published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1948.pdf: 3986602 bytes, checksum: 9a132909614ce941cb0b3e605d507bed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-19 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Contaminated sediments is a worldwide problem, and mobilization of contaminants is one of the most critical issue in environmental risk assessment when dredging projects are concerned. Considering this, we decided to investigate if and how toxic metals and persistent organic compounds such as PAH and PCB are mobilized during dredging operations in the Port of Santos channel (São Paulo State, SE Brazil) in an attempt to assess changes in bioavailability and toxicity of those contaminants. Samples were collected in the dredging site before dredging, in the dredge s hopper (suction hopper dredge) and in the disposal site and its surroundings. Metals and persistent organic compounds were extracted from sediment samples according to USEPA methods for environmental samples. Ecotoxicological assessment was done on bulk sediment samples and in its pore water and elutriate. Results have shown that bulk sediments from the dredging sites are moderately contaminated with As, Pb and Zn and most severely with Hg, as well as had relatively high PCBs and PAHs concentrations (0,8 mg kg-1 for total Hg and 470 μg kg-1 for total PAHs, for example). These results have also shown a 50% increase in the total PAHs concentration in total suspended solids of the water samples collected inside of the dredge s hopper (679 μg kg-1 total PAHs on the total suspended solids against 479 μg kg-1 on bulk sediments from the channel collected on Alemoa terminal). This finding is of great concern as these data refer to the dredge overflow water which is pumped back to the ecosystem during dredging operations. Toxicity tests done with bulk sediment using the amphipod Tiburonella viscana did not show any toxicity, but the tests with the larvae of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus showed toxicity to the interstitial waters and elutriates of samples collected in the channel (dredging site), disposal site (sea site) and dredge´s hopper. In this study we also compared the obtained results to the widely used sediment quality guidelines (ERL and ERM), and to a sediment quality assessment scheme (based on various lines of evidence), as well as, to the Brazilian National Council for the Environment resolution called CONAMA 344/04. It can be seen in the results obtained in microcosm experiments (laboratory) that some organic compounds, mainly fluoranthene and pyrene, can be released from the sediments to the water. Such release was detected in the analysis of these compounds adsorbed in semi-permeable membranes (SPMDs) used in these tests. We hope that the results of this study will be used in the future to support a better planning of management strategies in dredging operations and sediment disposal in marine environment in Brazil. / Este trabalho visa avaliar os impactos causados pelas atividades de dragagem sobre a qualidade dos sedimentos do canal do Porto de Santos, priorizando o levantamento de dados tendo em vista o entendimento das alterações da partição, biodisponibilidade e toxicidade de contaminantes decorrentes destas atividades. Esta avaliação foi realizada através da determinação da concentração de contaminantes químicos (nutrientes, metais e compostos orgânicos xenobióticos) dos sedimentos (fração fracamente ligada), de suas águas intersticiais e elutriatos, e também, através de uma avaliação ecotoxicológica. As amostras foram coletadas nos sítios de dragagem (previamente à mesma) em cinco pontos do canal (dois próximos ao Terminal da Alemoa, dois no Terminal de Conteineres e um em frente ao Armazém 23), na draga após a dragagem (no interior da cisterna) e no sítio de disposição (antes e após a abertura da cisterna do navio). Os metais e os compostos orgânicos foram extraídos de acordo com os métodos da USEPA com extração por ácido nítrico e peróxido de hidrogênio para metais e ácido nítrico, sulfúrico e permanganato de potássio para mercúrio e com mistura hexano/acetona em ultra-som para compostos orgânicos. Os metais são determinados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e os compostos orgânicos são determinados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados a diferentes valores-guia de qualidade de sedimentos e aos critérios numéricos para a avaliação e classificação da qualidade de sedimentos a serem dragados que constam da Resolução CONAMA Nº 344/04. A partir dos resultados alcançados, foi possível constatar a contaminação do sítio de estudo por compostos orgânicos (como PAH e n-alcanos) e por metais (como Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) e pelo semimetal As em níveis moderados e uma contaminação mais acentuada por Hg. As concentrações dos sedimentos do terminal da Alemoa estiveram na ordem de 470 μg kg-1 para PAH totais e 0,8 mg kg-1 para Hg total, sendo que este último violou os níveis 1 e 2 da Resolução CONAMA Nº 344/04. Nos testes de toxicidade, embora nos testes realizados com anfípodos (Tiburonella viscana), o sedimento integral em si não tenha se mostrado tóxico, suas águas intersticiais e elutriatos mostraram-se tóxicas nos testes realizados com larvas de ouriços (Lytechinus variegatus). Pôde-se, também, observar que o material particulado suspenso, coletado no interior da cisterna da draga, apresenta uma concentração maior destes elementos comparando-se ao sedimento original (679 μg kg-1 de PAH totais nos sólidos totais suspensos contra 479 μg kg-1 nos sedimentos do canal coletados no terminal da Alemoa) e, como durante a dragagem este material retorna ao ambiente através do overflow (eliminação da água excedente da cisterna da draga), é de se esperar um impacto negativo causado pelo retorno desses particulados e contaminantes ao ambiente. A partir dos experimentos de microcosmos desenvolvidos, pôde-se constatar que alguns compostos orgânicos, em especial fluoranteno e pireno, são liberados do sedimento para a coluna d'água, fato constatado pelo aumento da concentração desses compostos adsorvidos nas membranas semi-permeáveis (SPMDs) empregadas para tal fim, técnica esta, que poderia ser empregada em programas de monitoramento de atividades de dragagem. Espera-se que, de alguma forma, este trabalho possa contribuir, no futuro, a um melhor planejamento de estratégias de manejo e de tomada de ações para operações de dragagem e disposição de material dragado no ambiente marinho no Brasil.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2009. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-20T17:59:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimativas da contaminação dos sedimentos dragados no porto de Rio Grande para disposição em solo..pdf: 1923559 bytes, checksum: 6f97d179c3f2dee35f932ef048833ef4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-09T00:57:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimativas da contaminação dos sedimentos dragados no porto de Rio Grande para disposição em solo..pdf: 1923559 bytes, checksum: 6f97d179c3f2dee35f932ef048833ef4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-09T00:57:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estimativas da contaminação dos sedimentos dragados no porto de Rio Grande para disposição em solo..pdf: 1923559 bytes, checksum: 6f97d179c3f2dee35f932ef048833ef4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os níveis de contaminação dos sedimentos do canal de acesso ao Porto de Rio Grande – RS, com vistas a sua disposição em terra. Foram analisados os seguintes elementos: As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, COT, N-Total e P-Total. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos do Programa de Monitoramento elaborado pela FURG, em 2006, para a SUPRG, para o licenciamento de dragagem de manutenção. Em contraste a estes dados foram utilizados, também, àqueles gerados pela MRS, em 2007, para o licenciamento da obra de prolongamento dos molhes e aprofundamento do canal de acesso ao porto (de 40 para 60 pés). Os três níveis em que foram coletadas as amostras (Topo, Meio e Fundo) foram submetidos ao teste t, para diferenças entre médias, comparados dois a dois. Para cada elemento proposto, foram ajustadas as distribuições de probabilidade, Beta, Gama, Normal, Log-Normal e Weibull. A significância do ajuste das distribuições ao conjunto de dados foi verificada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A partir das distribuições que melhor ajustaram-se aos dados observados, foi calculado, para cada elemento o valor esperado para o nível de probabilidade de 0,99. Os valores estimados foram comparados àqueles estabelecidos pela legislação em vigor. Não existem diferenças significativas, ao nível d probabilidade α=0,05, entre os três diferentes níveis amostrados, nas duas séries analisadas. As distribuições que melhor modelaram os dados foram a Beta e a Normal. Os teores encontrados (P≤0,99) comparados aos limites estabelecidos na legislação pertinente denotam que os sedimentos dragados nos canais do porto de Rio Grande poderiam ser dispostos em terra sem impactos significativos ao ambiente. / This work estimates the levels of contamination of the sediments in the access channels to port of Rio Grande - RS, with views at land disposition. The following elements were analyzed: As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, COT, total N and total P. The used data were obtained of the Monitoring Program developed by FURG, in 2006, for SUPRG, for the licensing of maintenance dredging. It is composed by a group of 12 sediment cores, with samples collected in three levels of depth. Opposing these datas, was also used the information generated by MRS, in 2007, for the licensing of thework jetties prolongation and deepening of the access channel to the port (from 40 ft to 60ft). This series is constituted of a group of 111 sample points of which 31 are cores in three depth levels. The different levels were submitted to the ttest, for differences among the averages, comparedtwo by two. For each proposed element, probability distributions were adjusted, searching the ones that best represented the series of the data. The tested distributions were: Beta, Gama, Normal, Log-normal and Weibull. The significance of the adjustment of the distributions to the dataset was verified through the test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Considering the best distributions adjusted to the observed data, calculations were made, for each element the expected value for the level of probability of 0,99. It doesn’t significant differences, at the probability level α=0,05, among the three different depth sampled, in the both series analyzed. The distributions that best modeled the data were the Beta and the Normal.The estimated values were compared to those established by the legislation. The results found demonstrate that these sediments could be disposed in land without significant impacts to the environment.

