The South African national drug policy (NDP) was implemented in 1994 to ensure the availability and accessibility of essential drugs to all citizens. The NDP also hoped to ensure the safety, efficacy and quality of drugs as well as to promote the concepts of individual responsibility for health, preventative care and informed decision making. However, drug utilisation studies performed after the implementation of the national drug policy showed that South Africa's pharmaceutical sector was characterised by indiscriminate and irrational drug use, high drug prices and polypharmacy. A retrospective study that was done in 2001 in the clinics supplied by Evander Hospital showed that only 11.9% of prescriptions for acid-related disorders complied with the standard treatment guidelines (STG). It became evident that there was need for an intervention. The general objective of this study was to determine the effect of an education intervention, implemented in 2003, on the prescribing patterns of drugs for acid-related disorders in the Govan Mbeki municipal clinics serviced by Evander Hospital. An empirical pre-intervention and post-intervention study using primary data obtained from patient files at the clinics was done. A quantitative survey of the use of the drugs included in the study (magnesium trisilicate, aluminium hydroxide/magnesium trisilicate combination tablets, cimetidine or omeprazole) was conducted. To determine a baseline, all prescriptions where the drugs selected for this study were prescribed from 1 July 2001 to 31 December 2001 were collected. For the period I January 2002 to 31 December 2002 retrospective data was collected in the form of all prescriptions where the relevant drugs were prescribed. Additional retrospective data was collected for the period January 2002 to 30 June 2003 to determine the outcome of treatment given. The phi coefficient was calculated, and although statistical correlation could not be proven, important tendencies could be detected in the data. Only 8% of the prescriptions adhered to the STG before the presentation of the face to face education intervention. In the first six months following the intervention, STG compliance increased to 15.2%. In the following six-month period, the STG compliance decreased to 14.1 %. The assumption was made that patients were cured if they did not return with the same complaint. Based on this assumption the conclusion was drawn that, before the intervention, 50.2% of the patients were cured. In the first six months after the intervention had taken place the percentage patients who did not return increased from 50.2% to 60.6%. In the second six months after the intervention the percentage of patients who did not return increased to 70.7%. It may be concluded that compliance with the STG improved as a result of the face to face education intervention. Moreover, it was found that cost efficiency improved in parallel and the cure rate seemed to be positively affected by the intervention. / Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Bakgrund: Personer som injicerar droger riskerar att drabbas av allvarliga infektioner. Tidigare studier har visat att personal som möter personer i risk inte har tillräckligt med kunskap för att erbjuda hälsofrämjande insatser. Syfte:Att kartlägga personalens kunskap om infektioner som kan drabba personer som injicerar droger,samt undersöka om utbildnings intervention ökar personalens kunskap och motivation till preventiva samtal. Metod:Totalt genomfördes fem utbildningar med 26 deltagare från psykiatri-, och infektionsavdelning, samt ungdomsmottagning. Studien genomfördes med enkät före och en månad efter utbildning. Enkäten innehöll kunskapsfrågor och frågor om erfarenhet av preventionssamtal med personer i risk. Resultat:Studien visade att personalen saknade tillräcklig kunskap om smitta vid injektion av droger och att personer i risk inte i tillräcklig omfattning erbjöds information och stöd. Innan utbildning skulle enbart 60 % av personalen samtala om smitta vid injektion av droger om de fick frågor av personer i risk. Hinder för samtal uppgavs vara brist på kunskap och osäkerhet på hur frågorna skulle tas emot vid samtal. Personalens upplevda och faktiska kunskap visade på en signifikant förbättring efter utbildningsinterventionen (p&lt;0,001). Utbildningen upplevdes som relevant och 80 % av deltagarna önskade ytterligare utbildning i form av föreläsningar på arbetsplatsen och handledning av sakkunnig. Konklusion:För att kunna erbjuda personer som injicerar droger hälsofrämjande insatserkrävs att personal har tillgång till anpassad utbildningoch aktivt stödutifrån verksamhetensbehov / Background:People who inject drugs are at