Final draft report presented to the Graduate School of Business Leadership, University of South Africa / The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the major service quality variables that determine customer satisfaction for the Carbonated Soft Drink market which is dynamic and is also part of the highly competitive impulse beverage industry in South Africa. Amalgamated Beverages Industry (aka Coca Cola) still holds the lion’s share of the market although its share has fallen in the last 5 years presumably due to the growth in the consumption of substitutes such as bottled water, 100% fruit juices, energy drinks and dairy juice blends. The proliferation of “diet conscious” consumers has exacerbated the situation. These alternatives are the primary growth areas in the impulse beverage market. This has obviously threatened the viability and profitability of major players in this industry. To date the performance of Carbonated Soft Drinks (CSDs) has been less than satisfactory. There are other key players which have penetrated this market namely Pepsi, trading as Pioneer Foods, Royal, Pioneer Foods, California Cola, Pick ‘n Pay and Quality Beverages. For purposes of this study the three key players were chosen namely ABI, Pepsi and Quality Beverages. These key players have made huge investments in this industry at the level of production and distribution. In addition heavy investments go towards advertising and promotional campaigns. This research is exploratory in nature and makes way for further research in order to reach a more logical conclusion. This study is conducted within the confines of Gauteng region and more specifically Johannesburg North and Central. These two regions were chosen because the researcher resides close to these regions and wanted to minimize the costs involved in this study. The researcher also assumed the findings are a true representation of the broader picture of the South African scenario. Before collecting information the researcher initially consulted recent articles, books, magazines, company reports and even the internet in order to develop a clear understanding of the industry. This also helped the researcher to make logical decisions in the course` of undertaking the research. To that effect the researcher adopted the service quality SERVQUAL and the Gaps models in coming up with a measurement instrument for the research. The CSD companies have two broad categories of customers namely the trader and the end user or consumer. The trader purchases the product for purposes of research whilst the end user buys for consumption. This research focused on the trade customer. According to research experts a sample of more than 5% of the total population does not compromise validity. However the researcher opted for more than 10% of the total population in order to increase reliability of the results. Thus from the population size of 965 trade outlets the researcher arrived at a sample of 100. The traders were classified into four major categories namely retail outlets, wholesalers, restaurants and service stations. Information was collected from these 100 traders using personal interviews. The researcher is the one who conducted all the interviews. Information was gathered from buyers, managers and owners. The researcher took advantage of the Statistical Package for Social Scientists in order to make a meaningful analysis of the data collected. Many service oriented recommendations have been promulgated by this research. They are neither exhaustive nor prescriptive given the time constraint within which this research was conducted.

The aim of this study was to determine a carbon and water footprint for a beverage manufacturing company. The carbon footprint determination was conducted on Scope 1 and Scope 2. The water footprint was determined on the blue water and grey water. The beverage production volumes of the beverage manufacturing company were used to determine both the carbon and the water footprint. The theoretical background to this study was based on both local and international beverage companies and the outcome for the carbon and water footprint was benchmarked against the local and international companies. The objectives of this study were achieved by calculating a carbon and water footprint for the beverage company. The carbon footprint unit of measure is g CO2e / litre produced and the water footprint is litre water/litre produced. The unit of measure for pollutant grey water footprint is measured in milligram. Based on the results achieved in this study, recommendations for carbon and water footprint reductions were made to the beverage company. Reduction targets for production year 2020 were also recommended based on the implementation of the reduction plans. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

