This thesis is based on a research project to monitor the temperature profile along a power cable using the fibre optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology. Based on the temperature measured by a DTS system, real time condition monitoring of power cables can be achieved. In this thesis, there are three main research themes. 1. Develop a DTS system for industrial applications. The entire hardware system and measuring software are developed to be an industrial product. Multiple functions are provided for the convenience of users to conduct temperature monitoring, temperature history logging and off-line simulation. 2. Enhance the robustness of the DTS system. An algorithm for signal compensation is developed to eliminate the signal fluctuation due to disturbance from the hardware and its working environment. It ensures robustness of the system in industrial environments and applicability to different system configurations. 3. Improve the accuracy of the DTS system. A calibration algorithm based on cubic spline fitting is developed to cope with non-uniform fibre loss in the system, which greatly improved the accuracy of the temperature decoding in real applications with unavoidable nonlinear characteristics. The developed DTS system and the algorithms have been verified by continuous experiments for about one year and achieved a temperature resolution of 0.1 degree Celsius, a spatial resolution of 1 meter, and a maximum error of 2 degree Celsius in an optic fibre with the length of 2910 metres.

Διαφυγές αερίων μεθανίου και υδρόθειου από τον πυθμένα του λιμανιού του Κατάκολου, Δυτική Πελοπόννησος, μελετήθηκαν με την χρήση των οργάνων distributed temperature sensor (DTS) και intelligent distributed acoustic sensor (iDAS) από το Εργαστήριο Θαλάσσιας Γεωλογίας & Φυσικής Ωκεανογραφίας, του Παν/μίου Πατρών, σε συνεργασία με την εταιρεία Silixa Ltd. Είναι η πρώτη φορά που τα όργανα DTS & iDAS χρησιμοποιούνται για μελέτη σε υποθαλάσσιο περιβάλλον. Ο σκοπός της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής ειδίκευσης είναι η δημιουργία θερμικών προφίλ και ακουστικών σινιάλων των φυσαλίδων κατά την διαφυγή τους από τον πυθμένα, και η έρευνα για την εφαρμοσιμότητα των δύο οπτικών ινών για ανίχνευση και αναγνώριση των υποθαλάσσιων διαφυγών αερίων. Για την επίτευξη του στόχου δημιουργήθηκαν, αρχικά, χωρικές κατανομές μέσης θερμοκρασίας και τυπικής απόκλισης θερμοκρασίας, καθώς και διαγράμματα θερμοκρασίας-απόστασης ώστε να εντοπιστούν πιθανές διαφυγές αερίων. Στην συνέχεια, οι χωρικές κατανομές συγκρίθηκαν με τα ακουστικά δεδομένα του iDAS με σκοπό την επιβεβαίωση των διαφυγών σε συγκεκριμένα σημεία κατά μήκος του καλωδίου. / A sizeable seepage of gas containing methane and hydrogen sulphide on the seafloor of Katakolo Bay in Western Greece was monitored using both a distributed temperature sensor (DTS) and an intelligent distributed acoustic sensor (iDAS) by the Laboratory of Marine Geology and Physical Oceanography, the Department of Geology, the University of Patras, in association with Silixa, Ltd. It was the first time that DTS and iDAS were used in a sub-marine environment. The aim of this thesis is to produce a thermal profile and study noise signal of seafloor seepages via bubble metrics and to investigate the applicability of both optical fibers to underwater seepage detection and recognition. This aim was to be achieved utilizing a two-fold methodology. Firstly, temperature and standard deviation spatial distributions and temperature-distance diagrams along the fiber were calculated in order to detect possible gas seepage. These figures were then used to ascertain whether and to what extent water current could impact measurement methodology. Secondly, spatial distributions were compared with acoustic data of iDAS in order to confirm the seepages along the fiber.

