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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Hearing loss amongst dr-tb patients that received extended high frequency pure tone audiometry monitoring (kuduwave) at three dr-tb decentralized sites in Kwazulu-Natal

Rudolph-Claasen, Zerilda 10 1900 (has links)
Doctor Educationis / Ototoxic induced hearing loss is a common adverse event related to aminoglycosides used in Multi Drug Resistant -Tuberculosis treatment. Exposure to ototoxic drugs damages the structures of the inner ear. Symptomatic hearing loss presents as tinnitus, decreased hearing, a blocked sensation, difficulty understanding speech, and perception of fluctuating hearing, dizziness and hyperacusis/recruitment. The World Health Organization (1995) indicated that most cases of ototoxic hearing loss globally could be attributed to treatment with aminoglycosides. The aim of the study was to determine the proportion of DR-TB patients initiated on treatment at three decentralized sites during a defined period (1st October to 31st December 2015) who developed ototoxic induced hearing loss and the corresponding risk factors, whilst receiving audiological monitoring with an extended high frequency audiometer (KUDUwave). A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Cumulatively across the three decentralized sites, 69 patient records were reviewed that met the inclusion criteria of the study. The mean age of the patients was 36.1, with a standard deviation (SD) of 10.7 years; more than half (37) were female. Ototoxicity , a threshold shift, placing patients at risk of developing a hearing loss was detected in 56.5% (n=39)of patients and not detected in 30.4%(n=21).The remaining 13,1% (n=9)is missing data. As a result, the regimen was adjusted in 36.2% of patients. . From the 53 patients who were tested for hearing loss post completion of the injectable phase of treatment, 22.6% (n=12) had normal hearing, 17.0 % (n=9) had unilateral hearing loss, and 60.4% (n=32) had bilateral hearing loss. Therefore, a total of 41 patients had a degree of hearing loss: over 30% (n=22)had mild to moderate hearing loss, and only about 15% (n=11)had severe to profound hearing loss. Analysis of risk factors showed that having ototoxicity detected and not adjusting regimen significantly increases the risk of patients developing a hearing loss. The key findings of the study have shown that a significant proportion of DR-TB patients receiving an aminoglycoside based regimen are at risk of developing ototoxic induced hearing loss, despite receiving audiological monitoring with an extended high frequency audiometer that allows for early detection of ototoxicity (threshold shift).
32

Compostos 5-nitro-2-furfurilidênicos com atividade frente à micro-organismos multirresistentes Planejamento, síntese e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana / Compound\'s 5-nitro-2-furfurilidene with activity against multi-drug resistant microorganisms. Design, synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity.

Silva Neto, Adelson Lopes da 01 February 2017 (has links)
A surgimento de bactérias multirresistentes é uma ameaça global. Essas bactérias têm sido associadas com infecções hospitalares, no entanto, diversos casos de infecções multirresistentes adquiridas na comunidade vêm sendo relatadas, o que acendo um alerta quanto a propagação destes micro-organismos para além do ambiente hospitalar. Em todo o mundo o consumo indiscriminado de antibióticos tem aumentado significativamente, sendo este o principal fator para o surgimento e propagação de novas formas de resistência. Outro fator preocupante é a velocidade com que estas novas formas de resistência cruzam fronteiras internacionais se disseminando facilmente em todo o mundo. Este fato tem preocupado líderes mundiais, os quais consideram o aparecimento de \"superbactérias\" um pesadelo, o que pode vir a ser em um futuro próximo uma catástrofe mundial. Diante desse quadro preocupante, a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos agentes antimicrobianos para combater essas infecções se torna iminente. Neste contexto, os compostos nitrofurânicos tem se destacado por sua atividade contra bactérias com caráter de multirresistência. Por isto, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de novos compostos nitrofurânicos, tendo como composto-protótipo a nifuroxazida. O processo de desenvolvimento das estruturas análogas a nifuroxazida foi realizado a partir do planejamento da série de compostos 5-nitro-2-furfurilidênicos, com base nos parâmetros estabelecidos por Lipinski para obtenção de compostos com características farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas que favorecem a biodisponibilidade, com vistas a administração por via oral. Os ensaios de avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana dos compostos foram realizados com base no método de teste de sensibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos por diluição para bactérias de crescimento aeróbio, norma M07-A9, e como base no método de padrões de crescimento para teste de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos, vigésimo terceiro suplemento informativo, M100-S23, aprovados pelo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Os resultados de avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana indicam que o composto mais ativo c24, 