This thesis explores ancient ideas regarding the constructive properties of intoxicating drinks, as presented in Greco-Roman sources from the first to third centuries AD. In doing so, it responds to Mary Douglas' Constructive Drinking (1987), which emphasised that, contrary to anthropological findings, many societies' authorities tend to focus upon, and overemphasise, the destructive aspects of alcohol consumption. This pattern is particularly prevalent in modern Western scholarship. The same trend can be detected within both Greco-Roman society and classical scholarship. Although many Greeks and Romans undoubtedly consumed quantities of wine, on a regular basis, in a manner which was widely considered 'moderate', the literary evidence from this period tends to focus most heavily upon excessive and/or destructive drinking. Similarly, much of the modern scholarship which addresses drinking in the Roman Empire focuses upon drunkenness and the destructive aspects of drinking. Yet it is clear that Greco-Roman society considered wine consumption to be significantly beneficial, in a wide variety of ways, provided that moderation was employed. The destructive consequences of drinking were almost exclusively associated with excessive and inappropriate consumption. In reaction to this bias in the sources and scholarship, this thesis undertakes a re-reading of the ancient evidence through the 'Constructive Drinking' lens. It identifies and explores the ways in which the Greeks and Romans of this period considered drinking to be important, useful, or otherwise 'constructive' to the individual and society. Where possible, this thesis attempts to identify how important and widespread such beliefs were. This thesis has two main areas of focus. First, the ways in which intoxicating drink was considered to be constructive for an individual's health and wellbeing. Second, the ways in which intoxicating drink was considered to be of social benefit to both individuals and groups. This thesis accordingly provides a fresh perspective on drinking in antiquity, and illustrates the methodological significance of the Constructive Drinking lens for future research.

Final draft report presented to the Graduate School of Business Leadership, University of South Africa / The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the major service quality variables that determine customer satisfaction for the Carbonated Soft Drink market which is dynamic and is also part of the highly competitive impulse beverage industry in South Africa. Amalgamated Beverages Industry (aka Coca Cola) still holds the lion’s share of the market although its share has fallen in the last 5 years presumably due to the growth in the consumption of substitutes such as bottled water, 100% fruit juices, energy drinks and dairy juice blends. The proliferation of “diet conscious” consumers has exacerbated the situation. These alternatives are the primary growth areas in the impulse beverage market. This has obviously threatened the viability and profitability of major players in this industry. To date the performance of Carbonated Soft Drinks (CSDs) has been less than satisfactory. There are other key players which have penetrated this market namely Pepsi, trading as Pioneer Foods, Royal, Pioneer Foods, California Cola, Pick ‘n Pay and Quality Beverages. For purposes of this study the three key players were chosen namely ABI, Pepsi and Quality Beverages. These key players have made huge investments in this industry at the level of production and distribution. In addition heavy investments go towards advertising and promotional campaigns. This research is exploratory in nature and makes way for further research in order to reach a more logical conclusion. This study is conducted within the confines of Gauteng region and more specifically Johannesburg North and Central. These two regions were chosen because the researcher resides close to these regions and wanted to minimize the costs involved in this study. The researcher also assumed the findings are a true representation of the broader picture of the South African scenario. Before collecting information the researcher initially consulted recent articles, books, magazines, company reports and even the internet in order to develop a clear understanding of the industry. This also helped the researcher to make logical decisions in the course` of undertaking the research. To that effect the researcher adopted the service quality SERVQUAL and the Gaps models in coming up with a measurement instrument for the research. The CSD companies have two broad categories of customers namely the trader and the end user or consumer. The trader purchases the product for purposes of research whilst the end user buys for consumption. This research focused on the trade customer. According to research experts a sample of more than 5% of the total population does not compromise validity. However the researcher opted for more than 10% of the total population in order to increase reliability of the results. Thus from the population size of 965 trade outlets the researcher arrived at a sample of 100. The traders were classified into four major categories namely retail outlets, wholesalers, restaurants and service stations. Information was collected from these 100 traders using personal interviews. The researcher is the one who conducted all the interviews. Information was gathered from buyers, managers and owners. The researcher took advantage of the Statistical Package for Social Scientists in order to make a meaningful analysis of the data collected. Many service oriented recommendations have been promulgated by this research. They are neither exhaustive nor prescriptive given the time constraint within which this research was conducted.

