電子書興起，改變了讀者的閱讀方式，紙本書不再是唯一的選擇。電子書的供應鏈由上而下可分為：作者、出版社、DRM業者、網路通路平台、電信業者、硬體載具製造商。隨著科技創新，新的供應鏈創造了參與者新的競合模式，各參與者的商業模式也隨之創新，相較於過去的紙本書市場出版商擁有較大的議價能力之情況，在新的競合模式中，掌握客源的網路平台通路商對於上游的出版商之議價能力大幅提升。另一方面，越來越多作者跳過出版社，直接將電子書的版權賣給網路平台通路商，導致出版商原有的掌握版權之優勢減弱，長期下可能會致使出版社在電子書供應鏈中的議價能力進一步降低。未來隨著科技進步，彩色電子書閱器與結合其他功能的設備將是發展趨勢，但光靠硬體端難以建立他人無法輕易突破的進入障礙，而許多參與者在供應鏈上並非具單一角色，像是Amazon與Apple兼具網路平台通路商與硬體載具供應商之角色，亦即「平台+硬體載具」的雙重獲利模式，而這兩間公司皆掌握了主要的「客源」，是其重要優勢。而Amazon更是透過支援的應用程式，讓非自家載具之消費者也能至自己的電子書店下載電子書，像是iPad、iPhone、藍莓機等等。因此以未來電子書成長後議價能力與賺取現金流之能力的消長預期來看，相較於其他參與者，Amazon與Apple會是較佳的長期投資標的。 / The emergence of e-books changes the reading habit, and the paper-book is not the only one medium of reading anymore. The supply chain of e-books comprises diversified industries, including authors, publishers, DRM providers, online retailers who operate digital bookstores and manage accounts of customers, telecommunications, technology-side players. When technology advances, the new supply chain creates new co-competition model, the business models of players begins to innovate. Compared to paper-book market in which the publishers have stronger bargaining power, in new co-competition models, the online retailers have a huge customer base and therefore have stronger bargaining power over publishers. Furthermore, there are more and more authors who skip publishers and sell the digital right to online retailers directly. That is, the content resources controlled by publishers reduce, and the bargaining power of publishers deteriorates. In the future, producing colorful e-readers will not be a difficulty anymore, but the technology-side players will have difficulty in establishing entrance barrier. However, some participants play various roles across the supply chain, such as Amazon and Apple. Both of two companies play the roles of online retailers and technology-side players, and have double sales resources from plate form and hardware. Beside, both of these companies have large customer base, and it is the critical competitive advantage of Amazon and Apple. Especially, Amazon supports some hardware tools like iPad, iPhone, and Blackberry. As long as the customers download the application programs, the customers can purchase e-books on Amazon.com. From the aspects of potential of growing bargaining power and future discounted cashflows, Amazon and Apple would be better choices for long-term investors.

Every year, millions of tons of paper are diverted from landfills and recycled. Newspaper constitutes a large portion of total paper recycled, providing a cheap source of raw material for the paper industry and helping sustainable forestry. The recycling of newsprint paper involves the separation of ink from the newsprint, which is done either by flotation or washing. Conventional flotation processes for separating ink are not adequate for newsprint printed using flexography printing technique and with water-based ink. The removal of these flexographic water-based inks by washing is a better alternative. However, one drawback of washing is that it has lower yield. In addition, the subsequent wash filtrate is difficult and costly to decontaminate. The overall goal is to develop a combination of processes that can remove ink from a feedstock that contains up to 100% flexographic ink newsprint; in the context of process variables with known effects. In the present work the objectives are to (1) demonstrate that incorporating an electric field into a conventional deinking process improves deinking efficiency, (2) propose a mechanism of how incorporating an electric field helps to improve deinking efficiency, (3) demonstrate that an electric field can decontaminate water containing flexographic inks and identify the mechanism behind electric field clarification of water, and (4) demonstrate that by incorporating electric fields into both the flotation deinking stage and water decontamination, the target deinking efficiency can be achieved.