risk of contracting severe infections. Previous studies have shown that personnel meeting people at risk often lack sufficient knowledge to offer health promotion measures. Aims:This study aimed to investigate knowledge among personnel about infectious diseases contracted due to injecting drugs and determine whether educational intervention can increase knowledge and motivation for preventive communication. Methods:We administered a total of five courses to 26 healthcare workers employed in an infectious diseases department, psychiatric clinic, and youth counseling clinic. The study was conducted with questionnaires before and one month after completing the courses. The questionnaires included questions about disease facts, and workers’ experience regarding preventive conversations with people at risk. Results:The study revealed that respondent slacked sufficient knowledge about infections associated with injecting drugs, and that people at risk did not receive adequate information and support. Before education, only 60% of respondents would consider talking about infections contracted while injecting drugs if they got questions by persons at risk. Barriers to addressing such questions included lack of knowledge,and uncertainty about how the questions would be received. After the educational intervention, respondents perceived a significant improvement of knowledge (p&lt;0,001). They perceived the coursesas relevant,and 80% of participants wanted more lectures and expert guidance in the workplace. Conclusion:Providing health promotion to persons who inject drugs requires appropriate educationfor personnel,as well as active support adapted to their needs. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-82-9</p>

The prevalence of crack use among illicit drug users has dramatically increased in Canada over the past decade. The sharing of crack pipes and other crack use paraphernalia is common among users of crack cocaine and is associated with unique negative health harms and costs (Haydon & Fischer, 2005). This thesis explores the phenomenon of crack pipe sharing among crack users in Victoria, British Columbia. The study uses data from in-depth interviews with thirteen self-reported crack users who regularly share crack pipes. Interviews explored the experiences of participants around crack pipe sharing, focusing on contextual, social and environmental factors that influenced the sharing of pipes. Crack pipe sharing is presented as a largely social act around which shared meanings have emerged. The findings illustrate the social context of crack pipe sharing, which is mediated by informal rules and etiquette, as well as distinct sanctions and consequences for deviating from the generally accepted norms around sharing pipes. Further, three distinct dimensions of crack pipe sharing are proposed - mutual, distributive and receptive sharing - each associated with various costs and benefits, and framed by relations of status and power. The results of this study also demonstrate that crack pipe sharing serves a number of real and distinct purposes in crack users’ lives, providing economic, control and social functions. My findings illustrate that, despite the various health and social harms related to crack pipe sharing, sharing pipes makes sense in the reality and lived experience of the participants.

This thesis is a subset of a larger “parent” project under the direction of my supervisor, Dr. Cecilia Benoit. The purpose of the larger project is to seize an unique research opportunity that has emerged with the development and implementation of the HerWay Home (HWH) program, a community-based initiative for pregnant and early parenting women who face substance use and other challenges in the Greater Victoria Area. My research has capitalized on the pre-implementation phase of the HWH program between 2010-2011. Thirteen in-person semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who would likely be clients for the HWH program, based on their pregnancy experiences, substance use concerns and other life challenges. The goal of this research has been to explore these women’s pregnancy and postpartum narratives and investigate what, in their view, should be crucial components of the HWH intervention in the short and longterm. My findings indicate that, consistent with the literature on pregnant and early parenting women facing substance use and other life challenges, a range of complex, intertwined disadvantages exist in their lives that translate into multiple barriers to accessing continuous health and social care during their pregnancy and after the birth of their child. An adapted model of the Health Lifestyle Theory is used to frame the analysis of the data collected from this research. The results from this research support the argument that the life choices of the participants are constrained by structural life chances and socially determined inequities that systematically disadvantage and disempower them. The findings also reveal an implicit sense of agency in the women’s narratives, as well as key specifics about what they view as the main gaps in care and their desired program services. The findings will be relayed to HWH organizers, and used to inform the development and implementation of the program’s services. / Graduate