[pt] As alterações no cenário econômico dos países emergentes causaram reflexos positivos na base da pirâmide através do aumento de seu poder aquisitivo. No Brasil, esta realidade é percebida pelo ritmo acelerado de mudanças na última década que impactaram o setor varejista, trazendo uma grande quantidade de marcas para os diferentes setores da economia. Estas novas ofertas para o consumidor de baixa renda foram fundamentadas, muitas vezes, em preços mais acessíveis a sua capacidade de consumo. Este movimento de fortalecimento de marcas populares suscitou a reação das marcas premium. Para direcionar a estratégia das grandes empresas, nesta busca por se re- conectarem aos consumidores pobres, é importante entender mais profundamente a relação deles com as marcas. A presente dissertação teve então como objetivo obter um melhor entendimento do papel e do significado da marca no processo de decisão de compra de produtos, dos segmentos de refrigerante e sabão em pó, para consumidores da classe baixa. Para tanto foram realizadas dez (10) entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres pertencentes às classes C e D, residentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro e responsáveis pela compra de supermercado de suas famílias. Apesar da pesquisa não se propor a explorar o peso das variáveis utilizadas por estas mulheres na decisão de compra, pôde-se observar que existe certa hierarquização. No caso de refrigerante, as mulheres entrevistadas avaliam, em geral, (1) os refrigerantes não reprovados pela família, (2) o preço, (3) o orçamento disponível e (4) as marcas preferidas (premium). No caso de sabão em pó, a escolha parece ser feita levando-se em consideração (1) a marca (verbalizada como sendo a opção pela qualidade), (2) o preço e (3) o orçamento disponível. Avaliando os elementos subjetivos da compra e indo além do discurso das mulheres entrevistadas, a compra do refrigerante (das marcas aprovadas pela família) traz a recompensa pelo elogio dos filhos e marido; enquanto a compra do sabão em pó das marcas premium (percebida por elas como as marcas de melhor qualidade) traz um sentimento de realização do cuidado com a família, a certeza de ter feito a compra certa, mais inteligente, de melhor custo/benefício. Percebe-se então que a equação de valor que rege a decisão de compra destas mulheres de baixa renda não é simples e não é única. Parecem existir modelos diferentes para a tomada de decisão de compra de produtos distintos (refrigerante e sabão em pó). / [en] Changes in the economic scene of emerging countries had caused positive consequences in the base of the pyramid through the increase of its purchasing power. In Brazil, this scenario is perceived by the sped up rhythm of changes in the last decade that impacted the retail business, bringing a great number of brands for different sectors of the economy. These new offers for the low income consumer had been often based in more affordable prices for the consumption capacity of this tier. This movement of popular brands empowerment awaked the reaction of premium brands. To guide the strategy of great companies, in this pursue for reconnecting with poor consumers, is important to deeply understand their relation with brands. The present dissertation had then the objective to get a better understanding of the role and meaning of brands in the purchase decision process of products, within the segments of soft drink and powdered soap, for low income consumers. To reach that goal, ten (10) in depth interviews with women pertaining to C and D tiers, residents in the state of Rio de Janeiro and responsible for the supermarket purchase of their families, had been carried through. Despite the research does not consider to explore the utility of the variables used for these women in the purchase decision, it could be observed that a hierarchy exists. In soft drink purchase, the interviewed women mostly evaluate (1) soft drinks not disapproved by their family, (2) price, (3) available budget and (4) preferred brands (premium brands). In the powdered soap purchase, the choice seems to be made taking in consideration (1) brand (expressed as being the option for quality), (2) price and (3) available budget. Evaluating the subjective elements of the purchase and going beyond the speech of the interviewed women, the purchase of soft drink (of brands approved by their family) brings rewards through compliment of kids and husband; while the purchase of powdered soap of premium brand (perceived for them as better quality brands) brings a feeling of accomplishment in taking care of their families, the certainty to have done the precise purchase, more intelligent, of better cost/benefit. Is perceived then that the value equation that drives the purchase decision of these low income women is not simple and is not unique. They seem to exist different models in purchase decision taking of distinct products (soft drink and powdered soap).