6-amino-N\'-((5-nitrofurano-2-il)metileno)-2-naftohidrazida, teve atividade significativa frente a todas cepas, sendo superior a nifuroxazida, NF; nitrofurantoína, NTF; oxacilina, OXA; e vancomicina, VAN; [ (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, c24 - IC90 = 0.31 µM ± 0.06; NF - IC90 = 2.39 µM ± 0.08; NTF - IC90 = 5.26 µM ± 0.39; OXA - IC90 = 1.14 µM ± 0.18; VAN - IC90 = 0.31 µM ± 0.06); (Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina, c24 - IC90 = 0.52 µM ± 0.26; NF - IC90 = 5.37 µM ± 0.67; NTF - IC90 = 8.20 µM ± 1.66; OXA - IC90 = s. a.; VAN - IC90 = 0.50 µM ± 0.20); (Staphylococcus aureus cepa heterogênea com resistência intermediária à vancomicina, hVISA-FCFHV36, c24 - IC90 = 0.82 µM ± 0.07; NF - IC90 = 7.22 µM ± 0.29; NTF - IC90 = 13.14 µM ± 0.94; OXA - IC90 = s. a.; VAN - IC90 = 0.88 µM ± 0.05); (Staphylococcus epidermidis com perfil de resistência a linezolida, c24 - IC90 = 0.74 µM ± 0.02; NF - IC90 = 4.36 µM ± 0.54; NTF - IC90 = 8.46 µM ± 0.60; OXA - IC90 = 12.66 µM ± 0.36; VAN - IC90 = 1.40 µM ± 0.28); e (Enterococcus faecalis resistente à vancomicina fenótipo vanA, c24 - IC90 = 0.72 µM ± 0.02; NF - IC90 = 5.09 µM ± 0.08; NTF - IC90 = 9.28 µM ± 0.32; OXA - IC90 = 12.26 µM ± 0.72, VAN - IC90 = s. a.) ]. Entre as propriedades de maior influência na atividade do composto c24 estão ClogP e PSA. / The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a global threat. These bacteria have been associated with nosocomial infections, however, many cases of community-acquired multidrug resistant infections have been reported which light a warning about the spread of these microorganisms other than the hospital environment. Worldwide the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has increased significantly, which is the main factor for the emergence and spread of new forms of resistance. Another factor of concern is the speed with which these new forms of resistance cross international boundaries easily spreading worldwide. This has worried world leaders, who consider the emergence of \"superbugs\" a nightmare, which might be in the near future a global catastrophe. Faced with this alarming situation, the need for development of new antimicrobial agents to combat such infections becomes imminent. In this context, nitrofuran compounds has been noted for its activity against bacteria with multidrug resistance character. Therefore, this study aimed to develop new nitrofuran compounds, with the composite prototype to nifuroxazida. The process of developing similar structures nifuroxazida was performed using the designed series of substituted 5-nitro-2-furfurilidênicos, based on parameters set by Lipinski to obtain compounds with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that promote the bioavailability in order administration orally. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity tests of the compounds were carried out based on the method of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing by dilution for bacterial aerobic growth, M07-A9 standard, and based on the method of growth standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing , twenty-third informational supplement M100-S23, approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The results of evaluation of the antimicrobial activity indicate that the compound more active c24, 6-amino-N\'-((5-nitrofuran-2-yl) methylene)-2-naftohidrazida had significant activity against all strains, exceeding nifuroxazida, NF; nitrofurantoin, NTF; oxacillin, OXA; and vancomycin, VAN; [(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, c24 - IC90 = 0:31 uM ± 12:06; NF - IC90 = 2.39 uM ± 12:08; NTF - IC90 = 5.26 uM ± 12:39; OXA - IC90 = 1.14 uM ± 00:18; VAN - IC90 = 0:31 uM ± 12:06); (Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin, c24 - IC90 = 0:52 uM ± 00:26; NF - IC90 = 5:37 uM ± 0.67; NTF - IC90 = 8.20 uM ± 1.66; OXA - IC90 = s to .; VAN - IC90 = 0:50 uM ± 00:20.); (Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneous strain with intermediate resistance to vancomycin, hVISA-FCFHV36, c24 - IC90 = 0.82 uM ± 00:07; NF - IC90 = 7.22 uM ± 00:29; NTF - IC90 = 13:14 uM ± 0.94; OXA - IC90 = sa; VAN - IC90 = 0.88 ± 0.05 uM); (Staphylococcus epidermidis with linezolid resistance profile, c24 - IC90 = 0.74 uM ± 12:02; NF - IC90 = 4:36 uM ± 00:54; NTF - IC90 = 8:46 uM ± 0.60; OXA - IC90 = 12.66 uM ± 12:36; VAN - IC90 = uM 1:40 ± 0:28); and (Enterococcus faecalis Vancomycin-resistant vanA phenotype, c24 - IC90 = 0.72 uM ± 00:02; NF - IC90 = 9.5 uM ± 12:08; NTF - IC90 = 9.28 uM ± 00:32; OXA - IC90 = 12.26 uM ± 0.72, VAN - IC90 = sa)]. Among the most influential properties in the activity of the compound c24 are ClogP and PSA
33

Avaliação do impacto da cirurgia de epilepsia no desenvolvimento de crianças com epilepsia refratária / Impact of epilepsy surgery on development of children with epilepsy refractory

Oliveira, Ana Valeria Duarte 03 March 2017 (has links)