Water temperature in rivers and streams is an important factor for aquatic ecosystem health. Measurement of stream temperature has traditionally been accomplished by point temperature measurements, continuous point temperature loggers, and more recently, airborne remote sensing techniques such as Forward-Looking Infrared Radar (FLIR) or Thermal Infrared Radiometry. While each of these measurement techniques has certain advantages, none allows for the combined spatial and temporal information provided by Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). DTS employs fiber optic signals to measure temperature and is a relatively new temperature measurement technology for hydrologic sensing applications. Nine DTS stream temperature datasets were collected in the Middle Fork John Day River (MFJDR) as part of a basin-wide stream monitoring effort. The datasets encompassed five 1-3 kilometer long reaches, some monitored over three summers (2009-2011). In contrast to existing stream temperature measurement technologies, DTS can provide stream temperature data in both the spatial and temporal domains. Techniques and challenges of interpreting DTS stream temperature data were documented, and three applications of the technology to stream temperature monitoring were explored. Cold water patches, potentially used by fish as thermal refugia during stream temperature maximums, were located using DTS. No identified cold patch exceeded 2.31°C cooler than ambient stream temperature. Tributary inflows provided some of the most temperature-differentiated cold patches. These findings provide a reference for the degree of thermal heterogeneity in the MFJDR system and beg the question of whether fish respond to small (<3°C) spatial temperature variations. Theoretical predictions of stream mixing potential (Richardson number and cavity flow mixing predictions) suggested that increasing stream thermal heterogeneity would require channel modification to decrease stream flow velocity in select areas. The combined spatial and temporal coverage of a DTS stream temperature dataset on the Oxbow Conservation Area allowed diagnosis of a 2°C longitudinal stream temperature decrease observed in multiple Thermal Infrared Radiometry (TIR) and Forward-Looking Infrared Radiometry (FLIR) datasets collected on that reach. Advection velocity and channel depth, rather than groundwater or tributary inflows, were the main cause of the decrease, and the magnitude of the decrease peaked in the early afternoon, disappearing completely by evening. This finding suggests caution for interpretation of FLIR and TIR stream temperature datasets, which represent "snapshot" temperature measurements. For these datasets, knowledge of flow conditions (velocity and depth) may help avoid misinterpretation of temporally-transient temperature anomalies. Diurnal slope periodicity was observed in linear-like spatial trends in four DTS datasets, and an analysis was made to examine this subtle spatially and temporally varying phenomenon. The phase of the diurnal slope variation differed between river reaches, suggesting that propagation of larger-scale thermal waves might be one driving mechanism. Temporally-constant offsets between slope magnitudes within reaches suggested some intra-reach differences in heat fluxes. / Graduation date: 2012

Au cours de ces dernières années, plusieurs méthodes d’évaluation sensorielle dites « rapides » ont été développées dans le but de recueillir une caractérisation sensorielle d’un produit directement auprès du consommateur. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette mouvance en proposant la méthode des Déterminants Temporels du Liking (DTL) qui consiste à coupler la Dominance Temporelle des Sensations (DTS) à un suivi temporel de l’appréciation hédonique. Cette méthode permet d’identifier les déterminants sensoriels des préférences des consommateurs, et surtout dans quelles mesures leur temporalité impacte la dynamique de ces préférences. La méthode introduit le nouveau concept de « Liking While Dominant », consistant à calculer la note moyenne de liking pendant la dominance d’un descripteur dans un produit afin de quantifier son écart à la moyenne du liking de ce produit. La significativité et le signe de cet écart permettent de lister les déterminants sensoriels positifs et négatifs du liking.L’échelle de temporalité étudiée peut aussi bien être la prise (gorgée, bouchée…) que la succession de plusieurs prises du même produit constituant la consommation de tout ou partie de la portion. Dans le second cas, il est possible d’interroger de manière répétée le consommateur sur d’autres aspects que le liking, comme par exemple le wanting, l’état de faim ou de soif… Les déterminants