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a produção de hidrogênio em reator anaeróbio de leito fixo com fluxo ascendente utilizando-se efluente de indústria de refrigerantes. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a água residuária semi-sintética simulando efluente de indústria de refrigerantes tem um bom potencial de geração de hidrogênio. Dados da operação dos dois reatores utilizados mostraram que o maior rendimento foi alcançado pelo reator operado sem a adição de meio contendo nutrientes (R2), pois este foi capaz de atingir 4,2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol de substrato em contraste com 2,5 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol de substrato, obtida pelo reator (R1), cujo afluente continha suplementação nutricional. Constatou-se que o reator operado sem adição de nutrientes (R2) apresentou continuidade na produção de hidrogênio, fato que não ocorreu com o reator R1, que exibiu uma produção efêmera e significativamente inferior. O melhor desempenho na velocidade de produção de hidrogênio e porcentagem do mesmo na composição do biogás também foi observado para o reator R2, que atingiu 0,52 L/h.L e 18,9% de \'H IND.2\' contra 0,28 L/h.L e 2,1% de \'H IND.2\' obtidos pelo reator com suplementação nutricional (R1). Após esta primeira etapa comparativa em que os reatores foram operados simultaneamente com TDH teórico de 0,5 h, prosseguiu-se apenas com a operação do reator R2, porém com tempo de detenção hidráulica teórico de 1 h, o que induziu uma maior conversão do substrato a ácidos e álcoois, mudou as características hidrodinâmicas do leito e afetou negativamente a produção de hidrogênio. / This work was aimed on hydrogen production in an upflow anaerobic packed-bed reactor fed with soft-drink wastewater. The results obtained show that the semisynthetic soft-drink wastewater has a good hydrogen generation potential. Data obtained from the operation of both reactors indicated that the reactor operated without the addition of medium containing macro and micronutrients (R2) provided higher hydrogen yield (4,2 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol of substrate) as compared to the reactor (R1) operated with the addition of nutrient medium, which achieved lower hydrogen production yield (2,5 mol \'H IND.2\'/mol of substrate). It was observed that the reactor operated without the addition of nutrients (R2) showed continuous hydrogen production, while the reactor R1 exhibited a short period of production and lower amounts of hydrogen. Better hydrogen production rate and percentage in the biogas were also observed for the reactor R2, which achieved 0,52 L/h.L and 18,9% of \'H IND.2\' against 0,28 L/h.L and 2,1% of \'H IND.2\' obtained by the reactor with nutrient addition (R1). After operation with HDT of 0,5 h, the reactor R2 was operated with theoretical HDT of 1 h. Under this condition, the substrate was mainly converted to acids and solvents, negatively affecting the hydrogen production and the hydrodynamic pattern of the reactor.