A epilepsia é uma desordem cerebral definida por pelo menos duas crises não provocadas ocorrendo em um intervalo maior que 24 horas, uma crise não provocada e uma probabilidade de futuras crises similar ao risco de recorrência geral depois de duas crises não provocadas (pelo menos 60%) nos próximos 10 anos; ou o diagnóstico de uma síndrome epiléptica. Após o diagnóstico do tipo de epilepsia, existem situações em que o paciente não responde ao tratamento medicamentoso, apresentando pelo menos uma crise epiléptica por mês por um período mínimo de 2 anos. Se durante esse período, dois ou três diferentes fármacos antiepilépticos foram utilizados em monoterapia ou politerapia, e o paciente não obtém controle das crises, configura-se o quadro de epilepsia farmacorresistente. A intervenção cirúrgica é uma opção para essas crianças, atuando no controle das crises e, potencialmente no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Neste estudo, avaliamos as variáveis clínicas como a idade de início da epilepsia, duração da epilepsia, frequência de crises, etiologia e a Escala de Comportamento Adaptativo de Vineland (ECAV) para caracterizar aspectos referentes aos domínios da comunicação, socialização, habilidades diárias e habilidades motoras, no período pré e pós-operatório de cirurgia de epilepsia. A nossa intenção foi determinar o impacto da cirurgia de epilepsia no desempenho dos pacientes nessas esferas avaliadas pela ECAV. Como resultados, encontramos que o grupo de participantes livre de crises após a cirurgia de epilepsia apresentou melhor desempenho cognitivo na segunda avaliação pós-operatória, quando comparado ao grupo que não teve controle de crises. A variável clínica duração da epilepsia influenciou a equivalência etária e as pontuações padrão da ECAV no período pré-operatório, sendo considerada determinante para o atraso neuropsicomotor dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de epilepsia. Quanto aos fatores preditivos de melhora das crises pós-operatórias, observou-se que Engel e cirurgia foram as variáveis consideradas significativas. A maioria dos pacientes (63,9%) na segunda avaliação pós-operatória ainda apresentou convulsões ou não obteve melhora. Nos achados da investigação sobre o impacto das crises em relação ao desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor na primeira avaliação 21,3 meses após a cirurgia, foi observado um ganho abaixo do esperado de apenas 4,4 meses na equivalência etária, não evidenciando melhora em curto prazo após a cirurgia, independente do controle de crises. Após 41,3 meses do procedimento cirúrgico os pacientes que apresentaram controle de crises tiveram ganhos adaptativos significativos de 15 meses na equivalência etária quando comparados com os que não apresentavam controle das crises. Nesses últimos pacientes, a equivalência etária permaneceu praticamente estável com um incremento de apenas 3 meses quando analisada as fases pré e pós - operatória / Epilepsy is a disease of the brain defined by at least two unprovoked seizures occurring 24 h apart, one unprovoked seizure and a probability of further seizures like the general recurrence risk (at least 60%) after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years or diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome. After epilepsy diagnosis, there are situations where patients do not respond to drug treatment, developing one seizure per month for a minimum of 2 years. If during this period two or three antiepileptic drugs different used as monotherapy or in combination, a condition known as drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy surgery is an option for children with drug-resistant epilepsy acting on the seizure control seizures and, potentially on neuropsychomotor development. In this study, we evaluated clinical variables such as epilepsy age of onset, epilepsy duration, seizure frequency, etiology and adaptive behavior scale of Vineland to characterize aspects related to age equivalence through the domains of communication, socialization, daily skills and motor skills pre- and post-surgical period. Our intention was to determine the impact of epilepsy surgery on the performance of patients in these areas evaluated by Vineland. Thus, we found that the seizure free group participants showed better cognitive performance in the second evaluation, compared to the group that not seizure controlled. The clinical variable duration of epilepsy influenced the age equivalence and standard Vineland scores in the preoperative period, being considered determinant for the neuropsychomotor delay of patients submitted to epilepsy surgery. Regarding the predictive factors of improvement of postoperative crises, it was observed that Engel and surgery were the variables considered significant. The majority of the patients (63.9%) in the second postoperative evaluation still had seizures or did not improve. The findings of the research on the impact of crises on neuropsychomotor were that in the first evaluation 21.3 months after surgery there was a below-expected gain of only 4.4 months of age equivalence, not showing improvement in the short term after surgery, independent of control crisis. After 41.3 months of the surgical procedure, the patients presenting with seizure control had significant adaptive gains of 15 months when compared to those without seizure control. In the latter patients, the age equivalence remained practically stable with an increase of o preoperative only 3 months, analyzing the phases pre and postoperative evaluation
34

Compostos 5-nitro-2-furfurilidênicos com atividade frente à micro-organismos multirresistentes Planejamento, síntese e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana / Compound\'s 5-nitro-2-furfurilidene with activity against multi-drug resistant microorganisms. Design, synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity.

