O desenvolvimento orientado a modelos (Model Driven Development - MDD) é uma abordagem que tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço na indústria e na academia, trazendo grandes benefícios, como o aumento de produtividade. Uma forma de se trabalhar usando MDD em equipe é usando uma IDE (Integrated Development Environment) associada a um sistema de versionamento. Entretanto, trabalhar colaborativamente usando uma IDE associada a um sistema de versionamento pode trazer algumas complicações para o desenvolvimento como: conflitos de modelos, documentação descontinuada, dificuldades por parte dos interessados em usar sistemas de versionamento, etc. Nesse contexto, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem de uso de wiki para desenvolvimento de MDD, de modo que o desenvolvedor seja capaz de criar modelos, gerar código fonte, compartilhar e versionar os modelos e ainda documentar colaborativamente, de maneira mais simples e fácil do que abordagens tradicionais. Isso possibilita que mais usuários não desenvolvedores possam participar mais no processo de desenvolvimento e ainda permite o aumento de produtividade. Para tentar evidenciar de que é possível uma wiki ser usada para desenvolver software, foi criada uma Domain Specific Language - DSL em uma wiki e foram realizados três estudos de caso: um com estudantes do ensino médio e que representam os não desenvolvedores, um com quatro alunos de pós-graduação com experiência de desenvolvimento na indústria e o último estudo de caso foi realizado com 48 participantes entre desenvolvedores e alunos de pósgraduação em Ciências da Computação. Os estudos de caso mostraram que é viável usar uma wiki para desenvolvimento, que não desenvolvedores se adaptam bem à abordagem e que 86% dos desenvolvedores usariam a abordagem proposta se tivessem que trabalhar com MDD. Os estudos de caso também levantaram as principais barreiras para aumentar a aceitação da abordagem. Com isso, este trabalho apresenta além de uma abordagem relativamente inédita na literatura, resultados sobre uso de sistemas de versionamento, de IDEs e de desenvolvimento colaborativo / The Model Driven Development (MDD) is an approach that has gained more space in industry and academia, bringing great benefits such as increased productivity. One way of working in teams with MDD is using an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) with a versioning system. However, to collaboratively work with an IDE and a versioning system may have implications and problems for the development as: conflicts of models, documentation discontinued, difficulties for stakeholders to use versioning systems, etc. In this context, this work proposes an approach to use a wiki to develop MDD, so that the developer is able to create models, generate source code, sharing and versioning models and also to collaboratively document, in a more simple and easy way than the traditional approaches. This enables non developers can participate more in the development process and also allows increasing productivity. To try to show that a wiki can be used to develop software, we created a Domain Specific Language (DSL) in a wiki and were performed three case studies: one with high school students and represent the non developers, another one with four graduate students with experience in software development in the industry, and the last case study was conducted with 48 participants among developers and graduate students in Computer Science. The case studies showed the feasibility of using a wiki for development, that non developers adapted well to the approach and 86 % of the developers would use a wiki to develop MDD. The study also raised the main barriers to increase the acceptance of the approach. Therefore, this work presents also a relatively new approach in the literature and results on the use of versioning systems, IDEs and collaboratively development

To avoid expensive round-trips between the application layer and the database layer it is crucial that data-intensive processing and calculations happen close to where the data resides -- ideally within the database engine. However, each application has its own domain and provides domain-specific languages (DSL) as a user interface to keep interactions confined within the well-known metaphors of the respective domain. Revealing the innards of the underlying data layer by forcing users to formulate problems in terms of a general database language is often not an option. To bridge that gap, we propose an approach to transform and directly compile a DSL into a general database execution plan using graph transformations. We identify the commonalities and mismatches between different models and show which parts can be cherry-picked for direct translation. Finally, we argue that graph transformations can be used in general to translate a DSL into an executable plan for a database.