Orientador: Edson Tomaz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T17:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lia_LuisRenatoBastos_D.pdf: 1478862 bytes, checksum: 73ecd7db93a5bf1d1ee89c38d2c003b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A Costa da Mata Atlântica é uma região do Estado de São Paulo com uma grande importância econômica, principalmente devido ao porto de Santos, o maior da América Latina e ao complexo industrial de Cubatão. O estuário da região foi impactado ao longo de anos pelas atividades antrópicas das indústrias, porto e da população residente nas vizinhanças do estuário. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento e aplicação de uma metodologia integrada para um diagnóstico ambiental da área de influência do descarte do material dragado no sistema estuarino de Santos. Nas campanhas de monitoramento foram avaliadas a qualidade das águas e sedimentos através de análises físico-químicas e ecotoxicológicas. As amostras foram coletadas em nove estações de amostragem, sendo uma delas na região de disposição do material dragado e as demais na zona costeira dos municípios de Praia Grande, Santos, Guarujá e Bertioga. No intervalo de tempo entre as duas campanhas avaliadas, foi dado início às atividades de dragagem do canal de Piaçaguera. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos padrões da legislação brasileira para águas salinas (Resolução CONAMA nº 357/05) e sedimentos (Resolução CONAMA nº 344/04). Em uma das campanhas também foi avaliada a comunidade de fundo inconsolidado (bentos). A integração dos resultados foi realizada através de diferentes métodos incluindo técnicas de análise multivariada. A aplicação do método de Análise de Fatores elucidou a relação dos contaminantes ambientais com os efeitos biológicos observados. Confirmou-se que uma abordagem integrada utilizando diversas técnicas é necessária para caracterizar regiões impactadas. As duas campanhas avaliadas apresentaram padrões e estruturas diferentes que foram evidenciadas pela Análise de Fatores e correlações. Foi possível propor uma metodologia sistematizada para o diagnóstico da região estudada e espera-se que, de alguma forma, este trabalho possa fornecer subsídios de gestão e controle ambiental das atividades de dragagem, para as empresas envolvidas e órgãos ambientais / Abstract: The Atlantic Forest coastal plain which surrounds the city of Santos in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, has a great economic importance, principally due to the port of Santos, the largest in Latin America, and the Cubatão industrial complex. The region¿s estuary has been polluted by multiple contaminant sources for decades, due to industrial, portuary and human activities. The aim of this work is to develop and apply an integrated method of environmental assessment of the dredging disposal site in Santos estuarine system (SES). Samples of water and sediment were collected at nine monitoring stations in order to perform physical, chemical and ecotoxicological analyses. One of the stations is at the actual disposal site, while the others are situated along the shorelines of the cities of Praia Grande, Santos, Guarujá and Bertioga. The dredging activities in the Piaçaguera channel, part of SES, started between the two sampling campaigns. The results are compared with Brazilian and foreign guidelines for sediment and water quality. In one of the campaigns, the benthic community was also analysed. The results were integrated by different methods including multivariated statistical analysis. The application of Factor Analysis explained the relationship between the chemical contaminants and the observed biological responses. It was confirmed that an integrated approach with different tools is necessary to the characterization of polluted sites. It was possible to propose a diagnosis method for the region studied and contribute to the pollution control and environment assessment performed by the companies involved as well as state and federal environmental organizations / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