sensoriels temporels de ces autres aspects peuvent alors être étudiés. La méthode DTL a également été déployée hors du laboratoire d’analyse sensorielle afin de se placer en situation naturelle de consommation, par exemple à domicile. Le concept DTL a été adapté à un spectromètre de masse à transfert de proton dans lequel est injectée dynamiquement la fraction aromatique capturée dans la cavité nasale du sujet lors de la mastication d’un aliment. Il est alors possible d’obtenir une dynamique de la perception sensorielle ainsi que les cinétiques de relargage des composés aromatiques ; les secondes devant expliquer la première. / Over the last years, so-called rapid methods for sensory evaluation have been developed to collect sensory description of products from consumers. Moving forward in this direction, this thesis proposes to pair Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) with dynamic liking. This new method, named Temporal Drivers of Liking (TDL), highlights sensory drivers of consumer liking and determines how the dynamic perception can impact the hedonic response. This work proposes to compute the Liking While Dominant (LWD) score as the average liking scores given to a product while a given attribute was perceived as dominant and to look at its deviation from the mean liking score of this product. When significantly higher (resp. smaller) than 0, it denotes a positive (resp. negative) TDL.TDL method can evaluate temporality within intake (bites, sips…) but also between successive intakes in order to study perception along the consumption of the full food. In this case, other parameters can be asked repeatedly to the consumers such as wanting, state of hunger or thirst… Temporal drivers of these other parameters can be computed in the same way than the TDLs. The TDL method has also been deployed outside the sensory lab to place consumers in real-life conditions, for example at home. TDL concept has also been extended where subjects did TDS while the aromas released in their nose during mastication were simultaneously collected by a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer. It makes it possible to collect simultaneously kinetics of sensory attributes and of active chemical compounds; the latter being expected to explain the former.

This master's thesis deals with the measurement of soil temperature. In the theoretical part, optical fiber systems were explained, with a focus on DSTS systems and their use. In the practical part, a functional system was created to measure the soil temperature at depths of 0.1-1~m using the Arduino platform. Furthermore, the temperature measurement was demonstrated on the test polygon using the optical fiber of the FTB 2505 instrument in laboratories.

L’appréciation par le consommateur d’un produit alimentaire comme le chocolat est en grande partie due à sa composante aromatique. La perception de cette composante est étroitement liée à la libération des composés d’arômes lors de la consommation du produit. Une étude sensorielle systématiquement menée par la société Valrhona dans une démarche de qualification de ses chocolats noirs de pures origines, fabriqués selon un procédé standard à partir de lots de cacao différents, permet de classer ces chocolats, selon leur profil, en quatre grands pôles sensoriels. Le travail entrepris avait pour but la compréhension de l’origine de cette classification sensorielle par la mise en œuvre de techniques de caractérisation des molécules volatiles responsables de l’arôme des chocolats.Dans un premier temps, l’empreinte globale en composés volatils d’un lot de 206 chocolats représentatifs des quatre pôles sensoriels a été obtenue via une méthode d’analyse couplant un headspace dynamique à la spectrométrie de masse en injection directe, utilisant l’ionisation par transfert de protons (PTR-ToF-MS). Des analyses multivariées des données, et notamment une analyse discriminante de type PLS-DA, ont permis d’élaborer un modèle de prédiction de la classification sensorielle des chocolats basé sur leur composition en molécules volatiles. Différentes méthodes de sélection de variables ont permis de souligner l’existence de composés volatils particuliers capables de discriminer les quatre pôles sensoriels de chocolats.Le potentiel aromatique de 12 chocolats parmi les 206 (trois de chaque pôle) a ensuite été déterminé suite à l’extraction des arômes par une méthode de distillation sous vide dans une analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée, d’une part, à l’olfactométrie (GC-O) basée sur la fréquence de détection obtenue par 12 juges, et d’autre part, à un spectromètre de masse (GC-MS) pour l’identification des composés odorants. Ainsi, des composés d’arômes