This report describes Bigraphical DSL (BDSL), a domain-specific language for reactive systems, rooted in the mathematical spirit of the bigraph theory devised by Robin Milner. BDSL is not only a platform-agnostic programming language but also a development framework for reactive applications, written in the Java programming language, with a focus on stability and interoperability. The report serves as a user manual mainly elaborating on how to write and execute BDSL programs, further covering several features such as how to incorporate program verification. Moreover, the manual procures some best practices on design patterns in form of code listings. The BDSL development framework comes with a ready-to-use interpreter and may be a helpful research tool to experiment with the underlying bigraph theory. The framework is further intended for building reactive applications and systems based on the theory of bigraphical reactive systems.:1 Introduction 1.1 Bigraphical Reactive Systems and Programming . . . . . 1.2 Installation 1.3 How to write and run BDSL programs? 1.4 Further Help 1.5 Remarks 2 General Usage of the BDSL Interpreter Tool 2.1 The CLI Interpreter of BDSL 2.2 Supplying a BDSL Program to the Interpreter 2.3 Externalized Configuration 3 BDSL Program Structure 3.1 Elements of a BDSL program 3.2 Main Block 3.3 Scoping, Namespaces and Imports 3.4 Classes and Variables 3.5 Event Listeners/Callbacks 4 Predefined Methods in BDSL 4.1 Printing to the Console 4.2 Loading Bigraphs 4.3 Synthesizing Random Bigraphs 4.4 Exporting Bigraph Variables 4.5 Executing BRSs 5 Examples 5.1 Basic Mathematical Calculations the Bigraphical Way 5.2 Importing External Libraries 5.3 Pathfinding: Naive Blind Search 5.4 Mutual Exclusion Problem 6 Advanced Topics 6.1 User-defined Functions 6.2 Using the Interpreter Programmatically 6.3 IDE Support 7 Conclusion 7.1 Future Work References Appendix A Configuration File for the BDSL Interpreter B BDSL Sample Programs C Using the BDSL Interpreter Programmatically

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a computer system for analysing, and monitoring data, as well as, controlling a plant in industries such as power grids, oil, gas refining, and water control. SCADA belongs to the category of critical systems that are needed to maintain the infrastructure of cities and households. Therefore, the security aspect of such a system has a significant role. The early SCADA systems were designed with the operation as the primary concern rather than security since they were a monolithic networked system without external access. However, the systems evolved, and SCADA systems were embedded with web technologies for users to monitor the data externally. These changes improved the efficiency of monitoring and productivity; however, this caused a problem of potential cyber-attacks to a SCADA system. One such example was Ukraine’s power grid blackout in 2015. Therefore, it is beneficial for the security of a SCADA system to create a threat modeling technique that can understand the critical components of SCADA, discover potential threats, and propose possible mitigation strategies. One issue when creating a threat model is the significant difference of SCADA from traditional Operational Technology (OT) systems. Another significant issue is that SCADA is a highly customisable system, and each SCADA instance can have different components. Therefore, for this work, we implemented a threat modeling language scadaLang, which is specific to the domain of a SCADA system. We started by defining the major assets of a SCADA system, attackers, entry surfaces, and built attacks and defense strategies. Then we developed a threat modeling domain-specific language scadaLang that can create a threat model for a particular instance of SCADA taking the differences in components and connections into account. As a result, we achieved a threat modeling language for SCADA, ensured the reliability of the results by peer-reviewing of an engineer familiar with the domain of the problem, and proposed a Turing test to ensure the validity of the result of scadaLang as the future development of the project. / Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) är ett datorsystem för att analysera och monitorera data samt kontrollera anläggningar för industrier såsom energisystem, olja, raffinering av gas och vatten. SCADA tillhör den kategori av kritiska system som krävs för att bibehålla städer och hushålls infrastruktur. Därför är säkerhetsaspekten av ett sådant system av stor roll. De tidiga SCADA systemen var utformade med funktionen som huvudsaklig oro istället för säkerheten då de var monolitiska nätverkssystem utan extern åtkomst. Systemen utvecklades emellertid och SCADA systemen blev inbyggda med webbteknologier så att användare kan monitorera data externt. De här förändringarna förbättrade effektiviteten av monitorering och produktivitet men skapade problemet med potentiella cyber-attacker mot SCADA systemen. Ett sådant exempel är Ukrainas energy systems elavbrott som skedde 2015. Därför är det fördelaktigt för säkerheten av SCADA systemen att skapa en hotmodelleringsteknik för att bättre förstå de kritiska komponenterna av SCADA, hitta potentiella hot och föreslå potentiella förmildrande strategier. Ett problem för utvecklingen av en hotmodell är den stora skillnaden mellan SCADA från traditionella nätverkssystem inom industri. Ett annat stort problem är att SCADA är ett justerbart system och varje SCADA instans kan ha olika komponenter. Därför utvecklar vi i detta arbete ett språk för hotmodellering scadaLang som är specifikt för domänen SCADA system. Vi började med att definiera de huvudsakliga komponenterna av SCADA system, angriparna, attack ytorna och även bygga attacker samt försvarsstrategier. Sen utvecklade vi ett språk för hotmodelleringen som är domänspecifikt, scadaLang som kan skapa en hotmodell för en specifik instans av SCADA där skillnaderna på komponenter och sammankopplingar tas till hänsyn. Som resultat har vi skapat ett språk för hotmodellering för SCADA,verifierat resultat med hjälp av en ingenjör med domänkännedom och föreslagit ett Turing test för att förbättra verifieringen av resultatet som ett framtida arbete.