There are today large amounts of contaminated sediments in the Baltic Sea. These contaminants are the result of many years industrial activity where the contaminants have not been taken care of and just released out in the water. When ports want to dredge in their fairways and harbor areas the contaminated sediments need to be considered since they are a environmental risk. The development in this area has been slow and new techniques have just recently made its way into dredging operations in the Baltic Sea region. As a result of this there are no clear methods for implementing new techniques today. This study aimed to bring light to which factors are important when it comes to which technique is used and what would make the users want to invest in new techniques. In order to find a method for how implementation of new techniques for dredging and management of contaminated sediments this study has looked into which factors are of most importance when choosing technique. It has also aimed to answer which stakeholders have the biggest influence in the choice.This work has been done as a part of the Baltic Sea region project SMOCS together with the company Ecoloop. The result is based on an interview study with 3 ports in Sweden, 3 Swedish contractors, 4 Swedish government authorities as well as the port of Gdynia and port of Kokkola.This study has shown that the most important factors when it comes to which technique is used are the economical and environmental aspects as well as the relation between the two. It seems as though a common goal has not been set when it comes to dredging and how we could treat contaminated sediments. Ports and contractors do not share a common goal with the government authorities. The key stakeholders in the dredging process are the port, the contractors, the government authorities as well as the consultants. However Swedish ports only perform larger dredging operations when there is a need for it. When implementing a new technique focus should therefore be put on the other stakeholders who come in contact with dredging operations more frequently. / Det finns idag stora mängder förorenade sediment i Östersjön. Dessa föroreningar är resultatet av flera års industriell verksamhet där föroreningarna inte tagits omhand utan släppts rätt ut i vattnet. Tekniken för att muddra upp och ta hand om dessa muddermassor har under de senaste decennierna inte utvecklats så mycket i Norden. Men utvecklingen har börjat komma igång och i andra delar av Europa och USA har några nya metoder för att hantera sediment börjat användas. Ett problem som vi står inför är dock hur vi ska implementera ny miljövänlig teknik för muddring och hantering Sverige och andra länder kring Östersjön. I detta arbete har problematiken kring implementering av ny teknik studerats genom en intervjustudie med hamnar, entreprenörer och myndigheter främst i Sverige men även några hamnar runt Östersjön. På hamnarna har miljöansvarig för hamnen intervjuats och de myndigheter och entreprenörer som varit med i studien är de som är kopplade till den pilotstudie som görs i Gävle hamn. Arbetet har utförts som en del i projektet SMOCS i samarbete med företaget Ecoloop.För att finna en metod för hur implementering av ny teknik för muddring och hantering av förorenade sediment i hamnområden kan gå till har denna studie undersökt vilka faktorer som är viktiga vid val av teknik, vilka aktörer som är delaktiga i beslutet samt hur detta kan göras för att främja en hållbar utveckling. I dagsläget verkar det inte finnas några klara implementeringsmetoder för ny teknik eftersom utvecklingen inom det här området inte varit så stor de senaste åren. Det är först nu som nya metoder att hantera och muddra förorenade massor kommit in på marknaden i Sverige och Norden.Studien har visat att faktorer som är viktiga vid val av teknik är framförallt ekonomi och miljöpåverkan. Även relationen mellan ekonomin och de miljömässiga fördelar tekniken erbjuder är viktiga att ta ställning till. De aktörer som är viktigast vid valet av teknik är hamnen, entreprenören, myndigheterna samt konsulterna. Däremot muddrar endast de flesta hamnarna i större omfattning när behovet uppstår och därför bör störst vikt läggas vid de övriga aktörerna. Förslag till hur ny teknik kan implementeras i framtiden, som diskuteras i studien, har som mål att öka aktörernas förståelse för olika intressen som finns hos olika aktörer samt att öka förståelsen för begreppet hållbar utveckling.