Bibliography: leaves 217-238 / xix, 238, [82] leaves : ill ; 31 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Depts. of Psychology and Community Medicine, 1992

A adolescência é uma fase de descobertas e auto-afirmação, normalmente conhecida pela preocupação dos pais, esta torna os jovens vulneráveis a vários problemas, dentre eles o consumo de drogas, o que requer atenção para que esses adolescentes não entrem neste mundo. O governo faz sua parte distribuindo informações, cartilhas e campanhas sobre a utilização das drogas, mas normalmente essas não embarcam êxito por tratar o jovem como problemático e sendo uma forma mais tradicional não consegue mais atrair a atenção, podendo ser considerada uma forma inadequada para este público. Por um outro lado, os jovens possuem fascínio por jogos. Acredita-se que uma abordagem utilizando jogos educacionais eletrônicos possam lograr maior sucesso, devido ao ambiente atrativo que oferecem. Em estudos realizados em jovens, com jogos comuns e jogos eletrônicos pôde-se notar a importância da utilização desse tipo de intervenção. Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de desenvolvimento por meio de um jogo com Realidade Aumentada como estratégia de auxiliar na informação e prevenção ao uso de drogas em jovens e adolescentes, um tipo de jogo onde foi utilizada uma tecnologia que mistura o mundo real com imagens em 3D. A pesquisa também realizou uma métrica para pesquisa dentro do universo escolar, que possui o público necessário para a aplicação do jogo. Analisando os resultados pode se concluir que a potencialidade do jogo caracterizado para esta comunidade pôde perfazer uma maior conscientização do que as demais abordagens apresentadas. / Adolescence is a stage of discovery and self-affirmation, commonly known by the concern of parents, this makes young people vulnerable to various problems, including drug use, which requires attention to these teenagers do not enter this world. The government is doing its part by distributing information leaflets and campaigns on the use of drugs, but usually these board not succeed by treating the youth as problematic and being a more traditional way can no longer attract attention and can be considered an inappropriate way for this public. On another side, young people have fascination for games. It is believed that an approach using electronic educational games can achieve greater success due to the attractive environment they offer. In studies conducted in young people, with common games and electronic games could be noted the importance of using this type of intervention. This work presents a proposal for development through a game with Augmented Reality as an aid strategy in information and prevention of drug use in young people and adolescents, a type of game where a technology was used to mix the real world with 3D images . The survey also conducted a metric for research within the school environment, which has the public necessary for the implementation of the game. Analyzing the results it can be concluded that the game featured potential for this community could make up a greater awareness than other approaches presented.

Submitted by Isac Macêdo (isac@ioc.fiocruz.br) on 2013-09-22T01:45:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DO 2008 - Anderson Dominguês Corrêa.pdf: 2812522 bytes, checksum: 1449190f80d87130eac09d34edb27e01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-22T01:45:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DO 2008 - Anderson Dominguês Corrêa.pdf: 2812522 bytes, checksum: 1449190f80d87130eac09d34edb27e01 (MD5) / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / O uso inadequado de medicamentos constitui uma grande ameaça à saúde pública e pode ter consequências como o atraso no tratamento adequado ou até mesmo a morte. A Organização Mundial de Saúde identificou que aproximadamente metade dos medicamentos consumidos no mundo é utilizada de modo inadequado, e tem alertado sobre a necessidade crescente de se ampliar os aspectos educacionais relacionados aos medicamentos. Esta tese está estruturada na forma de artigos, sendo constituída por três artigos. Este estudo tem o seu foco direcionado ao ensino de ciências e apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa, apoiada em dados numéricos e depoimentos obtidos a partir de questionários e de entrevistas elaboradas de forma semiestruturadas. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma análise dos conteúdos sobre medicamentos em livros didáticos de Biologia do Ensino Médio. Foi identificado o conhecimento dos alunos e dos professores do IFRJ, sobre o uso de medicamentos, dados estes que junto aos estudos da literatura, fundamentaram a forma e os temas a serem abordados no material educativo criado (história em quadrinhos). Para esta tese, foi realizada uma análise do impacto da história em quadrinhos criada – sobre o uso de medicamentos e intoxicação alimentar – junto ao público alvo e trabalhamos com a aplicação, antes e depois das intervenções, de questionários e entrevistas de forma semiestruturadas. Como resultado dos estudos encontramos: 1 – que os livros didáticos analisados, no que diz respeito ao conteúdo sobre medicamentos, necessitam ser adequados às novas legislações e conteúdos que abordem o Uso Racional de Medicamentos, para que dessa forma possam atender as recomendações dos Parâmetros Curriculares do Ensino Médio; 2 – os habitus criados no convívio familiar em relação ao uso e representações sociais de medicamentos são transmitidos de geração a geração ix e, desta forma, é perpetuado o uso inadequado de medicamentos e 3 – a História em Quadrinhos elaborada contribuiu para o aprendizado dos estudantes sobre os riscos da automedicação. Dessa forma, os resultados sugerem que o ensino de ciências e a divulgação científica sobre o tema com materiais didáticos lúdicos podem contribuir para a apropriação de práticas saudáveis em relação ao uso de medicamentos. Esperamos que nosso trabalho possa contribuir para os debates sobre a divulgação científica de temas relacionados à saúde, capacitando professores para atuarem como facilitadores de ações preventivas em saúde, tornando os alunos multiplicadores dos conteúdos para familiares e amigos, e assim contribuir para a promoção da melhoria na qualidade de vida da população com o objetivo de minimizar os agravos e danos causados pelo uso incorreto de medicamentos. / Inappropriate use of medicine is a major threat to public health and can bring consequences such as delays in appropriate treatment or even death. The World Health Organization found that nearly half of drugs consumed worldwide is used improperly, and has warned of the increasing need to broaden the educational aspects related to drugs. This study is structured in the form of articles and being made of three them. This study has its focus directed to the teaching of science and presents a qualitative approach based on numerical data and testimonials obtained from questionnaires and interviews in a semistrutured fashion. Initially, we carried out an analysis of the contents on drugs on Biology texts books for Middle School. The knowledge of students and teachers of IFRJ on the use of drugs was identified, which added to the literature formed the basis for the topics to be addressed in the educational material created (comics). For this thesis an analyze of the impact of the comics created was performed – on the use of drugs and food poisoning – with the target audience. We worked with the application before and after the questioners interventions and semi structured interviews. As a result of the studies we found: 1) the text books analyzed showed that the part related to the contents about the drugs and the contents that address the rational use of drugs need to be suitable to the new legislations. Only thus, can be met the recommendations of the parameters of the Middle School Curriculum; 2) the habitus created in the family sphere in relation to the use of drugs and it social representations are transmitted from generation to generation, and thereby the inappropriate use of drugs is perpetuated and 3) the comics created contributed to the student learning about the risks of the self-medication. Therefore, the results suggest that the teaching of science and scientific publication on the subject with playful didactic materials can contribute to appropriate healthy practices regarding the use of drugs. We expect our work can contribute to the instrumentalization of the scientific issues dissemination related to the health, field enabling teachers to act as facilitators in preventive health actions. Thus, contributing to the promotion of improved quality of life in order to minimize the injuries and damages caused by the misuse of drugs.