Estudou-se a cinética do processo de produção de bebidas lácteas por fermentação mantida a 42°C em sistema descontínuo. As bebidas foram preparadas a partir de uma base láctea de leite desnatado e soro de queijo doce e com substituição parcial realizada com extrato solúvel de soja em pó, utilizando 2 culturas lácticas comerciais, representadas pela cultura tradicional, Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus e pela cultura contendo organismos probióticos, S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium e Lactobacillus acidophilus. O processo foi monitorado pelas análises de pH - uso de pHmetro digital (GEHAKA, PG1000) - , acidez (g ácido láctico/L) - titulação com solução de NaOH 0,1N, usando como indicador a solução de fenolftaleína 1,0% - e pelas contagens microbiológicas, sendo realizadas do início da fermentação (t=0) até o pH próximo a 4,6. Para a contagem de bactérias lácticas totais, lactobacilos, estreptococos e organismos probióticos foram empregados os meios Agar MRS, Agar MRS acidificado com 0,05% de HCl-L-cisteína, Agar M17 e Agar MRS adicionado de 0,3% de extrato de bile, respectivamente. As alíquotas, retiradas do processo fermentativo foram diluídas em água peptonada 0,1%. Inoculou-se 1mL da diluição em meio fundido e em seguida as placas foram homogeneizadas e submetidas à incubação em jarras herméticas, na temperatura de 42ºC, por 48 horas, utilizando-se um produtor de microaerofilia (Anaerobac - Probac do Brasil). As velocidades instantâneas de produção de ácido láctico (g/L/h) e de crescimento celular (UFC/L/h) foram obtidas a partir do Modelo de Sinclair e Cantero (1990). A bebida, produzida com substrato contendo somente base láctea e cultura tradicional (Trat.1), foi a que necessitou de maior tempo (3h30) para que o pH se aproximasse de 4,6, sendo que quando empregou-se cultura contendo organismos probióticos, (Trat. 3), o tempo necessário para atingir esse pH foi de 3h. Na substituição parcial de sólidos pelo extrato solúvel de soja, representado pelas bebidas obtidas pelos tratamentos 2 e 4, verificou-se a necessidade de 3h e 2h30min respectivamente, para o pH aproximar de 4,6. Em relação à acidez expressa em g ácido láctico/L, várias bebidas não atingiram o valor estabelecido pelo padrão de identidade de bebidas lácteas (BRASIL, 2005 a), variando entre todos os tratamentos. Percebeuse ainda que o tempo para atingir o valor máximo das velocidades instantâneas de crescimento das bactérias lácticas e estreptococos atingiram 3h, independente do substrato utilizado na fermentação, enquanto, empregando a cultura probiótica, a velocidade máxima de crescimento de bactérias lácticas (dX/dt) ocorreu em 2h no tratamento com base láctea (Trat. 3) e 1h na bebida com substituição parcial da base láctea (Trat. 4). As máximas velocidades instantâneas relativas às culturas de estreptococos nos tratamento 3 e 4 ocorreram em 3 e 1h respectivamente. Quanto aos dX/dt máximos referente ao crescimento de lactobacilos verificou-se a necessidade de 2h e 1h respectivamente, enquanto para os organismos probióticos foi de 2h, em substrato base láctea e 1h quando do emprego de substrato com substituição parcial da base láctea por extrato de soja. / It was studied the kinetics from production of milk drinks by fermentation maintained at 42 ° C in a batch system. The drinks were prepared from a base of skimmed milk and whey sweet cheese with a partial replacement performed with soluble extract of soybean powder, and the employment of 2 lactic commercial crops, represented by the traditional culture, containing Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and the probiotic culture, containing S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium e Lactobacillus acidophilus. The process was monitored by the analysis of pH - digital pHmetro (GEHAKA, PG1000), acidity (g lactic acid / L) - titration with 0.1 N NaOH solution, using as an indicator of phenolphthalein solution 1.0%and the total counts of organisms. Being held at the beginning of fermentation (t = 0) until the pH near the pH 4.6. For lacitcal total count of bacteria, lactobacilli, streptococci and probiotic organisms were employed MRS Agar, Agar MRS acidified with 0.05% HCl-L-cysteine, M17 and Agar Agar MRS added of 0.3% of extract of bile, respectively. The aliquots withdrawn from the fermentation process were diluted in water peptone 0.1%. Inoculated up 1mL of dilution in means and then mixed up the plates that were then subjected to incubation in hermetic jars in temperature of 42°C for 48 hours using a producer of microaerophilic (Anaerobac - Probac do Brasil). The speeds of instant production of lactic acid (g/L/h) and cellular growth (CFU/L/h) were obtained from the model of Sinclair and Cantero (1990).The drink, produced with only basic substrate containing milk and traditional culture (Trat.1) was that needed more time (3:30) to the pH of 4.6 approaches, and that when the employment of culture containing probiotic organisms, even with substrate (Trat. 3), the time needed was 3h. When the partial replacement of the solid soluble extract of soybean, represented by drinks obtained by treatments 2 and 4, there is a need for 3 and 2:30 respectively, to bring the pH of 4.6. As the acidity in g lactic acid / L, it was found that several drinks not reached the value set by standard of identity for milk drinks (BRASIL, 2005 a) ranging from all treatments. It was noticed that the time to achieve the maximum speeds of instant speed of growth of lactic acid bacteria streptococci and reached its peak in 3h, independent of the substrate used in fermentation, while employing the probiotic culture, it was found that the maximum speed of growth of lactic acid bacteria occurred in 2h in treatment based milk (Trat. 3) and in 1h drink with a partial replacement of basic milk (Trat. 4). The maximum speeds instant on the cultures of Streptococci treatment in 3 and 4 occurred in 3 and 1 h respectively. For dX / dt maximum for the growth of lactobacilli there is a need to 1h and 2h respectively, while the bodies of probiotics was 2h, when the employment base substrate of milk and 1am when the employment of substrate with a partial replacement of the database by extract soya milk.