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T17:05:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TechniquesDownstreamRate.pdf: 1238526 bytes, checksum: 6b7ca82987aca1343ace4357e45edf39 (MD5) / Rejected by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br), reason: Devolvendo... on 2017-10-03T14:13:39Z (GMT) / Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-10-03T14:15:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TechniquesDownstreamRate.pdf: 1238526 bytes, checksum: 6b7ca82987aca1343ace4357e45edf39 (MD5) / Rejected by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br), reason: on 2017-10-10T17:03:03Z (GMT) / Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-10-16T14:12:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TechniquesDownstreamRate.pdf: 1238526 bytes, checksum: 6b7ca82987aca1343ace4357e45edf39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-11-13T15:44:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TechniquesDownstreamRate.pdf: 1238526 bytes, checksum: 6b7ca82987aca1343ace4357e45edf39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T15:44:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_TechniquesDownstreamRate.pdf: 1238526 bytes, checksum: 6b7ca82987aca1343ace4357e45edf39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / FADESP - Fundação de Amparo e Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa / Conforme a tecnologia DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) atinge o seu limite de largura de banda física e o modelo Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) se torna um substituto em potencial, novas técnicas são desenvolvidas para lidar com as exigências da indústria de acesso à Internet. Nesse contexto, o padrão recém acordado do International Telecommunication Union (ITU), o G.9700 (G.fast) traz para a rede de cobre uma renovação de sua vida útil, com o uso de técnicas como o Vectoring. Esta, apesar de ser uma ferramenta poderosa para que DSL se torne uma tecnologia competitiva para a fibra óptica, ainda deve lidar com o problema de que os assinantes podem obter taxas diferentes em seus CPEs (Customer Premises Equipments), causado principalmente por aspectos físicos do canal. Com isso em mente, este trabalho propõe métodos para balancear as taxas entregues às linhas dos usuários no downstream. Isso é feito por meio de diferentes ordenações das colunas da matriz do canal, em cenários que utilizam o Precoder Tomlinson-Harashima (THP) até 200 MHz. Simulações foram feitas usando cada método de balanceamento de taxas em seis cabos medidos, a fim de demonstrar os progressos de cada método. Estas simulações são estendidas para o ainda não validado cenário Near-Far, que tenta representar as situações em que algumas linhas têm comprimento maior do que outras, e serve apenas como referência. Os métodos propostos produziram resultados promissores de balanceamento, com reduções de até 95,79% do desvio padrão para o cabo Swisscom I51, quando se comparando resultados de um método de algoritmo genético com aqueles do THP. / As the DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology reaches its physical bandwidth limit and the Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) model becomes a potential substitute, new techniques and standards are developed to cope with the requirements from the Internet access industry. In this context, the newly agreed G.9700 (G.fast) standard, from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), brings to the copper plant a renewal of its lifespan with the use of techniques such as Vectoring. Although Vectoring is a powerful tool for DSL to become a competitive technology for optical fiber, it must deal with the problem that subscribers still may get differing rates at their CPEs (Customer Premises Equipment), caused mainly by physical aspects of the channel. With that in mind, this work proposes methods of balancing the achievable rates delivered to user lines at Downstream. This is done by using different column sortings of the channel matrix, in scenarios that utilize the Tomlinson-Harashima Precoder (THP) up to 200 MHz. Simulations using each rate balancing method on six measured cables are made in order to show each method’s progress. These simulations are extended to the Near-Far Scenario, which tries to resemble the situations where some lines have greater length than others, that is, differing distances between the CPE and the DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer). The proposed methods yielded promising balancing result, with reductions of up to 95.79% of the standard deviation for the Swisscom I51 cable, when comparing results of a genetic algorithm method with those of the THP.