A exposição a tintas, as quais contêm solventes orgânicos e metais, pode levar a danos no DNA e formação de espécies reativas (ER), que podem lesar diversas classes de moléculas. Em vista disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar possíveis danos oxidativos, genotóxicos e mutagênicos em 33 indivíduos, do sexo masculino, ocupacionalmente expostos a tintas há, no mínimo, 6 meses. Para o grupo controle, foram selecionados 29 indivíduos saudáveis, não expostos a tintas, pareados em idade com o grupo exposto. A fim de verificar a influência do descanso do fim de semana, foram realizadas coletas na segunda-feira pela manhã e na sexta-feira ao final da jornada de trabalho. Os danos oxidativos foram avaliados pelos produtos de reação com o ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), proteínas carboniladas (PC) e atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (Sod) e catalase (Cat). Foram medidos, ainda, o ácido hipúrico (AH) e o ácido deltaaminolevulínico (ALA), marcadores urinários de exposição ao tolueno e ao chumbo, respectivamente. A genotoxicidade foi avaliada pelo ensaio cometa (em sangue periférico) e pelo teste de micronúcleos (MN) (em linfócitos e células da mucosa bucal). Não foi observado aumento significativo nos níveis de TBARS no grupo exposto quando comparado ao grupo controle. Entretanto, verificou-se, neste grupo, um maior índice de danos aos lipídeos nas amostras coletadas na sexta-feira comparado com as amostras coletadas na segunda-feira (p = 0,008; z = -2,637). Ao final da semana (amostras coletadas na sexta-feira), os indivíduos expostos a tintas apresentaram mais danos às proteínas em comparação com o grupo controle (p = 0,032; z = -2,14). Observou-se também, que os trabalhadores expostos a tintas tiveram uma diminuição nas atividades de Sod (p = 0,003; z = 2,935) e Cat (p = 0,025; z = -2,247) nas amostras de segunda-feira, bem como valores mais elevados de AH (p = 0,010; z = - 2,591) e de ALA (p = 0,000; z = -4,487). A exposição a tintas induziu um aumento significativo dos danos ao DNA (principalmente classes um e dois), tanto nas amostras coletadas na segunda (p = 0,000; z = - 5,356) quanto nas de sexta-feira (p = 0,000; z = -6,456). Apesar de não ter sido encontrado um aumento na frequência de MN em linfócitos ou em células da mucosa bucal no grupo exposto, observou-se um aumento de nuclear buds (NBUDs) (segunda-feira, p = 0,004, z = - 2,894), uma diminuição do índice de divisão nuclear (IDN) (sexta-feira, p = 0,000, z = -4,78) nos linfócitos e um aumento na frequência de células com cromatina condensada nas células da mucosa bucal (segunda-feira, p = 0,000, z = -4,503; sexta-feira, p = 0,000, z = -5,203), indicativo de amplificação gênica e indução de mecanismos apoptóticos nestas células. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre o índice de danos no DNA (ensaio cometa) e o tempo de exposição a tintas (r = 0,376; p = 0,031), assim como entre o tempo diário de exposição a tintas e a frequência de micronúcleos (segunda-feira, r = 0,450; p = 0,018) e de NBUDs (sexta-feira, (r = 0,402; p = 0,038) nos indivíduos expostos. Embora outros estudos sejam necessários, esses resultados mostram que a exposição ocupacional a tintas pode induzir um aumento de danos no DNA, os quais parecem estar sendo reparados durante o descanso do final de semana. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-29T19:53:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carina Cassini.pdf: 626115 bytes, checksum: 4477a810de80e2c9702e22c8302fba89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-29T19:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carina Cassini.pdf: 626115 bytes, checksum: 4477a810de80e2c9702e22c8302fba89 (MD5) / Organic solvents and metals, widely used in paints, can lead to DNA damages and reactives species (RS) generation. The aim of this study was to evaluate possibles oxidative, genotoxic and mutagenic damages in 33 male workers exposed for at least six months to paint. To constitute the control group 29 healthy individuals were choosen, without paint exposure, which matched in age with exposed group. Two sampling were performed to verify a possible DNA repair during the weekend: in the beginning and at the end of work week. The oxidative damages were evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reaction products (TBARS), carbonylated proteins (CP), superoxide dismutase (Sod) and catalase (Cat) activities. Hippuric acid (HA) and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were used as toluene and lead markers exposure, respectively. The genotoxicity was evaluated by comet assay (in peripherical blood) and by micronucleus (MN) test (in limphocytes and exfoliated buccal cells). The results showed no significant increase in TBARS levels in exposed group in relation to the control group. However, the lipidic damages was higher in Friday samples comparing to Monday samples (p = 0.008; z = -2.637). The proteins damage was higher in exposed group in comparison to control group exclusively in Friday samples (p = 0.032; z = -2.14). It was also observed that the workers exposed to paints showed lower Sod (p = 0.003; z = 2.935) and Cat (p = 0.025; z = -2.247) activities in Monday samples. The exposed group presented HA levels (p = 0.010; z = - 2.591) and ALA levels (p = 0.000; z = -4.487) higher than the control group. The workers exposed to paints presented a significant increase in DNA damage in both Monday (p = 0.000; z = -5.356) and Friday (p = 0.000; z = -6.456) samples. No increase was observed in MN frequency in limphocytes and buccal cells. However, the individuals exposed to paints showed an increase in nuclear buds (NBUDS) (Monday samples, p = 0.004, z = -2.894), a reduction in nuclear division index (NDI) (Friday samples, p = 0.000, z = -4.78) in lymphocytes and an increase in condensed chromatin frequency in buccal cells (Monday samples, p = 0.000, z = -4.503; Friday samples, p = 0.000, z = -5.203), indicating genic amplification and apoptosis induction. The DNA damage index (comet assay) correlated positively with average working time (r = 0.376; p = 0.031). It was also observed a positive correlation between time daily exposure and MN (Monday samples, r = 0.450; p = 0.018) and NBUDs (Friday samples: r = 0.402; p = 0.038) frequency. These results showed that paint exposure is able to generate DNA damages and these damages are being repaired during the weekend.