permettant de discriminer les différents pôles sensoriels ont pu être caractérisés au moyen d’une analyse factorielle des correspondances.Enfin, l’analyse « nosespace » d’un jury de 12 personnes dégustant 8 chocolats (deux de chaque pôle parmi les 12 précédents) a été réalisé en PTR-MS. Cette étude, couplée à une analyse sensorielle temporelle (Dominance Temporelle des Sensations, DTS), a permis d’obtenir des données temporelles instrumentales et sensorielles de manière simultanée. L’analyse DTS révèle dans une analyse en composantes principales (ACP) une bonne discrimination des pôles sensoriels, avec des descripteurs dominants similaires dans les pôles 1 et 4, d’une part, et dans les pôles 2 et 3, d’autre part. L’analyse nosespace a permis le suivi de la libération en temps réel de 26 composés d’arômes. La relation entre les deux jeux de données (instrumentales et sensorielles) a été étudiée au moyen de l’indice AWD (Abundance While Dominance) qui représente l’abondance de chaque ion pendant qu’une sensation est dominante. Des analyses factorielles des correspondances menées sur les AWD ont permis pour chaque échantillon de déceler des relations entre composés d’arômes libérés et sensations dominantes. / Consumers’ appreciation of chocolate is mostly due to its aromatic composition. Perception of this component is clearly linked to the release of aroma compounds during chocolate consumption. A systematic sensory evaluation is conducted by the Valrhona Company in order to qualify their pure origin dark chocolates manufactured according to a standard process from differing cocoa batches. The obtained sensory profiles allow classifying the chocolates into four sensory categories, named poles. The objective of the present work was to understand the molecular origin of this sensory classification by using techniques aimed at characterizing volatile organic compounds (VOC) responsible for chocolate flavour.Firstly, global VOC profiles of a set of 206 chocolate samples classified in the four sensory poles were analysed by a direct injection mass spectrometry method using proton transfer reaction as ionisation process (PTR-ToF-MS). A supervised multivariate data analysis based on discriminant analysis of the PLS-DA type allowed the construction of a classification model that showed excellent prediction capability based on VOC composition of the chocolates. Variable selection using dedicated methods pinpointed some volatile compounds important for the chocolates sensory discrimination.Then, the aroma potential of 12 chocolate samples (chosen among the 206 ones with three samples representative of each pole) was investigated on aroma extracts obtained by distillation under vacuum. Gas chromatography coupled to olfactometry (GC-O) and to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect and identify the odorous compounds. GC-O data were obtained by 12 assessors using the detection frequency method. Aroma compounds allowing the discrimination of the sensory poles were determined thanks to a correspondence analysis.Finally, a nosespace analysis conducted by 12 assessors on 8 chocolates (two in each pole among the preceding 12) was realised using PTR-MS. This analysis was conducted simultaneously with a temporal sensory analysis (Temporal Dominance of Sensations, TDS), allowing temporal instrumental and sensorial data to be obtained. A principal component analysis (PCA) conducted on the TDS data revealed a good discrimination of the sensory poles, with similar dominant attributes in poles 1 and 4, on the one hand, and in poles 2 and 3, on the other hand. The nosespace data displayed real time release curves of 26 aroma compounds. The relationships between instrumental and sensory data were investigated thanks to the AWD (Abundance While Dominance) index that measures the abundance (area under the curve) of each ion during the dominance of a given sensation. Correspondence analyses of the AWD indices conducted for each chocolate sample allowed to define some relationships between dominant sensations and some released aroma compounds.