Objective: To examine the impact of prescription on predicted speech intelligibility and loudness for children. Design: A between-group comparison of speech intelligibility index (SII) and loudness, based on hearing aids fitted according to NAL-NL1, DSL v4.1, or DSL m[i/o] prescriptions. A within-group comparison of gains prescribed by DSL m[i/o] and NAL-NL2 for children in terms of SII and loudness. Study sample: Participants were 200 children, who were randomly assigned to first hearing-aid fitting with either NAL-NL1, DSL v4.1, or DSL m[i/o]. Audiometric data and hearing-aid data at 3 years of age were used. Results: On average, SII calculated on the basis of hearing-aid gains were higher for DSL than for NAL-NL1 at low input level, equivalent at medium input level, and higher for NAL-NL1 than DSL at high input level. Greater loudness was associated with DSL than with NAL-NL1, across a range of input levels. Comparing NAL-NL2 and DSL m[i/o] target gains revealed higher SII for the latter at low input level. SII was higher for NAL-NL2 than for DSL m[i/o] at medium- and high-input levels despite greater loudness for gains prescribed by DSL m[i/o] than by NAL-NL2. Conclusion: The choice of prescription has minimal effects on speech intelligibility predictions but marked effects on loudness predictions.

Requirements are a key aspect of software development. Requirements are also related with other software artefacts including designs, test cases and documentation. These artefacts are often captured with specialized models. However, many tools lack support for traceability relationships between requirements artefacts and model artefacts, leading to analysis issues. To establish traceability between models and other types of requirements artefacts, this thesis proposes a new Domain-Specific Language (DSL) for describing the concepts of a modeling language that would be intended to be traced using a Requirements Management System (RMS), with tool support handling the evolution of models and of their traceability links. In the first part of this thesis, the syntax and metamodel of the Model Traceability DSL (MT-DSL) are defined, together with an editor implemented using Xtext. In the second part of the thesis, a library of import and maintenance functions is generated automatically (using Xtend) from model traceability descriptions written using MT-DSL. The target language for this library is the DOORS eXtension Language (DXL), the scripting language of a leading commercial RMS with traceability support, namely IBM Rational DOORS. The implementation has been tested successfully for importing and evolution scenarios with two different modeling languages (User Requirements Notation and Finite State Machines). This work hence contributes a reliable mechanism to define and support traceability between requirements and models.