A exposição a tintas, as quais contêm solventes orgânicos e metais, pode levar a danos no DNA e formação de espécies reativas (ER), que podem lesar diversas classes de moléculas. Em vista disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar possíveis danos oxidativos, genotóxicos e mutagênicos em 33 indivíduos, do sexo masculino, ocupacionalmente expostos a tintas há, no mínimo, 6 meses. Para o grupo controle, foram selecionados 29 indivíduos saudáveis, não expostos a tintas, pareados em idade com o grupo exposto. A fim de verificar a influência do descanso do fim de semana, foram realizadas coletas na segunda-feira pela manhã e na sexta-feira ao final da jornada de trabalho. Os danos oxidativos foram avaliados pelos produtos de reação com o ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), proteínas carboniladas (PC) e atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (Sod) e catalase (Cat). Foram medidos, ainda, o ácido hipúrico (AH) e o ácido deltaaminolevulínico (ALA), marcadores urinários de exposição ao tolueno e ao chumbo, respectivamente. A genotoxicidade foi avaliada pelo ensaio cometa (em sangue periférico) e pelo teste de micronúcleos (MN) (em linfócitos e células da mucosa bucal). Não foi observado aumento significativo nos níveis de TBARS no grupo exposto quando comparado ao grupo controle. Entretanto, verificou-se, neste grupo, um maior índice de danos aos lipídeos nas amostras coletadas na sexta-feira comparado com as amostras coletadas na segunda-feira (p = 0,008; z = -2,637). Ao final da semana (amostras coletadas na sexta-feira), os indivíduos expostos a tintas apresentaram mais danos às proteínas em comparação com o grupo controle (p = 0,032; z = -2,14). Observou-se também, que os trabalhadores expostos a tintas tiveram uma diminuição nas atividades de Sod (p = 0,003; z = 2,935) e Cat (p = 0,025; z = -2,247) nas amostras de segunda-feira, bem como valores mais elevados de AH (p = 0,010; z = - 2,591) e de ALA (p = 0,000; z = -4,487). A exposição a tintas induziu um aumento significativo dos danos ao DNA (principalmente classes um e dois), tanto nas amostras coletadas na segunda (p = 0,000; z = - 5,356) quanto nas de sexta-feira (p = 0,000; z = -6,456). Apesar de não ter sido encontrado um aumento na frequência de MN em linfócitos ou em células da mucosa bucal no grupo exposto, observou-se um aumento de nuclear buds (NBUDs) (segunda-feira, p = 0,004, z = - 2,894), uma diminuição do índice de divisão nuclear (IDN) (sexta-feira, p = 0,000, z = -4,78) nos linfócitos e um aumento na frequência de células com cromatina condensada nas células da mucosa bucal (segunda-feira, p = 0,000, z = -4,503; sexta-feira, p = 0,000, z = -5,203), indicativo de amplificação gênica e indução de mecanismos apoptóticos nestas células. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre o índice de danos no DNA (ensaio cometa) e o tempo de exposição a tintas (r = 0,376; p = 0,031), assim como entre o tempo diário de exposição a tintas e a frequência de micronúcleos (segunda-feira, r = 0,450; p = 0,018) e de NBUDs (sexta-feira, (r = 0,402; p = 0,038) nos indivíduos expostos. Embora outros estudos sejam necessários, esses resultados mostram que a exposição ocupacional a tintas pode induzir um aumento de danos no DNA, os quais parecem estar sendo reparados durante o descanso do final de semana. / Organic solvents and metals, widely used in paints, can lead to DNA damages and reactives species (RS) generation. The aim of this study was to evaluate possibles oxidative, genotoxic and mutagenic damages in 33 male workers exposed for at least six months to paint. To constitute the control group 29 healthy individuals were choosen, without paint exposure, which matched in age with exposed group. Two sampling were performed to verify a possible DNA repair during the weekend: in the beginning and at the end of work week. The oxidative damages were evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reaction products (TBARS), carbonylated proteins (CP), superoxide dismutase (Sod) and catalase (Cat) activities. Hippuric acid (HA) and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were used as toluene and lead markers exposure, respectively. The genotoxicity was evaluated by comet assay (in peripherical blood) and by micronucleus (MN) test (in limphocytes and exfoliated buccal cells). The results showed no significant increase in TBARS levels in exposed group in relation to the control group. However, the lipidic damages was higher in Friday samples comparing to Monday samples (p = 0.008; z = -2.637). The proteins damage was higher in exposed group in comparison to control group exclusively in Friday samples (p = 0.032; z = -2.14). It was also observed that the workers exposed to paints showed lower Sod (p = 0.003; z = 2.935) and Cat (p = 0.025; z = -2.247) activities in Monday samples. The exposed group presented HA levels (p = 0.010; z = - 2.591) and ALA levels (p = 0.000; z = -4.487) higher than the control group. The workers exposed to paints presented a significant increase in DNA damage in both Monday (p = 0.000; z = -5.356) and Friday (p = 0.000; z = -6.456) samples. No increase was observed in MN frequency in limphocytes and buccal cells. However, the individuals exposed to paints showed an increase in nuclear buds (NBUDS) (Monday samples, p = 0.004, z = -2.894), a reduction in nuclear division index (NDI) (Friday samples, p = 0.000, z = -4.78) in lymphocytes and an increase in condensed chromatin frequency in buccal cells (Monday samples, p = 0.000, z = -4.503; Friday samples, p = 0.000, z = -5.203), indicating genic amplification and apoptosis induction. The DNA damage index (comet assay) correlated positively with average working time (r = 0.376; p = 0.031). It was also observed a positive correlation between time daily exposure and MN (Monday samples, r = 0.450; p = 0.018) and NBUDs (Friday samples: r = 0.402; p = 0.038) frequency. These results showed that paint exposure is able to generate DNA damages and these damages are being repaired during the weekend.

Nos moluscos sem concha ou naqueles em que a mesma estÃÂ presente na forma vestigial, como cefalÃÂpedes e gastrÃÂpodes opistobrÃÂnquios, a falta dessa proteÃÂÃÂo externa conduziu ÃÂ evoluÃÂÃÂo de mecanismos de defesa dominados pela secreÃÂÃÂo ou incorporaÃÂÃÂo de substÃÂncias quÃÂmicas bioativas. ProteÃÂnas sintetizadas de novo sÃÂo bons exemplos dessas molÃÂculas, tendo sido encontradas nas tintas de vÃÂrias espÃÂcies de lesmas do mar, particularmente do gÃÂnero Aplysia. Muitas jÃÂ revelaram pertencer a famÃÂlias de proteÃÂnas com atividade oxidÃÂstica de L-aminoÃÂcidos (LAAOs), grupo do qual fazem parte tambÃÂm proteÃÂnas bioativas encontradas nos venenos de serpentes. A caracterizaÃÂÃÂo, portanto, das atividades biolÃÂgicas e do perfil bioquÃÂmico dessas proteÃÂnas ÃÂ muito ÃÂtil para que possamos entender como se dÃÂo os mecanismos defensivos desses animais e quÃÂo difundidos esses sÃÂo, alÃÂm de proporcionar subsÃÂdios para sua aplicaÃÂÃÂo biomedicinal. Esse estudo visou a elucidaÃÂÃÂo dos mecanismos de aÃÂÃÂo da dactilomelina-P, proteÃÂna antibacteriana purificada da tinta de Aplysia dactylomela, e a comparaÃÂÃÂo da composiÃÂÃÂo protÃÂica e das atividades antimicrobianas das tintas liberadas por dois gastrÃÂpodes, A. dactylomela e Bursatella leachii, e por um cefalÃÂpode, Octopus sp.. O estudo revelou que a dactilomelina-P ÃÂ uma L-aminoÃÂcido oxidase capaz de oxidar L-lisina e L-arginina, com maior afinidade por L- arginina, com Km de 0,22 +- 0,16 mM/L para a L-lys e de 0,015 +- 0,01 Mm/L para a L-arg. Demonstrou tambÃÂm que sua atividade antibacteriana ÃÂ medida por esta propriedade, tendo o perÃÂxido de hidrogÃÂnio, gerado na oxidaÃÂÃÂo enzimÃÂticca, grande aprtipaÃÂÃÂo na inibiÃÂÃÂo bacteriana. A proteÃÂna se comporta de maneira bacteriostÃÂtica quando em meio nÃÂo suplementado com L-lisina e L-angilina, sendo bactericida na presenÃÂa destes. AlÃÂm disso, a atividade antibacteriana mostrou ser dependente da concentraÃÂÃÂo de aminoÃÂcidos disponibilizados para