulado O Neutro. Al?m disso, a an?lise comparativa teorizada por Ute Heidmann ajudar? a entender como a suspens?o da configura??o do g?nero textual propicia as zonas neutras que Barthes identificou. A an?lise se prop?e a entender a estrutura??o do texto em uma perspectiva intrincada que leve em considera??o tanto aspectos tem?ticos, quanto discursivos e estruturais. / The work of Caio Fernando Abreu has a very vast and impressive thematic horizon , which is usually the core of the papers on the work of this author . This paper proposes to understand this characteristic of a more intricate point of view : perceive and analyze how the work of the author builds itself thematically , but mainly textually . I n other words , as the text enacts his own writing . From this it is noticeable how the text of Abreu plays with some senses through textual constructions that do not impose directly sense to the reader . Thus, the research sees in the chosen corpus , the collection Os drag?es n?o conhecem o para?so ( 2014 ), the neutral as proposed by the French essayist Roland Barthes (2003 a ). This neutral is understood by Barthes as a possibility to suspend the paradigms that constitute the sense, what exactly justifies the noticeable game in the work of Abreu . This game , to Roland Barthes , is precisely the literature. If the paradigm involves transforming the language , and all language expressions, in a way to propagate ideologies , the literature does not escape this fate . In order to escape this fate , you must fight the language internally ; we must play wit h the language . The neutral is the possibility of the game. Thus , the study sought neutral in Caio Fernando Abreu short stories , presenting it and analyzing it through " figures" which, for Barthes , is a way of perceiving the neut ral through texts , but not in a prescriptive manner. It was proposed , in the analysis , then understand the " Subjectivities ", the " Default ", the " Body " and " Disease " , for example, as possibilities of the game . Finally , in many Abreu?s work instances , the neutral is achieved by textual operations that are not in themselves neutral , but which achieve a " neutral effect ", which explains the game , the literature, in the texts of Caio Fernando Abreu .

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandaAR_DISSERT.pdf: 8485678 bytes, checksum: eca5de592a0a48a71b782d8289da3a31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / The great importance in selecting the profile of an aircraft wing concerns the fact that its relevance in the performance thereof; influencing this displacement costs (fuel consumption, flight level, for example), the conditions of flight safety (response in critical condition) of the plane. The aim of this study was to examine the aerodynamic parameters that affect some types of wing profile, based on wind tunnel testing, to determine the aerodynamic efficiency of each one of them. We compared three types of planforms, chosen from considerations about the characteristics of the aircraft model. One of them has a common setup, and very common in laboratory classes to be a sort of standard aerodynamic, it is a symmetrical profile. The second profile shows a conFiguration of the concave-convex type, the third is also a concave-convex profile, but with different implementation of the second, and finally, the fourth airfoil profile has a plano-convex. Thus, three different categories are covered in profile, showing the main points of relevance to their employment. To perform the experiment used a wind tunnel-type open circuit, where we analyzed the pressure distribution across the surface of each profile. Possession of the drag polar of each wing profile can be, from the theoretical basis of this work, the aerodynamic characteristics relate to the expected performance of the experimental aircraft, thus creating a selection model with guaranteed performance aerodynamics. It is believed that the philosophy used in this dissertation research validates the results, resulting in an experimental alternative for reliable implementation of aerodynamic testing in models of planforms / A import?ncia na escolha do perfil de asa de uma aeronave ? fun??o de sua relev?ncia no seu desempenho; influenciando desde os custos de deslocamento (consumo de combust?vel, n?vel de v?o, por exemplo), a condi??es de seguran?a do v?o (resposta em condi??es cr?ticas) do avi?o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar quatro perfis de asa a fim de determinar alguns dos principais par?metros envolvidos no comportamento aerodin?mico e