Um dos grandes problemas da engenharia ambiental é a contaminação dos corpos hídricos. Os sanitaristas têm se preocupado com os hormônios sexuais, notadamente os estrógenos, compostos extremamente ativos biologicamente, que têm sido referidos como agentes etiológicos de feminilização e de vários tipos de cânceres. Os estrógenos naturais 17 \'beta\'-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrona (E1) e o sintético 17 \'alfa\'-etinilestradiol (EE2), desenvolvidos para uso médico em terapias de reposição hormonal feminina e métodos contraceptivos, são os que despertam maiores preocupações, pela contínua introdução ao ambiente; hormônios que possuem a melhor conformação reconhecida pelos receptores que resultam respostas máximas, por isso são considerados responsáveis pela maioria dos efeitos disruptores desencadeados pela disposição de efluentes. A mudança de padrões quanto à atividade sexual dos jovens e a preocupação com o planejamento familiar, levaram ao grande consumo de contraceptivos que, através da urina, são levados pela rede coletora aos corpos de água. O indiscriminado uso desses hormônios na bovinocultura, suinocultura, avicultura e aqüicultura são responsáveis por parte considerável desse contaminante nos mananciais. Os hormônios excretados através da urina e fezes e agentes provenientes das indústrias de processamento de alimentos preocupam os sanitaristas porque o lançamento de efluentes in natura ou tratados, são as principais vias de contaminação do ambiente aquático, quer pelo déficit de infra-estrutura em saneamento, quer pela ineficiência tecnológica e/ou operacional na remoção desses compostos nas estações de tratamento de água ou de efluentes. Apesar de possuírem meia-vida relativamente curta, quando comparados a outros compostos orgânicos como praguicidas, os estrógenos naturais são continuamente introduzidos no ambiente, o que lhes confere caráter cumulativo. A proposta desta pesquisa foi verificar a presença de estrógenos na água bruta que chega à Estação de Tratamento de Água, após seu tratamento, em água tratada por osmose reversa e por tecnologia Milli Q (marca registrada). Para verificar e quantificar presença desses hormônios estrógenos em água de abastecimento de São Carlos-SP, foram realizadas exames através de imunoensaio quimiluminescente e radioimunoensaios. Os resultados apontaram que a ETA não possui solução eficiente para a remoção dos analitos de interesse dessa pesquisa, uma vez que na água tratada foram encontrados valores semelhantes aos da água bruta. / One of the major problems of environmental engineering is the water contamination. The sanitary persons have been concerned with the gonadal hormones, notably the estrogen, biologically active compounds extremely, which have been referred to as etiologic agents of feminization and several types of cancers. The natural estrogen 17 \'beta\'-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrone (E1) and synthetic 17 \'alpha\'-ethinylestradiol (EE2), developed for medical use of hormone replacement therapy in women and contraceptive methods, are those that attract larger concerns by the continuous introduction into the environment; hormones that have the best conformation recognized by receptors that result answers maximum, so they are considered responsible for most of the effects disruptors triggered by the wastewater disposal. The change in patterns on the sexual activity of young people and the concern with family planning, led to the large consumption of contraceptives that, in the urine, are led by the distribution net to water. The indiscriminate use of these hormones in cattle, pigs, poultry and aquaculture are responsible for part of this contaminant in the source. The hormones excreted in the urine and feces and agents from the food processing industries in the sanitary concern that the launch of effluents in nature or treated, are the main routes of contamination of the aquatic environment, either by lack of infrastructure, sanitation, or by inefficiency technological and/or operating in the removal of these