oxidaÃÂÃÂo pela proteÃÂna. A atividade Staphylococcus aureus deve ocorrer por meio de mecanismos que nÃÂo induzam danoso na morfologia celular, uma vez que nÃÂo foi observada qualquer alteraÃÂÃÂo morfolÃÂgica por microscopia de forÃÂa atÃÂmica. JÃÂ a anÃÂlise das trÃÂs tintas pro PAGE-SDS revelou a presenÃÂa, em todas elas, de bandas protÃÂicas de cerca de 60 kDa, alÃÂm de bandas de peso moleculares mais baixos. Por Western blot pode-se observar a existÃÂncia de identidade imunolÃÂgica entre proteinas das trÃÂs tintas, visto que anticorpos policlonais produzidos contra a dactilomelina-P reconheceram proteÃÂna(s) de cerca de 60 kDa na tinta de B. leachii e de cerca de 30 kDa na tinta de Octopus sp. Dentre as trÃÂs tintas, somente a tinta de A. dactylomela apresentou atividades antibacterianas e antifÃÂngica / In shelled molluscs or those in which it is present as vestigial as cephalopods and gastropods opistobrÃÂnquios, the lack of external protection led to the evolution of defense mechanisms dominated by the secretion or incorporation of bioactive chemicals. Proteins synthesized again are good examples of these molecules, were found in paints of various species of sea slugs, particularly the genus Aplysia. Many have already revealed belong to protein families with oxidÃÂstica activity of L-amino acids (LAAOs), a group which comprises also bioactive proteins found in snake venoms. The characterization therefore biological activities and biochemical profile of these proteins is very useful for us to understand how to give the defense mechanisms of animals and how widespread they are, in addition to providing subsidies to its application biomedicinal. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of action of P-dactilomelina, antibacterial protein purified from Aplysia ink dactylomela, and comparison of protein composition and antimicrobial activities of paint released by two gastropods, A. dactylomela and Bursatella leachii, and a cephalopod, Octopus sp .. The study revealed that dactilomelina-P is an L-amino acid oxidase capable of oxidizing L-lysine and L-arginine, with a higher affinity for L-arginine, with a Km of 0.22 + - 0.16 mM / L for L -lys and 0.015 + - 0.01 mM / L L-arg. It also demonstrated that its antibacterial activity is measured by this property, with the hydrogen peroxide generated in the oxidation enzimÃÂticca, great aprtipaÃÂÃÂo in bacterial inhibition. The protein behaves in a non-bacteriostatic when supplemented with L-lysine and L-angilina, being in the presence of bactericidal. In addition, the antibacterial activity was shown to be dependent on the concentration of amino acids available for oxidation by the protein. Staphylococcus aureus activity must occur through mechanisms that do not induce damage to cell morphology, since we did not observe any morphological change by atomic force microscopy. The analysis of the three pro paint SDS-PAGE revealed the presence in them all, protein bands of about 60 kDa, and bands of lower molecular weight. For Western blot can observe the existence of immunologic identity between proteins of the three dyes, since polyclonal antibodies produced against P-dactilomelina recognized protein (s) of about 60 kDa in ink B. leachii and approximately 30 kDa in ink Octopus sp. Among the three dyes, only the ink of A. dactylomela showed antibacterial and antifungal activities

Abstract In this thesis several novel inks based on dry inorganic powders enabling magnetic, piezoelectric and memory resistive (memristive) function were researched for printed electronics applications. Low curing temperature screen–printable magnetic inks for high frequency applications based on dry cobalt nanoparticles were developed in the first part of the work. Three publications were achieved. The first one concentrated on ink formulation and its process development, the second on the utilization of multifunctional surfactant, and the third on the development of the inks for plastic substrates. The magnetic inks developed were cured at 120 °C. The electrical performance, microstructure, surface quality and mechanical durability of printed and cured layers were investigated. Relative permeability values up to 3 and related loss tangents up to 0.01 were achieved at 2 GHz frequency, as well as a pull–off strength of up to 5.2 MPa. The maximum loading level of cobalt nanoparticles was 60 vol–%, after which the stability of the ink started to degrade. The developed ink enabled the miniaturization of a patch antenna. In the second part of the thesis, the formulation of inks based on piezoelectric ceramic particles in powder form with ferroelectric polymers as a matrix material is introduced. The performance and quality of the printed inks and cured layers were investigated. The measured pull off –strength was up to 3.25 MPa, relative permittivity was up to 48 at 1 kHz and piezoelectric constant d31 up to 17 pm/V. The printed piezoelectric layer can be utilized in a pressure sensor. In the third part of the thesis, the development of inks for a novel printed memory component, a memristor, is researched. A synthesis route was developed for an organometallic precursor solution, which was formulated into inkjet–printable form. The printing tests were carried out in order to find the most feasible layer thickness with memristive behaviour. The influence of substrate materials and different thermal treatments on the components’ electrical properties, durability of read/erase –cycles and overall lifetime were also investigated. The prepared memristive patterns remained functional for up to 35 days, while the precursor solution remained usable for over a year. The memristive areas withstood up to 30 read/erase cycles and by utilizing heat treatments the shift in resistance value increased by up to three orders of magnitude. / Tiivistelmä Väitöstyössä kehitettiin epäorgaanisten kuivien jauhemaisten materiaalien pohjalta magneettisia, pietsosähköisiä ja memristiivisiä musteita käytettäviksi painettavan elektroniikan sovelluksissa. Työn ensimmäisessä osassa tutkittiin korkean taajuuden sovelluksissa käytettävien magneettisten, matalassa lämpötilassa kovetettavien, jauhemaisiin kobolttinanopartikkeleihin perustuvien silkkipainomusteiden valmistamista. Tulokset on esitetty kolmessa julkaisussa, joista ensimmäinen keskittyi musteen formulointiin, toinen monifunktionaalisen surfaktantin hyödyntämiseen ja kolmas musteen kehittämiseen muovialustalle sopivaksi. Työssä kehitettiin 120 °C:ssa kovettuvia musteita, joista valmistettujen kalvojen suhteellisen permeabiliteetin maksimiarvoksi saatiin 3 ja häviöiden minimiarvoksi 0,01 kahden gigahertsin taajuudella. Pull–off –vetotestin tulokseksi saatiin jopa 5,2 MPa. Musteet säilyivät vakaina enimmillään 60 tilavuusprosentin metallipitoisuudella. Kehitettyä mustetta käytettiin tasoantennin miniatyrisoinnissa. Toisessa osassa kehitettiin pietsosähköisiä musteita, jotka pohjautuivat keraamijauheeseen ja matriisimateriaalina toimivaan ferrosähköiseen muoviin. Niistä valmistettujen kalvojen parhaaksi pull off –vetotestin tulokseksi saatiin 3,25 MPa, permittiivisyyden maksimiarvoksi 48 yhden kilohertsin taajuudella ja d31–pietsovakion maksimiarvoksi jopa 17 pm/V. Kehitettyjä painettuja rakenteita voidaan käyttää painettavissa paineantureissa. Kolmannessa osassa kehitettiin uudentyyppinen painettava muistikomponentti, memristori ja komponenttien valmistamiseksi uusi prekursoriliuoksen synteesi. Syntetisoitu liuos muokattiin mustesuihkutulostettavaksi. Painokokeiden avulla selvitettiin materiaalin paksuus, jolla saatiin aikaan muistivastukselle ominainen memristiivinen käyttäytyminen. Työssä tutkittiin substraattimateriaalien ja mahdollisten lämpökäsittelyjen vaikutusta komponenttien sähköisiin ominaisuuksiin, luku/kirjoitussyklien kestoon sekä käyttöikään. Valmistetut memristiiviset kalvot säilyivät toimivina 35 vuorokautta ja prekursoriliuos yli vuoden. Memristiiviset pinnat kestivät jopa 30 luku/kirjoitussykliä ja vastusarvon muutos saatiin lämpökäsittelyllä kolmea kertaluokkaa suuremmaksi.