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A Pipeline Analytical Program and Dredging Knowledge{Base Expert{System (DKBES) determines a pipeline dredge's production and resulting cost and schedule. Pipeline dredge engineering presents a complex and dynamic process necessary to maintain navigable waterways. Dredge engineers use pipeline engineering and slurry transport principles to determine the production rate of a pipeline dredge system. Engineers then use cost engineering factors to determine the expense of the dredge project. Previous work in engineering incorporated an object{oriented expert{system to determine cost and scheduling of mid{rise building construction where data objects represent the fundamental elements of the construction process within the program execution. A previously developed dredge cost estimating spreadsheet program which uses hydraulic engineering and slurry transport principles determines the performance metrics of a dredge pump and pipeline system. This study focuses on combining hydraulic analysis with the functionality of an expert{system to determine the performance metrics of a dredge pump and pipeline system and its resulting schedule. Field data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers pipeline dredge, Goetz, and several contract daily dredge reports show how accurately the DKBES can predict pipeline dredge production. Real{time dredge instrumentation data from the Goetz compares the accuracy of the Pipeline Analytical Program to actual dredge operation. Comparison of the Pipeline Analytical Program to pipeline daily dredge reports shows how accurately the Pipeline Analytical Program can predict a dredge project's schedule over several months. Both of these comparisons determine the accuracy and validity of the Pipeline Analytical Program and DKBES as they calculate the performance metrics of the pipeline dredge project. The results of the study determined that the Pipeline Analytical Program compared closely to the Goetz eld data where only pump and pipeline hydraulics a ected the dredge production. Results from the dredge projects determined the Pipeline Analytical Program underestimated actual long{term dredge production. Study results identi ed key similarities and di erences between the DKBES and spreadsheet program in terms of cost and scheduling. The study then draws conclusions based on these ndings and o ers recommendations for further use.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:04:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Andreia Carvalho dos Santos.pdf: 2260427 bytes, checksum: 6e702fa77321abfe2d33e92c7bc60b8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A Baía de Vitória (ES) abrange um sistema estuarino importante, contendo um dos complexos portuários mais importantes do país. As atividades portuárias associadas à intensa urbanização causam prejuízos ambientais para a região, incluindo constantes dragagens e aterros. A principal fonte de contaminação na região é o lançamento de esgoto da drenagem continental. O presente trabalho caracteriza os sedimentos de alguns pontos da baía quanto à localização, granulometria e toxicidade visando contribuir para a análise da legislação sobre monitoramento do sedimento em eventos de dragagem. Durante a remobilização, o sedimento é ressuspenso juntamente com os contaminantes para a coluna d água podendo gerar impactos tanto no local dragado como no de disposição. Para avaliar a toxicidade do sedimento com diferentes granulometrias foram realizados monitoramentos, incluindo ensaios ecotoxicológicos agudos com a bactéria Vibrio fischeri e crônicos com a microalga Skeletonema costatum. As análises físico-químicas e os testes com Skeletonema costatum foram feitos com elutriato e os testes com Vibrio fischeri com água intersticial. Foram selecionados 9 diferentes pontos de coleta de sedimento com diversos teores de areia e de lama. Os resultados obtidos com os ensaios ecotoxicológicos indicaram correspondência entre a toxicidade do sedimento e a proximidade com as fontes de contaminação. Porém, o mesmo não ocorreu para a relação teor de lama e contaminação. Alguns pontos de coleta, embora o percentual de lama fosse baixo (≤ 10%), apresentaram toxicidade, o que contribui para uma discussão sobre as diretrizes e procedimentos da Resolução Conama 344/04. Sendo assim, foi verificado que não se pode destituir de monitoramento o sedimento de um estuário ou baía apenas pela granulometria - independente do volume a ser dragado - sem se