determinar a efici?ncia de cada um deles baseado em experimenta??o em t?nel de vento. Compararam-se quatro perfis de asa, escolhidos a partir de considera??es acerca das caracter?sticas do modelo da aeronave. Um deles apresenta uma configura??o sim?trica usual, sendo muito comum em aulas de laborat?rio por ser uma esp?cie de padr?o aerodin?mico. O segundo perfil apresenta uma configura??o do tipo c?ncavo-convexo; o terceiro, tamb?m ? um perfil c?ncavo-convexo, por?m, com aplica??o distinta do segundo; e, finalmente, o quarto aerof?lio possui um perfil plano-convexo. Para a realiza??o do experimento utilizou-se um t?nel aerodin?mico do tipo circuito aberto, onde analisaram-se as distribui??es de press?o em toda a superf?cie de cada perfil. De posse da curva polar de arrasto de cada perfil de asa pode-se, a partir da base te?rica deste trabalho, relacionar as caracter?sticas aerodin?micas ? expectativa de desempenho da aeronave experimental tipo JN-1, gerando assim um modelo de sele??o com garantia de performance aerodin?mica. Acredita-se que a filosofia de pesquisa utilizada nesta disserta??o legitima os resultados obtidos, consistindo-se em uma alternativa experimental confi?vel para execu??o de testes aerodin?micos em modelos de perfis de asa

Estruturas treliçadas de linhas de transmissão submetidas à ação do vento têm sido utilizadas de forma rotineira em aplicações da engenharia estrutural há mais de um século. Entretanto, o conhecimento dos efeitos do vento sobre este tipo de estrutura é, ainda hoje, imperfeito e as prescrições das normas a respeito destes efeitos são, em muitos casos, mutuamente inconsistentes e em desacordo com os dados experimentais. Partindo deste contexto, no caso particular de estruturas para linhas de transmissão, podemos acrescentar que as normas existentes não são, em princípio, aplicáveis à maior parte das geometrias utilizadas nos projetos das torres. Além disso, maiores níveis de segurança e confiabilidade são atingidos quando a consideração criteriosa dos efeitos do vento é feita a partir da etapa de concepção sendo, geralmente, este o processo de menor custo e de maior eficiência. Sabe-se também que o modelo físico adotado para consideração dos carregamentos difere do real, seja pela forma de atuação ou pela complexidade para estimativa da interação entre fluido-estrutura. Nesse sentido, através do presente trabalho procurou-se: desenvolver e aperfeiçoar instrumentos e técnicas de medição de coeficientes de arrasto; verificar a aplicabilidade dos critérios de estimativa do carregamento devido ao vento sobre trechos de estruturas treliçadas; propor coeficientes de arrasto compatíveis com geometrias tradicionalmente utilizadas em torres de linhas de transmissão determinados a partir da aplicação de dois critérios de área de referência, a saber, área calculada e área projetada; além de comparar os resultados experimentais com outras referências como normas técnicas de projeto. Este trabalho de pesquisa contempla o estudo de duas torres de suspensão autoportantes em túnel de vento. Para a realização dos ensaios, através de modelos reduzidos, cada torre foi dividida em módulos. Os módulos foram ensaiados para diferentes ângulos de incidência do vento e também para diferentes níveis de velocidade do vento. As forças de arrasto sobre os modelos foram determinadas através de uma balança de forças unidirecional instalada na base da câmara de ensaios. / Transmission lines lattice structures submitted to wind action have been widely used in structural engineering applications for more than a century. However, the knowledge of the wind effect on this type of structure is yet imperfect, being the codes recommendations, in several cases, inconsistent and in disagreement with the experimental data. From this point of view, in the particular case of transmission lines structures, we can add that the existing codes are not, in principle, applicable to a large amount of geometries used in the towers design. Furthermore, largest safety and reliability levels are reached when careful consideration of the wind effects is made from the conception stage, being this process, in general, the less costly and the most efficient. It is also known that the physical model adopted for the consideration of the loads differs from the real, either for the way in which the load is really applied or the complexity for an accurate estimate of the fluid-structure interaction. In this sense, the present work had the aim of: developing and improving instrumentation and measurement techniques for drag coefficients; verifying the applicability