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho à compreender como as culturas sexuais e culturas juvenis vivenciadas por alguns jovens homossexuais sÃo traduzidas no exercÃcio da prevenÃÃo do HIV/Aids. E de que forma seus direitos sÃo exercitados nesta perspectiva. E ainda, como determinadas polÃticas de prevenÃÃo tÃm considerado essas questÃes para levar adiante propostas de contenÃÃo da propagaÃÃo HIV, mais eficazes entre esses grupos, os quais, historicamente, tÃm sido os mais atingidos pela Aids. Para construir uma abordagem sobre esse processo, esta pesquisa traz um panorama geral sobre a epidemia de Aids no mundo e um breve histÃrico social dos percursos da doenÃa no Brasil. Aborda ainda alguns apontamentos sobre a polÃtica de controle e enfrentamento do HIV/Aids em Fortaleza, principalmente em relaÃÃo aos grupos gays e outros Homens que fazem Sexo com Homens. Para entender de que maneira o exercÃcio de prÃticas preventivas se relaciona com as experiÃncias desses jovens, procuro reconstruir, a partir de suas narrativas, roteiros sexuais que me permitam interpretar o modo como as identificaÃÃes que constroem de si, a sociabilidade e as prÃticas envolvem culturas juvenis e culturas sexuais para pensar as possibilidades que configuram sexualidades e polÃticas de prevenÃÃo do HIV/Aids / The aim of this study is to understand how certain trials related to the experience of sexuality for young gays, in Fortaleza - CearÃ, relate to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. To build an approach on this process, this research provides a general overview of the AIDS epidemic in the world and a brief social history of the pathways of the disease in Brazil. It also addresses some issues about the politics of control and counter of HIV/AIDS in Fortaleza, especially in relation to gay groups and other Men who have Sex with Men. To understand how the prevention of STD/HIV/AIDS relates to the experiences of homosexual youths, I try to rebuild from sexual scripts and narratives brought by several young people interviewed and heard, how the identification, sociability and practices involve juvenile and sexual cultures to think of the possibilities that shape certain trials of sexuality and prevention

Uppsatsen redogör för översättningen av en novell skriven av Stephen King. Förutsättningar för vald översättningsprincip är polysystemteori, deskriptiv översättningsvetenskap, tänkt målgrupp och resultatet av en stilanalys av källtexten där en riklig förekomst av bildspråk tydliggjordes. En analys av bildspråk i måltexten visade på en övervägande adekvansinriktad översättningsstrategi och på Stephen Kings status i målkulturen som hög snarare än låg. Problem under översättningsprocessen var främst översättningen av bildspråk. / This study deals with the translation of a short story written by Stephen King. Prerequisites for the selected translation principle were polysystem theory, descriptive translation studies, intended audience, and the result of a style analysis of the source text in which an abundance of imagery was clear. An analysis of the imagery in the target text found that a predominantly adequacy-oriented translation strategy was used and that Stephen King's status in the target culture can be viewed as high rather than low. Problems during the translation process were mainly associated with the translation of imagery.

La pollution odorante est une problématique majeure, deuxième source de plaintes après le bruit. La réduction des émissions d'odeurs est incontournable, contraignant le plus souvent les industriels à la mise en œuvre d'un procédé de traitement performant et économiquement acceptable. Parmi les techniques disponibles, les procédés biologiques en général et la biofiltration en particulier sont les plus utilisés à l'échelle industrielle. Les performances de ce procédé sont étroitement liées aux paramètres opératoires. Le matériau support apparaît comme un élément clé. Du fait des critères qu'il doit satisfaire, son choix est difficile et reste encore empirique. Ces travaux de thèse visent par conséquent à rationaliser le choix d'un matériau en s'intéressant plus particulièrement à la relation entre les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et hydrodynamiques du matériau support et les composantes macroscopique et microscopique du procédé. Trois matériaux modèles ont été sélectionnés : deux granulaires et un fibreux différant par leur propriétés physico-chimiques et hydrodynamiques. Les travaux ont été menés sur des unités pilote alimentées par un effluent gazeux contenant un mélange de trois composants volatils différant par leur solubilité et leur biodégradabilité. Si une influence des caractéristiques physico-chimiques du matériau a bien été observée, il n'a pas été possible de mettre en évidence un effet des propriétés hydrodynamiques. Concernant la composante microbiologique, le niveau de diversité global est similaire, quel que soit le matériau considéré. L'analyse de la structure de la communauté bactérienne totale met en évidence trois communautés distinctes, chacune étant associée à un matériau support. Il est fort probable que la communauté endogène participe largement à l‘établissement de ces communautés, rendant ainsi plus difficile de répondre aux questions posées. La communauté bactérienne totale ne semble donc pas être un indicateur adapté. Par