Adelson Lopes da Silva Neto 01 February 2017 (has links)
A surgimento de bactérias multirresistentes é uma ameaça global. Essas bactérias têm sido associadas com infecções hospitalares, no entanto, diversos casos de infecções multirresistentes adquiridas na comunidade vêm sendo relatadas, o que acendo um alerta quanto a propagação destes micro-organismos para além do ambiente hospitalar. Em todo o mundo o consumo indiscriminado de antibióticos tem aumentado significativamente, sendo este o principal fator para o surgimento e propagação de novas formas de resistência. Outro fator preocupante é a velocidade com que estas novas formas de resistência cruzam fronteiras internacionais se disseminando facilmente em todo o mundo. Este fato tem preocupado líderes mundiais, os quais consideram o aparecimento de \"superbactérias\" um pesadelo, o que pode vir a ser em um futuro próximo uma catástrofe mundial. Diante desse quadro preocupante, a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos agentes antimicrobianos para combater essas infecções se torna iminente. Neste contexto, os compostos nitrofurânicos tem se destacado por sua atividade contra bactérias com caráter de multirresistência. Por isto, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de novos compostos nitrofurânicos, tendo como composto-protótipo a nifuroxazida. O processo de desenvolvimento das estruturas análogas a nifuroxazida foi realizado a partir do planejamento da série de compostos 5-nitro-2-furfurilidênicos, com base nos parâmetros estabelecidos por Lipinski para obtenção de compostos com características farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas que favorecem a biodisponibilidade, com vistas a administração por via oral. Os ensaios de avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana dos compostos foram realizados com base no método de teste de sensibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos por diluição para bactérias de crescimento aeróbio, norma M07-A9, e como base no método de padrões de crescimento para teste de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos, vigésimo terceiro suplemento informativo, M100-S23, aprovados pelo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Os resultados de avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana indicam que o composto mais ativo c24, 6-amino-N\'-((5-nitrofurano-2-il)metileno)-2-naftohidrazida, teve atividade significativa frente a todas cepas, sendo superior a nifuroxazida, NF; nitrofurantoína, NTF; oxacilina, OXA; e vancomicina, VAN; [ (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, c24 - IC90 = 0.31 µM ± 0.06; NF - IC90 = 2.39 µM ± 0.08; NTF - IC90 = 5.26 µM ± 0.39; OXA - IC90 = 1.14 µM ± 0.18; VAN - IC90 = 0.31 µM ± 0.06); (Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina, c24 - IC90 = 0.52 µM ± 0.26; NF - IC90 = 5.37 µM ± 0.67; NTF - IC90 = 8.20 µM ± 1.66; OXA - IC90 = s. a.; VAN - IC90 = 0.50 µM ± 0.20); (Staphylococcus aureus cepa heterogênea com resistência intermediária à vancomicina, hVISA-FCFHV36, c24 - IC90 = 0.82 µM ± 0.07; NF - IC90 = 7.22 µM ± 0.29; NTF - IC90 = 13.14 µM ± 0.94; OXA - IC90 = s. a.; VAN - IC90 = 0.88 µM ± 0.05); (Staphylococcus epidermidis com perfil de resistência a linezolida, c24 - IC90 = 0.74 µM ± 0.02; NF - IC90 = 4.36 µM ± 0.54; NTF - IC90 = 8.46 µM ± 0.60; OXA - IC90 = 12.66 µM ± 0.36; VAN - IC90 = 1.40 µM ± 0.28); e (Enterococcus faecalis resistente à vancomicina fenótipo vanA, c24 - IC90 = 0.72 µM ± 0.02; NF - IC90 = 5.09 µM ± 0.08; NTF - IC90 = 9.28 µM ± 0.32; OXA - IC90 = 12.26 µM ± 0.72, VAN - IC90 = s. a.) ]. Entre as propriedades de maior influência na atividade do composto c24 estão ClogP e PSA. / The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a global threat. These bacteria have been associated with nosocomial infections, however, many cases of community-acquired multidrug resistant infections have been reported which light a warning about the spread of these microorganisms other than the hospital environment. Worldwide the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has increased significantly, which is the main factor for the emergence and spread of new forms of resistance. Another factor of concern is the speed with which these new forms of resistance cross international boundaries easily spreading worldwide. This has worried world leaders, who consider the emergence of \"superbugs\" a nightmare, which might be in the