of the criteria for estimating wind loads on modules of lattice structures; proposing drag coefficients applicable to geometries traditionally adopted in transmission lines towers, obtained from the application of the two reference areas criteria, calculated area and projected area; as well as comparing experimental results with other references such as design codes. The research contemplates wind tunnel studies of two self-supported suspension towers. For the accomplishment of the tests, through scaled models, each tower was divided in modules. The modules had been tested for different angles of incidence of the wind and also for different wind speeds. The drag forces on the models were measured through a unidirectional force balance installed in the base of the models.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T19:43:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Viviane_Martini.pdf: 1568577 bytes, checksum: 72e41f1d3b7692de6daf74cd82f03229 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T21:26:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Viviane_Martini.pdf: 1568577 bytes, checksum: 72e41f1d3b7692de6daf74cd82f03229 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T21:26:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Viviane_Martini.pdf: 1568577 bytes, checksum: 72e41f1d3b7692de6daf74cd82f03229 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Sem bolsa / O processo de construção social do sujeito se estabelece muito cedo, muito antes dele entender que está fazendo parte dele. Assim, os contos de fada, ao serem apresentados, irão auxiliar na construção de identidades, pois neles encontramos uma repetição de normas, que são mantidas pela tradição, favorecendo “as noções patriarcais e reacionárias de gênero, etnia, comportamento, e classe social” (ZIPES, 2006, p. 2). Nesse sentido, percebemos que nessas narrativas há uma falta de representatividade de corpos. Autoras feministas, buscando um meio de repensar ou ressignificar os contos de fada, propuseram processos de rewriting, que fugissem dos estereótipos de gênero e ideologias patriarcais. Esse trabalho, partindo de versões anteriores – Giambattista Basile, Charles Perrault e Jakob e Wilhelm Grimm (Irmãos Grimm), e também da animação dos Estúdios Walt Disney – realiza um estudo comparado de cinco rewritings de Cinderela – Lee, When the Clock Stikes (1983), Donogue, The Tale of the Shoe (1997), Walker, Cinder-Helle (1996), Yolen, Cinder-Elephant (2000), Block, Glass (2000)–, tendo como base os conceitos de identidade feminina, corpo e montaria do feminino. Para tanto, nosso aporte teórico centra-se em conceitos oriundos dos estudos de gênero, principalmente a noção de performatividade de Judith Butler, e dos estudos queer. O foco é, portanto, a representação do corpo feminino na figura da protagonista, visto que analisamos a construção do gênero a partir da montaria para o baile e as relações estabelecidas com o pai, a mãe, a madrasta, as irmãs, e o príncipe. / The process of social construction of the subject is established very early, long before he understands that he is a part of it. Thus, fairy tales, when presented, will assist in the construction of identities, for in them we find a repetition of norms, which are maintained by tradition, favoring "patriarchal and reactionary notions of gender, ethnicity, behavior, and social class" (ZIPES, 2006, p. 2). In this sense, we realize that in these narratives there is a lack of representation of bodies. Feminist writers, seeking ways to rethink or resignify fairy tales, have proposed rewriting processes that avoided gender stereotypes and patriarchal ideologies. This work, starting from previous versions - Giambattista Basile, Charles Perrault and Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm (Brothers Grimm), as well as the animation of the Walt Disney Studios - performs a comparative study of five rewritings of Cinderella - Lee, When the Clock strikes (1983), Donoghue, The Tale of the Shoe (1997), Walker, Cinder-Helle (1996), Yolen, Cinder-Elephant (2000), Block, Glass (2000) -, based on the concepts of female identity, body and feminine impersonation. Thus, our theoretical approach focuses on concepts derived from gender studies, mainly Judith Butler's notion of performativity, and queer studies. The focus is, therefore, the representation of the female body in the figure of the protagonist, since we analyze the construction of the gender from the impersonation to the ball and the relations established with the father, the mother, the stepmother, the sisters, and the prince.