compounds in the treatment plants, water or effluent. Despite having relatively short stocking-lige when compared to other organics such as pesticides, natural estrogens are continuously released into the environment, which gives them character cumulative. The proposal of this research was to verify the presence of estrogen in the gross water that arrives at the water treatment plant, after the treatment, in water treated by reverse osmosis and by Milli Q technology. To verify and quantify presence of these hormones estrogen in water supply of San Carlos-SP, examinations were conducted through immunoassay chemiluminescent and radioimunoassays. The results showed that the ETA has no efficient solution for removal of interest analytes of this research, because in the treated water were found values similar to crude water.

Evidências científicas apontam para os efeitos indesejáveis do açúcares de adição na saúde, especialmente, cáries e a associação com consumo excessivo de energia e, conseqüentemente, com o ganho de peso e diluição de outros nutrientes. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda limitar o consumo em 10% do valor energético total (VET). Apesar do Brasil ser um dos principais produtores mundiais de açúcares proveniente de cana, não há estudos populacionais que investiguem o consumo de açúcares nesta população. Este trabalho apresenta três artigos relacionados ao consumo de açúcares de adição obtido por inquérito populacional domiciliar entre adultos e idosos residentes do município de São Paulo. Os objetivos foram: analisar a associação entre variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de estilo de vida e consumo de açúcares de adição; investigar o consumo de açúcares de adição e sua relação com o consumo de energia e nutrientes; identificar a relação entre consumo de refrigerantes, como uma das principais fontes de açúcares de adição, e variáveis de estilo de vida, antropométricas e sociodemográficas. Obteve-se uma amostra probabilística de 1311 indivíduos (689 adultos e 622 idosos) por conglomerados. Aplicou-se um recordatório alimentar de 24 horas e um segundo recordatório em uma subamostra. O consumo alimentar habitual de energia, nutrientes e alimentos foi estimado pelos métodos propostos pela Iowa State University (ISU) e pelo National Cancer Institute (NCI). A média do percentual do VET proveniente de açúcares de adição foi de 9,13% (IC95%: 8,88; 9,37) entre adultos e 8,42% (IC95%: 8,16; 8,67) entre idosos (p<0,05). O percentual de indivíduos que ingere açúcares de adição acima de 10% do VET foi de 38,0% e 25,4% entre adultos e idosos, respectivamente. Mulheres consomem açúcares em maior quantidade do que homens (p<0,05). Faixa etária e número de bens duráveis estiveram associados à adequação do consumo de açúcares entre adultos enquanto que entre idosos observou-se associação para escolaridade. O maior consumo de açúcares associou-se ao menor consumo de alguns nutrientes, como proteína, fibras, zinco, ferro, magnésio, potássio, vitamina B6 e folato. A participação do refrigerante na contribuição de açúcares de adição foi entre 13,83% (mulheres idosas) a 38,1% (homens adultos). O consumo de refrigerantes foi maior entre os mais jovens, do sexo masculino e não subrelatores do consumo energético. Somente entre adultos, o índice de massa corporal associou-se ao consumo de refrigerantes (b=0,09; p=0,034). Medidas de saúde pública para limitar o consumo de açúcares e refrigerantes poderiam beneficiar a população na promoção da saúde. / Scientific evidences point to the undesirable effects of the added sugar in the health, such as: dental caries, excess of energy intake and, consequently, weight gain and dilution of nutrients. The World Health Organization recommends to limit the consumption in 10 % of the energetic intake (EI) from added sugar. In spite of Brazil is one of the principal world-wide producers of sugar from cane, there are no survey that investigate the consumption of sugars in this population. This thesis presents three papers related to added sugar consumption