Cette thèse a pour cadre scientifique la décomposition formelle des spécifications centrali- sées Event-B appliquée aux systèmes distribués BIP. Elle propose une démarche descendante de développement des systèmes distribués corrects par construction en combinant judicieu- sement Event-B et BIP. La démarche proposée comporte trois étapes : Fragmentation, Dis- tribution et Génération de code BIP. Les deux concepts clefs Fragmentation et Distribution, considérés comme deux sortes de raffinement automatique Event-B paramétrées à l'aide de deux DSL appropriés, sont introduits par cette thèse. Cette thèse apporte également une contribution au problème de la génération de code à partir d'un modèle Event-B issu de l'étape de distribution. Nous traitons aussi bien les aspects architecturaux que comportemen- taux. Un soin particulier a été accordé à l'outillage et l'expérimentation de cette démarche. Pour y parvenir, nous avons utilisé l'approche IDM pour l'outillage et l'application Hôtel à clés électroniques pour l'expérimentation. / The scientific framework of this thesis is the formal decomposition of the centralized specifications Event-B applied to distributed systems based on the BIP (Behavior, Interaction, Priority) component framework. It suggets a top-down approach to the development of correct by construction distributed systems by judiciously combining Event-B and BIP. The proposed approach consists in three steps : Fragmentation, Distribution and Generation of BIP code. We introduce two key concepts, Fragmentation and Distribution, which are considered as two kinds of automatic refinement of Event-B models. They are parameterized using two appropriate DSL. This thesis also contributes to the problem of code generation from Event- B models resulting from the Distribution step. Accordingly, we deal with both architectural and behavioral aspects. A special care has been devoted to the implementation and the experimentation of this approach. To achieve this, we have used the IDM approach for tooling and the Electronic Hotel Key System for experimentation.

Error messages in compilers is a topic that is often overlooked. The quality of the messages can have a big impact on development time and ease oflearning. Another method used to speed up development is to build a domainspecific language (DSL). This thesis migrates an existing framework to use TypeScript in order to speed up development time with compile-time error handling. Alternative methods for implementing a DSL are evaluated based onhow they affect the ability to generate good error messages. This is done usinga proposed list of six usability heuristics for error messages. They are also usedto perform heuristic evaluation on the error messages in the TypeScript compiler. This showed that it struggled with syntax errors but had semantic errormessages with low amount of usability problems. Finally, a method for implementing a DSL and presenting its error messages is suggested. The evaluationof said method showed promise despite the existence of usability problems. / Felmeddelanden i kompilatorer är ett ämne som ofta förbises. Kvaliténpå felmeddelanden kan ha stor påverkan på utvecklingstid och lätthetatt lära. En annan metod för att sänka utvecklingstid är att bygga ettdomänspecifikt programmeringspråk. Detta examensarbete migrerar ettexisterande ramverk till TypeScript för att snabba på utvecklingstidmed felhantering i kompileringsstadiet. Alternativa metoder för attimplementera ett DSL evalueras baserat på hur de påverkar möjlighetenatt generera bra felmeddelanden. Detta görs med en föreslagen lista avsex heuristiker för felmeddelanden. De används också för att utföra enheuristik utvärdering på felmeddelandena i TypeScriptkompilatorn. Detta visade att den har svårt för syntaxfel men hademeddelanden för semantiska fel med låg mängdanvändbarhetsproblem. Till sist föreslås en metod för att implementeraett DSL och presentera dess felmeddelanden. Evalueringen av den nämndametoden visade lovande resultat trots förekomsten av användbarhetsproblem.

Requirements are a key aspect of software development. Requirements are also related with other software artefacts including designs, test cases and documentation. These artefacts are often captured with specialized models. However, many tools lack support for traceability relationships between requirements artefacts and model artefacts, leading to analysis issues. To establish traceability between models and other types of requirements artefacts, this thesis proposes a new Domain-Specific Language (DSL) for describing the concepts of a modeling language that would be intended to be traced using a Requirements Management System (RMS), with tool support handling the evolution of models and of their traceability links. In the first part of this thesis, the syntax and metamodel of the Model Traceability DSL (MT-DSL) are defined, together with an editor implemented using Xtext. In the second part of the thesis, a library of import and maintenance functions is generated automatically (using Xtend) from model traceability descriptions written using MT-DSL. The target language for this library is the DOORS eXtension Language (DXL), the scripting language of a leading commercial RMS with traceability support, namely IBM Rational DOORS. The implementation has been tested successfully for importing and evolution scenarios with two different modeling languages (User Requirements Notation and Finite State Machines). This work hence contributes a reliable mechanism to define and support traceability between requirements and models.