near future a global catastrophe. Faced with this alarming situation, the need for development of new antimicrobial agents to combat such infections becomes imminent. In this context, nitrofuran compounds has been noted for its activity against bacteria with multidrug resistance character. Therefore, this study aimed to develop new nitrofuran compounds, with the composite prototype to nifuroxazida. The process of developing similar structures nifuroxazida was performed using the designed series of substituted 5-nitro-2-furfurilidênicos, based on parameters set by Lipinski to obtain compounds with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that promote the bioavailability in order administration orally. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity tests of the compounds were carried out based on the method of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing by dilution for bacterial aerobic growth, M07-A9 standard, and based on the method of growth standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing , twenty-third informational supplement M100-S23, approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The results of evaluation of the antimicrobial activity indicate that the compound more active c24, 6-amino-N\'-((5-nitrofuran-2-yl) methylene)-2-naftohidrazida had significant activity against all strains, exceeding nifuroxazida, NF; nitrofurantoin, NTF; oxacillin, OXA; and vancomycin, VAN; [(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, c24 - IC90 = 0:31 uM ± 12:06; NF - IC90 = 2.39 uM ± 12:08; NTF - IC90 = 5.26 uM ± 12:39; OXA - IC90 = 1.14 uM ± 00:18; VAN - IC90 = 0:31 uM ± 12:06); (Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin, c24 - IC90 = 0:52 uM ± 00:26; NF - IC90 = 5:37 uM ± 0.67; NTF - IC90 = 8.20 uM ± 1.66; OXA - IC90 = s to .; VAN - IC90 = 0:50 uM ± 00:20.); (Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneous strain with intermediate resistance to vancomycin, hVISA-FCFHV36, c24 - IC90 = 0.82 uM ± 00:07; NF - IC90 = 7.22 uM ± 00:29; NTF - IC90 = 13:14 uM ± 0.94; OXA - IC90 = sa; VAN - IC90 = 0.88 ± 0.05 uM); (Staphylococcus epidermidis with linezolid resistance profile, c24 - IC90 = 0.74 uM ± 12:02; NF - IC90 = 4:36 uM ± 00:54; NTF - IC90 = 8:46 uM ± 0.60; OXA - IC90 = 12.66 uM ± 12:36; VAN - IC90 = uM 1:40 ± 0:28); and (Enterococcus faecalis Vancomycin-resistant vanA phenotype, c24 - IC90 = 0.72 uM ± 00:02; NF - IC90 = 9.5 uM ± 12:08; NTF - IC90 = 9.28 uM ± 00:32; OXA - IC90 = 12.26 uM ± 0.72, VAN - IC90 = sa)]. Among the most influential properties in the activity of the compound c24 are ClogP and PSA
35

Avaliação de uma ferramenta online para indicar pacientes candidatos à cirurgia da epilepsia

Madeira, Bianca Cecchele January 2015 (has links)
Introdução: A epilepsia é uma das condições mais comuns na prática neurológica. Sua prevalência na população em geral é expressiva (cerca de 2%). Dentre esses pacientes, existem aqueles que são fármaco-resistentes, ou seja aqueles que não atingem controle de suas crises com dois fármacos adequados de maneira otimizada, os quais correspondem a cerca de 20-40%. Esses pacientes apresentam um controle inadequado de sua condição crônica e o tratamento a longo prazo torna-se insatisfatório e de alto custo, sem levar em consideração a redução da qualidade de vida do paciente, o impacto psicossocial, as incapacidades e o risco aumentado de morte. Somando-se a isso, existe o fato de eles, muitas vezes, necessitarem de cuidadores, geralmente familiares, os quais, por consequência, também deixam de produzir. Sendo assim, é imperativo que tratamentos alternativos custo-efetivos sejam disponibilizados para esses pacientes. A cirurgia da epilepsia é uma opção muito adequada para pacientes selecionados, uma vez que ela pode melhorar substancialmente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, em muitos casos fazendo até mesmo com que o paciente fique livre de crises, além da redução dos custos à longo prazo. O grande problema é anterior à cirurgia: reside no fato de existir uma certa dificuldade em identificar e encaminhar esses pacientes para uma avaliação adequada, seja por desconhecimento por parte dos médicos em geral, seja pela escassez de recomendações formais. Objetivos: Avaliar uma ferramenta online para indicar pacientes candidatos à cirurgia da epilepsia, colaborando, assim com uma maior facilidade para fins de tomada de decisão clínica com uma melhor identificação destes pacientes. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo transversal avaliando a indicação cirúrgica de pacientes com epilepsia focal, conforme testagem de uma ferramenta online disponível para este fim. Este trabalho foi realizado com pacientes consecutivos que frequentaram o Ambulatório de Epilepsia do Serviço de Neurologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, no período de janeiro a abril de 2014. Todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo apresentavam o diagnóstico de epilepsia e suas informações foram retiradas da revisão de seus prontuários através de um questionário padronizado respondido pelos pesquisadores. As informações que porventura não constavam registradas em prontuário foram coletadas durante a consulta de rotina. No total, foram avaliados 211 pacientes. Resultados: No nosso estudo, primeiramente realizamos uma análise de prevalência, encontrando um resultado de 56,9% de pacientes com indicação à avaliação cirúrgica. Além disso, realizamos uma avaliação das variáveis que contribuem para a indicação ou não do tratamento cirúrgico. Nessa etapa, encontramos a frequência das crises, o número de fármacos testados e a presença de efeitos colaterais como as variáveis com maior significância estatística para indicação ao tratamento cirúrgico. Conclusão: Acreditamos que este trabalho possui grande relevância clínica por se tratar de uma ferramenta que pode ajudar na tomada de decisão para fins de tratamento, beneficiando, assim, pacientes e possivelmente reduzindo custos do sistema de saúde a médio e longo prazo. / Background: Epilepsy is one of the most commons neurological conditions in practice. Its prevalence in the general population is significant (about 2%). Among these patients, there are those that are drug-resistant (those who do not achieve control of their seizures with two suitable drugs optimally), which correspond to about 20-40%. These patients have inadequate control of their chronic condition and long-term treatment becomes unsatisfactory and expensive, regardless of the reduced quality of life of patients, the psychosocial impact, disability and increased risk of death. In addition, the fact that they often need caregivers usually familiar, which, therefore, also fail to produce. It is therefore imperative that cost-effective alternative treatments are available for these patients. The epilepsy surgery is a suitable option for selected patients, since it can substantially improve the quality of life of patients, in many cases making even the patient seizure free, in addition to reducing costs in the long term. The big problem is before surgery: lies in the fact that there is some difficulty in identifying and referring these patients for proper evaluation, either by ignorance on the part of physicians in general, and the lack of formal recommendations. Objectives: Evaluate an online tool to nominate patients candidates for epilepsy surgery, thus contributing to a larger facility for the purposes of clinical decision-making with better identification of these patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study evaluating the surgical indication in patients with focal epilepsy, as testing of an online tool available for this purpose. This work was performed with consecutive outpatients attending at the Epilepsy Clinic of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, in the period of January-April 2014. All patients included in the study had a diagnosis of epilepsy and their information was taken from the review of their medical records using a standardized questionnaire answered by researchers. The informations who were not registered, were collected during a routine visit. In total, 211 patients were evaluated. Results: In our study, first we conducted a prevalence analysis, finding a result of 56.9% of patients referred for surgical evaluation. In addition, we conducted an evaluation of variables that contribute to the indication or not of surgical treatment. At this stage, we found the frequency of seizures, the number of tested drugs and the presence of side effects such as variables with greater statistical significance for indication for surgical treatment. Conclusion: We believe that this work has great clinical relevance because it is a tool that can help in decision making for treatment, thus benefiting patients and reducing health care costs in the medium and long term.