le suivi de la communauté fonctionnelle, des réponses plus précises pourraient être apportées. Par conséquent, la recherche de niches écologiques spécifiques à la dégradation biologique d'un composé soufré (DMS) a fait l'objet d'une attention particulière dans le cadre de cette thèse. / Odour nuisance is a major issue, second cause of complaints after noise. Reduction of odor emissions is essential, binding the industry to implement a process for an economically acceptable treatment in terms of reduction of odours. Among the available techniques, biological ones and particularly biofiltration are the most used on industrial scale. The performances of this process are closely related to operating conditions. Packing material appears as a key factor, its choice is difficult and remains empirical because of the multiple criteriait must satisfy. This thesis work aimed to streamline the selection of a material with a focus on the relationship between physico-chemical and hydrodynamic caracteristics of the packing material and macroscopic and microscopic components of this process. Three materials were selected as models: two granulars and one fibrous differing in their physico-chemical and hydrodynamic caracteristics. The work was carried out on pilot units fed by an effluent gas containing a mixture of three volatile components differing in their solubility and biodegradability. The influence of physico-chemical characteristics of the packing material on the performances seems to be confirmed. However, the impact of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the material on these criteria has not been demonstrated. Regarding the microbiological component, the overall level of diversity is similar, regardless of the material considered. Analysis of the structure of the total bacterial community reveals the existence of three distinct communities, each associated with a carrier material. It is likely that the endogenous community participates largely to the establishment of these communities, making it difficult to give appropriate answers to the questions adressed. The total bacterial community does not seem to be a suitable indicator. By monitoring the functional community, more precise answers could be given. Therefore, the research for specific ecological niches in the biological degradation of a sulfur compound (DMS) has been the subject of special attention in the context of this thesis.

Content: Different tanning materials endow leather with varying colors observable in undyed leathers. Periodateoxidized starch tanned leathers have a yellow tinge or light brown color and get darker with age. The color change in situ is ascribable to iodate ions that are byproducts of periodate oxidation. Iodate ions undergo reduction to form iodine molecules that are yellow or brown in low or at higher concentrations. This study focuses on the removal of iodate ions from Dialdehyde Tapioca Starch (DTS) using a simple precipitation method. Preparation of DTS is by periodate oxidation and precipitation of iodate ions using an inorganic precipitant. The experiments for manufacturing wet-white leathers used pickled goatskins and DTS (unmodified and modified) tanning agents at various percentages based on pelt weight. Glutaraldehyde (GTA) tanning was the control. The percentage removal of iodate ions in modified DTS was 98%. Both unmodified and modified DTS had an aldehyde content of 70%. FT-IR and 1H-NMR confirmed the aldehyde groups. GTA, unmodified, and modified DTS tanned leathers had shrinkage temperatures of 80, 87, and 89°C, respectively. The physico-mechanical properties of the control and experimental leathers are comparable. GTA tanned leather had the typical brown color associated with GTA tannages. The ‘b’ color value of unmodified DTS tanned leather was high confirming yellowing of leathers upon ageing. Wet-white leather tanned with modified DTS had no discernible color change. Analysis of the spent tan liquor shows a reduction in the BOD, COD, TS, and TDS load when compared to GTA tanning system evincing the biodegradability of DTS. This study has overcome the drawback associated with periodate-oxidized starch tanning agents, viz. leather darkening over time, considering the chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the resultant leathers. The novel iodate free DTS can be scaled-up for commercial availability. Take-Away: Removal of iodate ions from periodate-oxidized starch before its use as a tanning agent is imperative to avoid leather color change over time. This study reports the successful removal of iodate ions from Dialdehyde Tapioca Starch (DTS). Wet-white leather tanned with the modified DTS had no observable color change upon ageing.