Orientadores: Edvaldo Sabadini, Rosângela Barros Zanoni Lopes Moreno / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T12:17:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_RobertaKamei_D.pdf: 3168201 bytes, checksum: 311be9e2895bc6d972563662136638fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O presente trabalho descreve o potencial das micelas gigantes como aditivos para facilitar operações de gravel-pack. O objetivo da operação de completação gravel-pack é obtenção de um filtro de areia ou cerâmica (gravel) capaz de conter areia da formação durante a produção de um poço de petróleo. As micelas gigantes podem ser utilizadas na fase de preenchimento do gravel-pack, com a finalidade de produzir um sistema capaz de reduzir as perdas de carga geradas pelo fluxo turbulento do fluido (por redução de atrito hidrodinâmico), melhorar a homogeneidade da distribuição de areia na dispersão e, consequentemente, viabilizar a operação em cenários de janela operacional estreita. O fênomeno de redução de atrito hidrodinâmico está relacionado com a menor energia requerida para o escoamento de líquidos em regime turbulento, quando certas macromoléculas estão dissolvidas. Estudos indicam que a redução de atrito hidrodinâmico pode estar diretamente relacionada à flexibilidade e ao tamanho de macromoléculas, que podem interagir com os vórtices e evitar a dissipação da energia. Soluções de alguns surfactantes, em determinadas condições, podem formar micelas alongadas (gigantes). O sistema resultante possui algumas características de soluções poliméricas, sendo capaz de produzir o mesmo efeito, sem, no entanto, sofrer degradação mecânica devido ao bombeamento ou cisalhamento prolongado. Foram desenvolvidos estudos fundamentais a partir de medidas reológicas, calorimétricas e de espalhamento dinâmico de luz para investigar a estabilidade térmica e mecânica de micelas gigantes formadas por surfactantes catiônicos e ânions aromáticos. Em seguida, foram avaliadas as melhores composições, nas quais se obtiveram significativos níveis de redução de atrito hidrodinâmico em condições de temperaturas de fundo de poço, em soluções de alta salinidade e usando-se micelas gigantes formadas por surfactantes comerciais. Os resultados desses estudos fundamentais foram utilizados para avaliar o desempenho das micelas gigantes em circuitos de escoamento. Também foi verificado o efeito da presença das micelas gigantes no arraste do grão de areia, em condições próximas às das operações de gravel-pack / Abstract: This thesis describes the potential of wormlike micelles as additives to improve gravel-pack operations. The aim of the completion operation of grave-pack is to create a sand or ceramic filter able to contain the sand formation during the gravel-pack operation in order to produce a system capable of reducing friction losses on a fluid in turbulent flow (by drag reduction), to improve the homogeneity of the distribution of sand dispersion and thus facilitate the operation in case of narrow window scenarios. The phenomenon of drag reduction is related to the lower energy required for liquid transports in turbulent flow when certain macromolecules are dissolved. Studies indicate that drag reduction can be directly related to the flexibility and size of the macromolecules, which can interact with the vortices and prevent dissipation of energy. Solutions of some surfactants, under certain conditions, can form long micelles (wormlike micelles). The resulting system has some characteristics of polymer solutions, being able to produce the same effect, however without suffering degradation due to pumping or high shear. Fundamental studies were conducted using rheological, calorimetric and dynamic light scattering measurements in order to investigate the thermal and mechanical stability of wormlike micelles formed by cationic surfactants and aromatic anions. Then, the best compositions were evaluated, which were obtained significant levels of drag reduction under bottom hole temperature, in solutions of high salinity and using wormlike micelles formed by commercial surfactants. The results of these fundamental studies were used to evaluate the performance of wormlike micelles in flow loops. We also checked the effect of the presence / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutora em Ciências

Orientadores: Regina Maura Bueno Franco, Romeu Cantusio Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T10:40:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BarrosJunior_AntoniodeLima_M.pdf: 1672242 bytes, checksum: 0bd26a05a56bc387ae7abcdcf5d0c478 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os protozoários patogênicos gastrointestinais, Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. estão amplamente presentes em ambientes aquáticos e suas formas infectantes (oocistos e cistos), são resistentes às condições ambientais (temperatura e radiação solar) e ao processo de desinfecção da água (principalmente à cloração). Inúmeros surtos de gastroenterite foram causados por estes organismos devido à veiculação hídrica, sendo que estes protozoários patogênicos tornaram-se uma preocupação constante para os sistemas produtores de água. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: verificar a ocorrência de cistos de Giardia spp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em amostras de água do rio Capivari em dois pontos, identificados como CAP1 (localizado na estação de tratamento de água ETA Capivari) e CAP2 (à montante da mesma estação), avaliar a interface sedimento-água no ponto CAP1, com periodicidade mensal de agosto 2009 à Janeiro 2011, avaliar a qualidade da água mediante análise microbiológica e físico-química deste manancial. Para os ensaios parasitológicos, foi empregada a técnica de filtração em membrana de acordo com Franco et al., (2001) e visualização mediante reação de imunofluorescência direta (RID) com anticorpos monoclonais comerciais para visualização de cistos e oocistos; para ensaios microbiológicos visando a detecção de coliformes termotolerantes, utilizou-se a técnica de tubos múltiplos de acordo com os procedimentos descritos no STANDARD METHODS 21a edição (APHA, AWWA, WEF, 2005). As análises das amostras da Interface sedimento-água foram processadas pela técnica de centrífugo-concentração através da metodologia que emprega desagregação química acrescida de desagregação físico-química por ultrassom. Ao todo, 36 amostras de água bruta superficial e 18 amostras da interface sedimento-água foram coletadas. Nos pontos CAP1 e CAP2, cistos de Giardia spp. foram detectados em 94,1 % e 100,0 % das amostras, respectivamente; na interface sedimento-água 94,5 % das amostras foram positivas para cistos de Giardia spp. Oocistos de Cryptosporidium foram detectados no ponto CAP1 em 6,6 % das amostras, em 13,3 % das amostras no ponto Cap2 e em 16,6 % das amostras da interface sedimento-água durante toda a pesquisa. Ambos os protozoários foram detectados nas diferentes amostras do rio Capivari / Abstract: The gastrointestinal pathogenic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are ubiquitous in aquatic environment and their infectious forms (cysts and oocysts) are resistant to environmental conditions (temperature and solar radiation) and the water disinfection process (mainly chlorination). Numerous outbreaks of gastroenteritis were caused by these organisms due to waterborne transmission and these parasitic protozoa have become a constant concern for systems producing water. The aims of this research were: to investigate the occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples of Capivari River in two sites identified as CAP1 ( in the plant of water treatment named ETA Capivari) and CAP2 (upstream from the same plant); to evaluate the sediment-water interface in site CAP1, from august 2009 to january 2011, to assess water quality of this source by microbiological and physical-chemical analysis. For parasitological assays, the membrane filter technique according to Franco et al. (2001) was employed followed by visualization by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with commercial monoclonal antibody kit for enumerating cysts and oocysts. For microbiological tests aiming the detection of thermo tolerant coliforms, multiple tubes technique was used according to the procedures described in STANDARD METHODS 21a edition (APHA, AWWA, WEF, 2005). The analysis of the sediment-water interface samples were made by centrifugation and concentration technique through the methodology that uses chemical disaggregation followed by physical-chemical disaggregation using ultrasonic equipment. 36 fresh water samples and 18 sediment-water interface samples were collected. In CAP1 and CAP2 sites, cysts of Giardia were detected in 94,1 % and 100% of the samples, respectively; in sediment-water interface, 94,5 % of the samples presented Giardia cysts. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 6,6 % of the samples from CAP1 site, in 13,3 % samples from CAP2 site and in 16,6 % of the samples from sediment-water interface during all the research. Both protozoa were detected in different samples of the Capivari river / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

Abstract Gas removal from the papermaking process is currently a standard practice, whereas purification of the internal water circulation has become common only recently. Both unit processes have progressed greatly during recent decades and new concepts are constantly being developed. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the efficiency and applicability of a channel flow design introduced by Metso for passive white water deaeration and to study the dynamics of passive bubbly gas removal. In addition, separation of the detrimental process water components by selective flotation during deaeration was studied to add further functionality to the channel flow design. Turbulent mixing at the flow discharge and the consequent air entrainment were seen to limit the gas separation efficiency. Also, the properties of different white waters notably affect their deaeration through viscous forces, the concentration of surface active components and bubble-particle interactions. Thus similar levels of gas separation cannot be achieved with all process waters. The analysis showed that the drag of small microbubbles is mostly caused by hydrophobic contamination and the dispersed particles that readily attach to the bubbles. Correlations were derived based on experimental data to provide new information on the drag force experienced by small bubbles in white waters. Chemically unaided flotation of white water in the channel flow was shown to be efficient in separating hydrophobic contaminants that have adverse effects on paper machine production and product quality. Both good reductions in contaminant content and high selectivity in their removal were achieved. Channel flow with an overflow can be considered well suited for the first stage of froth separation, while further treatment of the channel flow reject may consist of a secondary flotation or other process that enables the recirculation of fines and fillers. Although a certain level of losses of fines and fillers must be expected, substantial fraction of these solid components can be returned to the process stream. The proposed multifunctional process, channel flow deaeration and frothing of white water, was seen to be straightforward, economical and feasible while also providing benefits in terms of total process efficiency that are not delivered by any current process scheme. The experimental parameters presented here regarding bubble dynamics and flotation efficiency can be used to achieve better models of these processes.