Drug policy and the treatment of drug offenders' is an area that receives much attention worldwide. Because of the authorities' apparent inability to deal with this form of crime, it has universally been deemed necessary to look generally at the punishment of this category of offender and specifically at alternative methods to deal with these perpetrators. An extensive study of drug treatment approaches and models used by various countries merely highlights and emphasises the need for the creation and implementation of a suitable treatment modality for drug offenders. Other countries do not and cannot offer solutions to South Africa's dilemma in the handling of its large offender population. It is for this reason that the researcher has selected workable aspects from various systems in a multidimensional and multidisciplinary management approach to the handling of drug offenders in the South African context. The researcher utilises certain components of the systems theory to describe the manner in which the criminal justice system processes drug offenders. For this purpose, the researcher uses the systems theory as a framework for the application of the drug model that takes place on all levels within the criminal justice system. The researcher aims to use existing drug policy to form the basis of the drug model, and sets structural and procedural guidelines for dealing with this category of offender. The researcher furthermore calls for the implementation of such a model. / Corrections Management / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T19:14:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-02-10 / Ministério da Saúde – Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde / Nas últimas décadas, o consumo de drogas tem tomado dimensões preocupantes, com graves consequências para o indivíduo, sua família e comunidade, comprometendo as diversas interfaces da vida cotidiana. O crack emergiu no Brasil no final da década de 1980, apresentando-se como um fenômeno de rápida expansão. Várias pesquisas veem apontando para uma estreita relação entre o uso dessa droga e situações de vulnerabilidade vivida por essas pessoas. Considerando a relevância da questão, o presente trabalho objetivou descrever a cultura de uso do crack no Estado de Pernambuco, considerando o conjunto de conhecimentos, práticas e visões de mundo compartilhadas por esses usuários. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com 39 pessoas maiores de 18 anos, que faziam uso de crack atendidas no Programa ATITUDE – Programa de atenção integral aos usuários de drogas e seus familiares, da Secretaria Executiva de Políticas sobre Drogas de Pernambuco. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório acerca dos diversos aspectos relacionados à cultura de uso de crack. A análise dos dados coletados foi realizada com base na técnica de análise de conteúdo, utilizando o software NVivo 10.0. Os resultados revelaram como os aspectos relacionados ao contexto social do consumo do crack têm estreita relação com o aumento de situações de vulnerabilidade vividas por esses usuários. Vários são os fatores que levam as pessoas a usarem o crack, porém a curiosidade e a influência dos amigos foram os mais presentes. Os entrevistados descreveram preferir usar o crack sozinhos, em cachimbos artesanais, sem a mistura com outras drogas. A dependência do crack foi vivenciada por quase todos os entrevistados. Poucos participantes acreditam na possibilidade de um uso controlado do crack. A compulsão é uma característica bem presente nos relatos. Diante do consumo abusivo do crack percebeu-se o grande envolvimento com atos ilícitos para obter a droga. Sob efeito da fissura e com o objetivo de continuar o uso, foi comum a descrição de atividades ilícitas de rápido retorno financeiro, gerando, além de significativo comprometimento moral e social, importante risco à vida dos entrevistados. Situações conflitantes entre os usuários e riscos eminentes de morte ou prisão estiveram presentes em vários relatos, apontando para a necessidade de intervenções do poder público. Finalmente, é importante destacar que as pesquisas qualitativas relacionadas ao consumo de crack no Brasil ainda são escassas. Diante da complexidade dessa problemática, maiores investimentos científicos precisam ser priorizados para que políticas públicas de atenção aos usuários de crack possam ser repensadas e melhor elaboradas para atender todas as particularidades relacionadas à atenção integral dessas pessoas. / In the last decades, drug use problems had became worrying, with serious consequences for the individual, his family and community, compromising the daily life of hundreds. Crack cocaine consumption emerged in Brazil in the late 1980's, and rapidly the phenomenon expanded and spreaded in whole country. Several researches point to a close relationship between the use of this drug and situations of vulnerability experienced by users. Considering the relevance of the issue, our work aimed to describe the culture of crack cocaine use in the State of Pernambuco, taking into account the set of knowledge, practices and