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Qualidade de vida e controle de crises epilepticas conforme definição da International League Against Epilepsy

Varela, Juliana Santos January 2017 (has links)
Base teórica: A epilepsia é uma doença neurológica crônica, que causa grande impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes afetados. Isto se deve a fatores psicossociais e outros associados à própria epilepsia, além dos efeitos adversos das medicações utilizadas no tratamento. Estima-se que o controle satisfatório das crises seja alcançado em apenas uma parte dos pacientes e, muitas vezes, às custas de efeitos adversos significativos, principalmente nos pacientes com epilepsia refratária. Devido à falta de padronização na definição de epilepsia refratária, que dificulta a sua identificação e o cuidado dos pacientes, em 2010 a ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy) propôs uma classificação para identificar pacientes controlado e não controlados e às custas de efeitos adversos ou não. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo aplicar os critérios de epilepsia fármaco-resistente, propostos pela ILAE em 2010, em pacientes com epilepsia em acompanhamento em um centro de referência e avaliar os efeitos adversos de medicações sobre a qualidade de vida, através da aplicação de questionários padronizados.Métodos: Foram incluídos 81 pacientes com diagnostico definido de epilepsia em acompanhamento em um centro terciário. Todos os pacientes tinham mais de 18 anos, estavam em uso de droga antiepiléptica em dose estável por pelo menos 3 meses, não foram diagnosticados com outras comorbidades clinicas ou psiquiátricas e não estavam em uso regular de nenhuma outra medicação que não o DAE. Os pacientes foram classificados em quatro grupos seguindo as orientações da ILAE: 1A (crises controladas, sem efeitos adversos); 2A (crises não controladas, sem efeitos adversos); 1B (crises controladas, com efeitos adversos), 2B (crises não controladas, com efeitos adversos). Na avaliação da qualidade de vida foi utilizado o questionário QOLIE-31 (Quality of life in epilepsy-31) e para auxiliar na avaliação da presença de efeitos adversos foi utilizada a escala LAEP (Liverpool adverse effects profile). Conclusão: Os pacientes dos grupos com pior controle de crises (2A e 2B) mostraram piores escores de qualidade de vida, enquanto que os grupos com controle de crises (1A e 1B) mostraram melhor qualidade de vida, independente da presença de efeitos adversos. A escala LAEP foi útil na avaliação de efeitos adversos por ajudar a diminuir a subjetividade desta avaliação. É conhecido da literatura que o controle de crises e a presença de efeitos adversos podem impactar negativamente na qualidade de vida dos pacientes com epilepsia. No nosso trabalho, a presença de efeitos adversos não foi um fator que influenciou na qualidade de vida, o que pode estar associado ao número das amostras. / Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease that causes a great impact in the quality of life of the patients. This is related not only due to psychosocial factors but also due to factors associated with the disease itself, as well as to the antiepileptic drugs adverse effects. It is estimated that the good seizure control will be achieved for only some patients and many times with significant adverse effects, mainly in patients with drug resistant epilepsy. Since there was no defined criteria for refractory epilepsy, making the identification and care of these patients more difficult, in 2010 the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) suggested a classification to identify patients with good seizure control or uncontrolled seizures, with or without adverse effects. Objectives: Our work aims to use the ILAE 2010 criteria to identify patients with drug resistant epilepsy in patients of a referral center and to evaluate their quality of life and the presence of antiepileptic drugs adverse effects. Methods: It was included 81 patients with a defined diagnosis of epilepsy, all patients were 18 years old or older, were using an antiepileptic drug in a stable dose for at least 3 months, did not have other clinical or psychiatric diagnosis and were not using any other medication than the antiepileptic drug. Patients were classified in four groups, according to ILAE guidelines: 1A (good seizure control, no adverse effects); 2A (no seizure control, no adverse effects); 1B (good seizure control, with adverse effects), 2B (no seizure control, with adverse effects). For the evaluation of quality of life it was used the QOLIE-31 (Quality of life in epilepsy-31) questionnaire and for the evaluation of adverse effects it was used the LAEP (Liverpool adverse effects profile) questionnaire. Conclusion: Patients from groups with poor seizure control (2A and 2B) showed worse scores for quality of life while patients from groups with good seizure control (1A and 2A) showed better scores, regardless the presence of adverse effects. The LAEP scale was useful for the evaluation of adverse effects, since it helped to decrease the subjectivity in the evaluation. It is known from literature that seizure control and adverse effects have a negative impact the quality of life in patients with epilepsy. In our study, we were not able to show that the presence of adverse effects influenced the quality of life, this may be associated with the sample size.