Cette thèse est une partie du projet ONEMA pour le dimensionnement des passes à poissons et pour l’amélioration de la continuité écologique des cours d’eau. Ce travail s’est concentré sur les passes à poissons naturelles qui présentent des avantages de coût et paysager. Il s’agit d’un écoulement à forte pente autour des blocs (macro-rugosités) régulièrement repartis en quinconce avec des grands nombres de Froude. Les conditions hydrodynamiques sont alors très diverses, et peuvent être franchissables par un nombre élargi d’espèces de poisson. Ce mémoire présente les travaux réalisés à l’Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT). Afin d’étudier l’écoulement dans ces passes, on va mener des expériences sur des canaux réduits ainsi que des simulations numériques à l’aide du modèle Telemac 2D. L’objectif est de mieux connaître la structure de l’écoulement en fonction des conditions hydrauliques et géométriques comme le nombre, la forme et la taille des macro-rugosités. Plus particulièrement, la compréhension de l’interaction de phénomènes physiques généralement étudiés séparément, tels que le passage en régime torrentiel, l’interaction de sillage ou l’écoulement autour de macro-rugosités, a été recherchée. Des relations hauteur-débit ont été établies permettant une aider au dimensionnement des passes naturelles. Elles fournissent des critères de franchissement comme les vitesses maximales, la puissance dissipée ou la hauteur d’eau minimale. Pour atteindre une description plus locale de l’écoulement, des mesures de Vélocimétrie Acoustiques Doppler ont été conduites. Elles ont aussi permis de définir la plage de validité du modèle numérique 2D (Telemac). Ce modèle a alors était utilisé pour extrapoler les critères de franchissement pour des configurations non testées expérimentalement. Finalement, les connaissances sur l’écoulement ont été synthétisées pour définir des préconisations générales de dimensionnement. La précision des relations établies en laboratoire a pu aussi être vérifiée sur des passes réelles. L’hydrodynamique de ces passes est maintenant suffisamment connue pour savoir si un poisson peut remonter le courant et se reposer. Il restera à s’assurer que leur attractivité soit bonne et que des phénomènes liés aux échelles de longueurs de la turbulence ne présentent un obstacle au franchissement. / This thesis is supported by an ONEMA project for the design of fishways and improve ecological continuity of rivers. This work focused on nature-like fish passes that have cost and landscaped appearance advantages. There is a steep flow around the blocks (macro-roughness) regularly distributed in a staggered configuration with large Froude numbers. The hydrodynamic conditions are sufficiently different to be passable by an expanded number of fish species. This thesis presents the work carried out at the Institute of Fluid Mechanics of Toulouse (IMFT). To study the flow in these passes, experiments are conducted on physical models and numerical simulations using the Telemac 2D model. The goal is to better understand the flow structure based on hydraulic and geometric conditions such as the number, shape and size of macro-roughness. In particular, we considered the interaction of physical phenomena usually studied separately such that the passage in supercritical regime, the interaction of wake or flow around macro-roughness. The stage-discharge relationships were established to assist in the design of nature-like passes. They provide criteria useful for passability such as maximum speeds, power dissipation or minimal water height. To reach a local description of the flow measurements with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter were conducted. They also helped to define the valid range of the 2D model. This model was then used to extrapolate passability criteria for untested experimental configurations. Finally, the knowledge on flow has been synthesized to define general recommendations sizing. It has also been able to verify on real scale passes, the accuracy of the relations established in the laboratory. The hydrodynamics of these passes is now sufficiently described to know if a fish can swim upstream and rest. It will remain to ensure that their attractiveness is good and that phenomena related to the turbulence length scales do not present an obstacle to the fish passage.