worldviews shared by these users. For the development of this study we used a qualitative approach in which 39 semi-structured interviews of people over 18 years who used crack cocaine attended in the ATTITUDE Program – Comprehensive Care Program for Drug Users and their Families, managed by the Executive Secretary on Drug Policy of Pernambuco. It is an exploratory research on various aspects related to the culture of crack cocaine use. The analysis of the narrative data was performed based on the technique of content analysis, using the software NVivo v. 10.0. The results revealed the relationship between the social context in crack cocaine use and the increase of vulnerability situations experienced by these users. Several factors lead people to use the drug, but the curiosity and influence of friends were the most common. The interviewees described preference to use crack cocaine by oneself, in handmade pipes, without mixing of other drugs. The addiction on crack cocaine was observed in almost all the interviewees. Just few participants believed in the possibility of a controlled use of the drug. Compulsive use in binge pattern, and evolving with illicit or criminal acts to obtain the drug was recorded. Some criminal activities were informed to be realized on craving behavior to get fast financial return and to obtain the drug. Conflictive situations among users and imminent threats of death or imprisonment were observed in several reports. Finally, it is important to note that qualitative research related to crack consumption in Brazil is still scarce. Given the complexity of this problem, larger scientific investments need to be done to subsidize public policies on care and treatment turned to crack cocaine users attention to crack users. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 romero_lr_me_botfm.pdf: 437758 bytes, checksum: 6af70e60a4e0e9db50f260d5814bbd49 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Estimar a prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas, inclusive álcool e tabaco entre estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio de escolas públicas e privadas de uma cidade do interior paulista, assim como, identificar e analisar fatores preditores e protetores do uso de drogas. Metodologia: Foi realizado estudo transversal, com a aplicação de questionário estruturado, previamente testado, individual, anônimo, de auto-preenchimento e participação facultativa para alunos de escolas públicas e privadas, do ensino fundamental e médio do município. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 1933 indivíduos, sendo 50,2% do sexo masculino. A idade média foi de 15,1 l 1,5 anos. O álcool foi a droga mais consumida na vida e nos últimos trinta dias (respectivamente, 69,9% e 41,1%), seguido do tabaco (23,5% e 10,2%), maconha (7,3% e 3,8%) e solventes (7,2% e 2,9%). São apresentados valores de odds ratio para os principais fatores de risco e proteção ao uso de drogas identificados no trabalho, assim como os já ressaltados pela literatura (sexo, idade, classe econômica, religião, escolaridade - fundamental e médio, mesada, trabalho remunerado e tempo livre). Discussão: Discute-se a adequação de programas de prevenção desenvolvidos na escola, no período em que os escolares se encontram ainda em momento de experimentação e fases iniciais do uso de drogas, abordando aspectos relacionados à promoção da saúde, melhoria das condições de vida, atitudes pessoais e organização social, assim como, características e necessidades regionais. / To estimate the prevalence of the use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and tobacco, among elementary and middle-school students in public and private schools from one city in the interior of Sao Paulo state, as well as to identify and analyze factors that predict and protect from the use/abuse of drugs. Methodology: A transversal study was accomplished with application of a structured questionnaire - previously tested, individual, anonymous, self-completed, and of facultative participation - for students of public and private schools of elementary and high school education. Results: A total of 1933 individuals participated in the study, 50.2% male. The mean age was 15.1 l 1.5 years. Alcohol was the drug most consumed throughout life and in the prior thirty days (respectively, 69.9% and 41.1%), followed by tobacco (23.5% and 10.2%), marijuana (7.3% and 3.8%) and solvents (7.2% and 2.9%). Odds ratio values are presented as the principal protective and risk factors for drug use identified in the work, as well as those already highlighted in the literature (sex, age, economic class, religion, education level - elementary and high school, monthly allowance, remunerated work and free time). Discussion: The adequacy of prevention programs developed in the school is discussed, for the period in which students are found still at the moment of experimentation and initial phases of drug use, dealing with aspects related to health promotion, improvement of life conditions, personal attitudes and social organization, as well as regional characteristics and necessities.