obtained by population-based survey between adult and elderly in Sao Paulo. The objectives were: to analyze the association between demographic, socioeconomics and life style variables and added sugar consumption; to investigate the consumption of added sugar and his relation with the energy and nutrients intake; to identify the relation between consumption of soft drinks, like one of the main source of added sugar, and demographic, socioeconomics, nutritional state and life style variables. The probabilistic sample of 1,311 individuals (689 adults and 622 elderly) was obtained using multistage cluster samples. Data was collected through 24-hour food recall, including a second round of data collection in a subsample. Usual intakes of energy, nutrients and food were estimated by Iowa State University (ISU) and National Cancer Institute (NCI) methods. Mean contribution of added sugars to total energy intake was 9.13% (95% CI: 8.88; 9.37) between adults and 8.42% (95% CI: 8.16; 8.67) between elderly (p<0.05). The frequency of individuals that ingests added sugars above 10% of EI was 38.0% and 25.4% between adult and elderly, respectively. Women consume more sugars than men (p <0.05). Age and number of durable goods were associated to the recommendation of added sugars consumption between adults whereas between elderly association was observed for schooling. The highest sugar consumption was associated with the lower nutrients intake, like proteins, fibers, zinc, iron, magnesium, potassium, vitamin B6 and folate. Soft drink contributed 13.83% (elderly women) to 38.1 % (adult men) for added sugar. The consumption of soft drinks is higher between younger, male and not consumption underreported. Only in adults, the body mass index was associated with consumption of soft drinks (b = 0.09; p=0.034). Measures of public health to limit the consumption of sugars and soft drinks might benefit the population in the promotion of the health.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Georgina Somaio Teixeira Sala.pdf: 1441305 bytes, checksum: 5cd61193d0978d66febab8a489c2f25b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-11 / The study presents a research about the attitude of the consumer in the buying process of regional brands of soft drinks, also known as brand B. An overview of the soft drinks market in Brazil is drawn, measuring size, characteristics, trends, strategies and players in this sector. A survey from secondary sources, has the leading brands and regional operating in this market, as well as their respective operational strategies. It also presents the profile and aspirations of consumers with low income, primary target audience of regional brands. Completing the study, a quantitative field research is applied to a sample of 290 consumers in the city of Araçatuba, located in São Paulo. We investigated factors influencing the decision to buy soft drinks, attributes relevant to the choice of soft drink brands, the brands acquired in this region, frequency and locations to purchase, beyond the mechanisms re-branding / O estudo apresenta uma investigação em torno da atitude do consumidor no processo de compra de refrigerantes de marcas regionais, também conhecidas como marcas B. Um panorama do mercado de refrigerantes no Brasil é traçado, mensurando tamanho, características, evolução, estratégias e players deste setor. Um levantamento, a partir de fontes secundárias, apresenta as marcas líderes e regionais que atuam neste mercado, bem como suas respectivas estratégias de atuação. Também apresenta o perfil e aspirações do consumidor de baixa renda, público-alvo principal das marcas regionais. Completando o estudo, uma pesquisa de campo quantitativa é aplicada a uma amostra de 290 consumidores na cidade de Araçatuba, localizada no estado de São Paulo. Foram investigados os fatores influenciadores na decisão de compra de refrigerantes, os atributos relevantes para a escolha das marcas de refrigerantes, as marcas mais compradas nesta região, frequência e locais de compra, além dos mecanismos de mudança de marca