referir à questão da contaminação e da proximidade de fontes de contaminação / The Bay of Vitória (ES, Brazil) comprises an important estuarine system and one of the most significant port complexes in Brazil. Port activities along with intense urbanization are responsible for environmental damages in the area, including constant dredging and landfills. The main source of contamination in the area is sewage dumping from continental drainage. This study characterizes sediments from some points of the bay according to location, granulometry, and toxicity in order to contribute to analyzing the laws regulating sediment monitoring during dredging events. During remobilization, sediment is resuspended with contaminants to the water column, which can cause impacts on both dredged and disposal areas. Sediment toxicity with different grain sizes was assessed through acute ecotoxicological testing with bacterium Vibrio fischeri, and chronic ecotoxicological testing with microalgae Skeletonema costatum. The physical-chemical analyses and tests with Skeletonema costatum were performed through elutriation, and the tests with Vibrio fischeri used interstitial water. Nine (9) different sediment collection points, with varied sand and mud contents, were selected. The results obtained from ecotoxicological testing showed correspondence between sediment toxicity and proximity to contamination sources. However, this was not found for the relation between mud content and contamination. Some collection points presented toxicity despite the fact that mud content was low (≤ 10%). This contributes to the discussion about the guidelines and proceedings in the CONAMA (Brazilian Council for the Environment) Resolution 344/04. We verified that sediments of an estuary or bay cannot be deprived from monitoring based only on grading regardless of the amount being dredged without taking the contamination and proximity to contamination sources into account

Environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge provide a strong theoretical foundation for investigating the role of science in environmental disputes. The field of environmental dispute resolution has built a body of literature, outlining the techniques and practices that underpin the successful resolution of disputes, over controversial environmental issues. However, the literature on dispute resolution has generally neglected the role of science in environmental disputes. This thesis develops a theoretical framework based on concepts from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge in order to critically examine the role of science in environmental disputes. In particular, this thesis combines the theory on claims-making from environmental sociology with actor-network theory and the theory on boundary-work from the sociology of scientific knowledge, to analyse the way in which science was involved in the dispute over phasing out extractive dredging from the Brisbane River. Data were collected from qualitative in-depth interviews with key players in the Brisbane River dredging dispute and combined with analysis of relevant documents and newspaper articles. Each of the components of the theoretical framework developed in this thesis contributes to an in-depth analysis of the way in which science was involved in the dredging dispute. The environmental claims-making analysis examines the way in which the claim that extractive dredging was an environmental problem for the Brisbane River was constructed and contested. The actor-network analysis compares the two competing actor-networks that were developed by one of the major concrete companies and by the anti-dredging campaigners. The boundary-work analysis examines the social construction of the science / politics border as an important site of boundary-work, before exploring other related forms of boundary-work within the case study. When combined, these theories highlight the social and political processes that underpin the inherent difficulties associated with applying science to effective environmental dispute resolution. The theoretical framework developed in this thesis highlights the way in which an analysis of environmental claims-making, actor-networks and boundary-work, extends the literature on environmental dispute resolution. This thesis therefore makes a significant contribution to the field of environmental dispute resolution, by illustrating the advantages of drawing on theoretical perspectives from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge.