The work performed in this thesis explores new ways of reducing the drag of ground vehicles. Specifically, the effect of plasma actuators are investigated numerically with the intention to delay separation around a half-cylinder, a geometry chosen to represent a simplified A-pillar of a truck. The plasma actuators have to be included in turbulent flow simulations. Therefore, emphasis is first put on finding a numerical model that can reproduce the effect of the plasma without increasing the computational cost. This effect is modeled through a body force term added to the Navier-Stokes equations. To determine the strength and spatial extent of this body force, optimization was performed to minimize the difference between experimental and simulated profiles of plasma induced velocity.  The plasma actuator model is thereafter used in Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of the flow around a half-cylinder at Reynolds number Re=65*10^3 and Re=32*10^3. Two types of actuation cases are performed. In the first case, a single actuator is used. In the second case, a pair of consecutive actuators are used, and their position on the half-cylinder is changed. It is found that a drag reduction of up to 10% is achievable. Moreover, the ideal location for actuation is determined to be near the separation point of the non-actuated flow.  Finally, dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is investigated as a tool to extract coherent dynamic structures from a turbulent flow field. The DMD is first used to analyze a channel flow where pulsations are imposed at a known frequency. It is found that DMD gives similar results to phase averaging done at the oscillation frequency. However, the presence of turbulence noise hinders the ability to identify modes at higher harmonics. The DMD is also used to post-process the half-cylinder flow case. There, it is found that the spectrum of the wake is broadband. Nevertheless, modes within distinct frequency ranges are found to be located in distinct spatial regions. / Arbetet som utförts i denna avhandling undersöker nya sätt att minska luftmotstånd hos markfordon. Speciellt undersöks numeriskt effekten av plasmaaktuatorer med avsikten att uppnå fördröjd separation av strömningen kring en halvcylinder, en geometri vald för att representera en förenklad A-stolpe på en lastbil.  För att kunna utföra studien behöver plasmaaktuatorer kunna ingå i beräkningar av turbulenta strömningsfält. Därför undersöks först sätt för att hitta en numerisk modell som kan reproducera effekten av plasma utan att öka beräkningskostnad. Plasmaaktuatorn  modelleras i detta arbete genom att ett källterm adderas till Navier-Stokes ekvationer. För att bestämma styrkan och den rumsliga utbredningen hos källtermen, utförs en optimering för att minimera skillnaden mellan experimentella och simulerade profiler av plasma inducerad strömningshastighet.  Plasmaaktuatormodellen används därefter i Large Eddy Simulations (LES) för att beräkna strömningen kring en halvcylinder med Reynolds tal Re=65*10^3 och Re=32*10^3. Två typer av fall studeras. I det första fallet används en enda aktuator. I det andra fallet, är ett par på varandra följande aktuatorer placerade, där aktuatorernas position på halvcylinder ändras. Resultaten visar att en luftmotståndsminskning på upp till 10% kan erhållas. Den idealiska platsen för aktuatorn bedöms vara nära den punkt där strömningen utan aktuator separerar. Slutligen undersöks Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) som ett verktyg för att extrahera koherenta dynamiska strukturer i en turbulent strömning. DMD används först för att analysera pulserande kanalströmning där pulsationen har en känd frekvens. Resultaten visar att DMD ger liknande resultat som då fas-medelvärdesbildning görs vid oscillationsfrekvensen. Förekomsten av turbulens buller hindrar dock möjligheten att identifiera moder vid högre övertoner. DMD används också för att analysera strömningen kring halv-cylindern. I avhandlingen visas att spektrat i vaken är bredbandigt men att även moder inom distinkta frekvensintervall fanns vara belägna i avgränsade områden i vaken. / <p>QC 20170117</p>