Les travaux précédents du laboratoire Hubert Curien ont permis d’élaborer des films photosensibles Ag : TiO2 sur verre, support de marquage de motifs actualisables ou permanents. Une adaptation de ces travaux aux supports plastiques et papiers est ici proposée afin d’élargir les domaines d’application potentiels au marquage sécurité des produits par exemple. Des techniques d’élaboration de films Ag : TiO2 compatibles avec les substrats considérés ont donc été développées. Deux voies ont été envisagées. La première utilise la chimie du Sol-Gel combinée à la méthode EISA et des procédés de dépôt tel le spin-coating, le jet d’encre ou la flexographie pour former un film mésoporeux de TiO2 sur les supports. Des traitements basés sur une extraction par solvant ou un recuit infrarouge ont été imaginés afin de libérer la porosité du film sans dégradation du support. Pour réaliser les films sur papier, un sel d’argent est ajouté au Sol avant son dépôt. Dans les cas des films élaborés sur plastique, l’argent est incorporé par imprégnation du matériau dans une solution de sel d’argent. La deuxième voie d’élaboration propose de formuler une encre aqueuse jet d’encre de nanoparticules de TiO2 et d’ions argent, en adaptant la composition d’une suspension commerciale de TiO2 aux exigences du jet d’encre. Après dépôt, l’encre est séchée par recuit infrarouge. Le comportement photochromique sous expositions lumineuses UV et visible des différents films permet leur coloration et décoloration de façon réversible. Les films Sol-Gel déposés sur plastique peuvent également être support de photo-inscriptions permanentes générées par irradiation par une lumière visible d’une certaine intensité / Previous research conducted at laboratory Hubert Curien led to the development of photosensitive Ag: TiO2 films on glass as support for updatable or permanent patterns. An adaptation of this work to plastic and paper substrates is proposed here to broaden the possible application areas such as goods secure labeling, for example. Fabrication techniques of Ag: TiO2 films compatible with flexible substrates have been developed, using two different paths. The first uses the combination of Sol-Gel chemistry with the EISA method. Deposition processes such as spin coating, inkjet or flexographic printing are used to form a mesoporous film of TiO2 on substrates. Treatments based on solvent extraction or infrared annealing have been devised to release the porosity of the film without damaging the supports. Silver salt is either introduced into the titania pores by soaking the films into a silver salt solution or added to the sol before its coating. The second developed option proposes formulating an aqueous ink jet ink made of TiO2 nanoparticles and silver ions by adapting the composition of a commercial suspension of TiO2 with the requirements of the ink jet process. After printing, the ink is dried by infrared annealing. The photochromic behavior under UV and visible light exposures of fabricated films allows to get coloring and bleaching reversibly. Sol-Gel films coated on plastic can also be a support for permanent colored patterns realized by irradiation with a visible light of certain intensity

Le marché des capteurs de gaz n’a pas cessé d’évoluer depuis ces dernières décennies en passant d’une technologie basée principalement sur des oxydes métalliques vers des nouveaux matériaux nanostructurés. En effet, les applications actuelles demandent des capteurs robustes, à faible consommation d'énergie, faible coût, conformables, sensibles et sélectives. Dans ce contexte, la recherche des matériaux sensibles à base de nanostructures de carbone, ainsi que des nouvelles technologies de fabrication (permettant la miniaturisation et la conformabilité des dispositifs) est nécessaire. Une de solutions actuellement à l’étude concerne l’utilisation de matériaux innovants tels que les nanotubes de carbone (CNTs). Dans ce manuscrit, les CNTs sont présentés ainsi que leurs très bonnes propriétés électriques et mécaniques. Leurs dimensions nous donnent une surface spécifique considérable et donc, la possibilité d’une grande sensibilité. Leur aptitude à être fonctionnalisés avec différents radicaux fait qu’ils puissent être sélectifs à une espèce donnée. Parmi les technologies émergentes apparues récemment, l’impression par jet d’encre est une technologie de déposition des couches minces très utilisée actuellement, car elle reste versatile grâce à sa facilité d’utilisation. La résolution et les possibilités d’impression sur différents types de substrat qu’on dispose, restent des atouts très importants. Un aspect très important qui a été peu étudié est la modélisation des couches minces des éléments sensibles. Concernant les couches imprimées des solutions contenant des nanotubes de carbone, très peu de travaux ont été répertoriés actuellement, et les modèles existants sont assez complexes. Dans nos travaux, nous nous concentrons sur la modélisation des couches minces sous la forme de motifs imprimés par jet d’encre. Des couches de solutions contenant des nanotubes de carbone sont déposées dans des structures RF, dans le but de pouvoir les appliquer dans la détection des gaz. / The gas sensor domain has continued to evolve over the past few decades by moving primarily from a technology based on metal oxides to new nanostructured materials. Indeed, for modern applications in today's world robust sensors with low power consumption, low cost, conformable, sensitive and selective is desirable. In this context, mark-sensitive materials based on carbon nanostructures, as well as new manufacturing technologies (allowing miniaturization and conformability devices) is required. One solution which is currently under consideration is the use of innovative materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which exhibit very good electrical and mechanical properties. Their dimensions give us a considerable surface area and hence the possibility of high sensitivity. Their ability to be functionalized with different groups makes them very selective to react with a particular target gas. Amongst the emerging technologies, inkjet printing deposition of a very thin film is currently in use as it remains versatile because of its ease of use. The resolution and printing possibilities on different types of substrate have remains very important assets. A very important aspect that has been considered very less is the modeling of thin film sensing elements. Regarding printed layers solutions containing carbon nanotubes, very few works have been currently listed, and the existing models are quite complex. In this work, modeling of thin layers in the form of patterns printed by inkjet has been studied and experimental verifications and their analyses have been carried out successfully. Specific emphasis has been laid on the layers of solutions containing carbon nanotubes deposited in RF structures for application in the detection of gases.