<p>Stora volymer förorenade sediment kommer att behöva tas om hand under de kommande åren då bottensediment i svenska farleder, hamn- och kustområden under lång tid har konta–minerats av både tungmetaller och organiska föroreningar. I examensarbetet studeras fyra möjligheter för hantering av förorenade muddermassor. De tre traditionella metoderna är <em>tippning till havs</em>, <em>utfyllnad i vik</em> eller <em>deponering på land</em>. <em>Stabilisering/solidifiering</em> (s/s) är ytterligare ett alternativ som innebär att muddermassorna kan nyttiggöras i geokonstruktioner genom att massornas hållfasthet ökas. Metoden går ut på att muddermassorna blandas med bindemedel och de eventuella föroreningarna binds då in i matrisen genom kemisk reaktion och fysikalisk inneslutning.  Syftet med examensarbetet är att, utifrån ett platsspecifikt perspektiv, undersöka hur föroreningsrisker kan jämföras mellan de fyra olika huvud–alternativen för hantering av muddermassor. Jämförelsen är tänkt att utgöra <em>en del</em> av ett beslutsunderlag som ska ligga till grund för valet av hanteringsalternativ.</p><p>Arbetet har fokuserat på miljöriskanalys och främst på hur risker kan <em>kategoriseras, värderas</em> och <em>jämföras</em>. Metoden inkluderar en litteraturstudie, en undersökning av tillstånds–ansökningar för hamnutbyggnad, en fallstudie där användning av LCA-metodik, ”ekotoxicitetspotential” och Naturvårdsverkets riktvärdesmodell testats för att jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ i Oxelösunds hamn. Avslutningsvis genomfördes en serie intervjuer kring temat karaktärisering och jämförelser av risk i en s.k. Stakeholder Opinion Assessment (SOA).</p><p>I studien av tillståndsansökningarna för hamnutbyggnad konstaterades att jämförelser av platsspecifika föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ för förorenade mudder–massor <em>inte görs.</em> Istället är det andra aspekter, t.ex. ekonomi, som avgör vilket alternativ som väljs. Varken ekotoxicitetspotential eller Naturvårdsverkets riktvärdesmodell visade sig vara lämpliga metoder för att beskriva och jämföra risker i det aktuella fallet. Av intervjuerna i SOA:n framgår att det råder delade meningar om hur risker ska beskrivas och på vilket sätt de kan jämföras och det finns ett stort behov av att utveckla nya sätt att beskriva och jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika alternativ och olika platser.</p><p>Arbetet har visat att det finns ett behov av att utveckla miljöriskanalysens avslutande steg, riskkaraktärisering och riskvärdering, eftersom det idag inte finns några konkreta metoder för att jämföra föroreningsrisker mellan olika hanteringsalternativ för förorenade muddermassor. För att förbättra beslutsunderlag föreslås därför en tydligare problemformulering och att övergripande platsspecifika scenarion för de olika alternativen tas fram. Viktigt aspekter att tydliggöra är skyddsobjekt, tidsskala, spridning och exponering. Jämförelsen av platsspecifika föroreningsrisker får inte heller bli allt för detaljerad, eftersom den bara är en del av ett större beslutsunderlag.</p> / <p>Large amounts of contaminated sediment has to be taken care of within the next few years since the sediment in Swedish sea lanes, ports and coastal areas have been contaminated by both heavy metals and organic pollutants over a long time period. Four options for handling contaminated dredged material were studied within this master thesis project. The three traditional methods are dumping the dredged material at sea, filling a bay with dredged material or putting the dredged material on a land disposal. Stabilization/solidification (s/s) is another option, where the contaminated dredged sediments are mixed with a binder that gives them greater strength, while immobilizing contaminants through chemical reactions or physical confinement in the structure. The aim of this thesis is to examine how risks of contamination can be compared between the four main options for management of dredged materials, in a site-specific perspective.</p><p>The main tool in the project has been environmental risk assessment with special focus on how risks can be categorized, measured and compared. The study includes a literature review, an examination of permit applications for port development, a case study where the LCA methodology, "potential eco-toxicity" and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guideline value model was tested in order to compare the risks of contamination from the various management options in the port of Oxelösund. Finally a Stakeholder Opinion Assessment (SOA), by the theme risk characterization and risk comparison, was made.</p><p>The study of permit applications for port expansion has shown that the site-specific risks of contamination are not considered when choosing between management options of dredged materials. Instead other aspects, such as economy, determine the option chosen. Neither potential of eco-toxicity or the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's guideline value model proved to be appropriate methods in order to describe and compare the risks associates with this case. The interviews in the SOA show that people disagree on how risks should be described and compared. There is a demand for new methods of describing and comparing risks associated with different management options for dredged materials at different sites.</p><p>This work has shown that well-known methods on how to compare risks of contamination between the different management options for contaminated dredged materials do not exist. There is also a need of developing the latter steps in the environmental risk assessment. To develop a better decision basis, a more explicit definition of the problem is proposed. It is particularly important to make site-specific descriptions of the various systems to be compared. The comparison of the site-specific risks of contamination should not be too detailed, since it is part of a larger decision support.</p> / Stabcon