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Factors that contribute to the increase in the number of tuberculosis patients in the Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga Province

Selala, Mmakala Esther January 2011 (has links)
Thesis (M.Cur) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The aim of this study was to determine the factors that contribute to the increase in the number of tuberculosis (TB) patients in Mpumalanga Province, and to develop guidelines and recommendations to address the challenges of this health issue. The design of the study was qualitative phenomenological. The population consisted of all TB patients who were receiving treatment either at the intensive or the continuation phase. The sampling method was purposive and the sample size comprised 20 participants, of whom 10 were drawn from Shatale clinic at Bushbuckridge, and 10 from Mashishing clinic at Thabachweu municipalities in the Ehlanzeni district of Mpumalanga Province. The data was gathered by means of semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed, from which themes and categories were derived. This study revealed several factors that contributed to the increase in the number of TB patients at the study sites. The factors considered most important in this study were the general lack of knowledge of TB among participants, despite their various levels of education, poverty, overcrowding, poor ventilation in the shacks and Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP) houses, unemployment, lack of support while taking treatment, religious and ritual beliefs, and the influence of traditional healers who dispense herbal medicines with the dictum that participants have been possessed by evil spirits and witches. The majority of patients developed TB as a secondary opportunistic infection because of their HIV-positive status, and lack of capacity to practice personal hygiene and proper infection control. Guidelines, strategies and recommendations were formulated to address these public health challenges in the context nursing education, research, administration and practice
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RISK FACTORS FOR EXTENDED-SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASEPRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS

NABESHIMA, TOSHITAKA, MOURI, AKIHIRO, KOSEKI, TAKENAO, NISHIYAMA, HIDEKI, MAMIYA, TAKAYOSHI, IKEDA, YOSHIAKI 02 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Discordance of Drug Susceptibility Test Data between the CDC Mycobacteriology Laboratory and Local Public Health Laboratories Participating in Tuberculosis Clinical Trials, TBTC, CDC

Patala, Anne Havilah 07 May 2011 (has links)
BACKGROUND: Multi drug resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a serious public health concern in many parts of the world. As per the WHO- 2010 global report on Surveillance and response 3.6% of all incident TB cases globally are multidrug resistant. In this regard, there is an increasing demand for timely, reliable and comprehensive drug susceptibility testing (DST) as MDR-TB surveillance is being geared up. The intent of this analysis is to determine whether there is a need to continue routine confirmatory DST testing at CDC in addition to just sending the isolates for genotyping. Analysis is done by measuring the discordance between the results of laboratory DST at CDC and the local labs drug type, drug testing concentrations, and study sites. METHODS: The data for this analysis was provided by the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium (TBTC), CDC. Data for this analysis was collected over nearly two decades (1993-2011), gathered from 7 clinical trials. Discordance between the local and CDC lab DST results was measured using Kappa statistic. Sensitivity and specificity analysis was done by taking the CDC DST lab results as the gold standard. Discordance levels were calculated by local sites and baseline drug resistance for each antibiotic in each study was measured. RESULTS: Average Kappa values for inter rater agreement for all the studies was 0.6444 whereas the overall level of discordance across all studies is 7.786%. Drug resistance at baseline was highest for Isoniazid and Streptomycin (except Study 23 and 22). CONCLUSION: Though the current results show few DST result discordances between local and CDC labs, it is better to continue to send isolates to the centralized lab (CDC) in view of the worldwide threat of drug resistant TB epidemic, the recommendations of the current literature and the benefits of reliable confirmatory testing services and availability of other molecular diagnostic methods.
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Identification of Multi-drug Resistant Enterococcus spp. as a Potential Nosocomial Pathogen in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Steele, Andrea Marie 22 December 2011 (has links)
This thesis presents results from three studies conducted in a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH). Study 1 retrospectively examined a collection of enterococci from clinical infections. Five recurring strains of Enterococcus faecium, and one strain of Enterococcus faecalis were identified using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as causing clinical infections. Study 2 examined the gastrointestinal tract enterococci as a source of enteroccocal infections in dogs. Enterococcal catheter-associated bacteriuria (CA-bacteriuria) rate was 8%. In 3 of 4 sets of bacteriuria and rectal isolates, CA-bacteriuria isolates were indistinguishable from rectal isolates suggesting that the patient’s fecal enterococci represented the infection source. In all 3 sets of wound and rectal isolates, fecal carriage of the infection isolate was observed. Study 3 examined the prevalence of bacterial species and the overall CA-bacteriuria rate. CA-bacteriuria rate was 24%, with Enterococcus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp., as the most prevalent bacteria in listed order. / PetTrust

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