La projection par plasma d'arc de suspension permet d'obtenir des revêtements finement structurés à gradients de propriétés qui répondent aux besoins, par exemple, des applications photocatalytiques, les piles à combustible à oxyde solide ou les revêtements de barrière thermique. Cependant, les torches à plasma, même alimentées par dessources de courant continu régulé, génèrent des jets de plasma fortement fluctuants. Ces instabilités causent des variations importantes dans les transferts thermiques et dynamiques des particules, ce qui diminue la fiabilité et la reproductibilité de la méthode. Par conséquent, des efforts particuliers doivent être faits pour améliorer la projectionpar plasma d'arc de suspension et, ainsi, les propriétés des revêtements. Depuis de nombreuses années, la recherche s'est concentrée sur l'amélioration des transferts de chaleur et de quantité de mouvement entre la matière et le plasma au moyen de la mise au point de nouvelles torches et la réduction des instabilités de l'arc. Cette thèse présenteune nouvelle approche pour la projection par plasma d'arc de suspension. L'étude approfondie des instabilités du plasma sont réalisées ce qui conduit à la production du jet laminaire de plasma pulsé caractérisé par une forte modulation de l'enthalpie spécifique. Ces oscillations régulières de plasma sont associées à l'injection de la suspensionsynchronisée, ce qui est réalisé à l'aide de l'impression à jet d'encre déclenchée par le signal de tension d'arc. Les résultats sont évalués par le système d'imagerie résolue en temps et la spectroscopie d'émission optique résolue en temps. Cette nouvelle méthode offre la possibilité de contrôler les transferts de chaleur et de quantité de mouvemententre les particules et le plasma. / Suspension plasma spraying permits to elaborate finely structured coatings with graded properties which address the needs, for example, in the photocatalytic applications, the solid oxide fuels or the thermal barrier coatings. However, the plasma torches, even powered by dc regulated sources, generate highly fluctuating plasma jets. These instabilities result in large variations in dynamic and heat transfers to particles, what decreases the reproducibility and reliability of the method. Consequently, the special efforts have to be devoted to ameliorate the suspension plasma spraying method and, thus, the properties of the coatings. In recent years, the research has been focused on the improvement of heat and momentum transfers between material and plasma by means of the development of new non-conventional torches and the reduction of arc instabilities. The following dissertation presents a new approach to the suspension plasma spraying. The profound studies of the plasma instabilities are performed, what leads to the production of the pulsed laminar plasma jet characterized by high modulation of the specific enthalpy. These regular plasma oscillations are combined with phased injection of suspension, what is achieved by using the ink-jet printer triggered by the arc voltage signal. The results are evaluated by time-resolved imaging system and the time-resolved emission optical spectroscopy. This new method presents the possibility to control heat and momentum transfers between the particles and the plasma.

This thesis examines the symbiotic relationship between the meanings of tattoos and social norms through a comparative analysis of three distinct periods in twentieth-century American history. I use extensive archival material and an interdisciplinary approach to explain how the meanings of body ink shifted and to identify factors that influenced the public’s perceptions of tattoos as deviant or acceptable. In the 1920s and 1930s, tattooing practices among favored social groups, specifically military personnel, middle- and upper-class white men and women, and circus performers, generally received more positive reactions than those among lower-class and criminal subcultures. In the 1950s and 1960s, body ink became practiced primarily by marginalized individuals, such as criminals, bikers, and sex workers, and the general public’s understandings of tattoos as indicators of deviance and dangerous immorality strengthened. The new clientele and practitioners of the 1970s and 1980s mainly came from a high socio-economic status and reframed their tattooing practices as artistic expressions of individuality. I argue that, although body ink aesthetic by and large supported American values of patriotism, heteronormativity, and racial advantage, tattooing practices among ‘respectable’ groups were more accepted than those by ‘deviant’ subcultures. My research shows that the fluctuations between public rejection and appreciation of tattoos in these periods rested principally on the appearance and function of the inked design and on the position of the tattooed body in the social hierarchy. This thesis demonstrates that tattooing practices created and perpetuated but also destabilized and influenced gender-, race-, and class-based American ideals, and my research exposes the nuanced connections of body ink with deviance and normativity, the malleability of social conventions, and a complex web of power relations constantly in flux. / Graduate / 2018-08-23