Många människor har svårt att etablera goda matvanor trots ett ständigt informationsflöde om hur ohälsosam kost påverkar hälsan negativt. Små barn befinner sig i en beroendeställning till de vuxna som finns runt dem. Det innebär att föräldrarnas kostvanor även blir barnens. De vuxna bestämmer vad som finns hemma och vad som serveras. Denna kvantitativa studie har undersökt småbarnsfamiljers kostvanor med utgångspunkt i Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer om mindre mättat fett, mindre socker, mer kostfiber, frukt, grönt och fisk i kosten. Med hjälp av validerade frågor bedömdes uppgifter om konsumtionsfrekvenser hos föräldrar och barn. Den sökte också svar på om barnets ätvanor liknar förälderns och om föräldrars påverkan på barnets matintag har någon betydelse för detsamma. Dessutom efterfrågades vilka hinder som kunde tänkas finnas för hälsosamma matvanor i familjen. 56 föräldrar med minst ett barn i åldern 1-6 år valde att besvara det frågeformulär som distribuerades via fem förskolor i Hagfors kommun. Resultatet visar att barns och föräldrars kostvanor kan förbättras. Majoriteten av föräldrar och barn når inte upp till Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer. Sockerintaget är ett undantag som är i sin ordning hos föräldrarna. Bullar, kex, kakor och saft/läsk intas dock för ofta hos barnen. I jämförelse med tidigare svenska kostundersökningar kan man se att konsumtionsfrekvenserna för de ”onyttiga” livsmedlen är signifikant lägre i denna undersökning. En granskning av konsumtionsfrekvenserna hos paren förälder – barn visar tydligt att föräldrars ätvanor har betydelse för hur barnet äter. Studien finner inga tydliga samband mellan konsumtionsfrekvens av utrymmesmat och förälders påverkan på hur mycket/lite barnet ska äta. Ett undantag finns dock och det är de föräldrar som mutar sina barn med efterrätt för att få barnet att äta mer. De barnen hade en hög konsumtionsfrekvens av glass. De barn som inte påverkas har en tydligt högre konsumtionsfrekvens av frukt och grönt och ost än de barn som inte påverkas vilket kan tyda på bättre mellanmålsvanor och en större preferens för frukt och grönt. Därför kan sägas att förälders påverkan på barnets matintag inte leder till något positivt. Flera av föräldrarna anser att det inte finns några hinder för att äta hälsosamt, ändå konsumerar många för mycket av ohälsosamma livsmedel. Tidsbrist anges som det största hindret för hälsosamma matvanor. Slutsatsen är att om ätvanorna hos den framtida vuxna befolkningen dvs barnen ska bli bättre måste förebyggande satsningar riktas till föräldrar. Varje förälder måste förstå sitt eget ansvar när det gäller vilka kostvanor barnet får. Dels genom vad som görs tillgängligt men framförallt vilken förebild man ger sitt barn. / People have trouble establishing good eating habits in spite of a constant flow of information about the negative effects of unhealthy food. Young children depend on the present adults, which implies that food habits of parents become the food habits of their children. The adults have control over the food available and what meals are served. This quantitative study has carried out a dietary survey in families with young children. It is based on the National Food Administration (NFA) dietary recommendations about less saturated fat, less added sugar (sucrose), more dietary fibre and more fruit and vegetables. Validated questions were used to estimate consumption frequencies in food intake of the participating parents and children. This study also investigates whether eating habits of children reflects the eating habits of their parents. Furthermore questions were asked about what difficulties there might be to gain healthy eating habits in the family. Fifty-six parents with at least one child in the age of 1-6 chose to reply to the questionnaire distributed by five pre-schools in the district of Hagfors. The results indicate that the eating habits of both parents and children could change for the better. The majority of parents and children do not achieve the dietary recommendations. The recommended less sugar intake is an exception, which the parents achieve. The children consume buns, biscuits and syrups and soft drinks too often. Consumption frequencies of the unhealthy in-between meals are lower in this survey compared to earlier nation-wide Swedish dietary surveys. An examination of the parent/child pairs indicates that parent’s eating habits closely correspond to those of their children. There is no evidence of effect of parental control over the child’s food intake on consumption frequency of in-between meals. However those parents who use dessert as a bribe to encourage their child to eat more, have children who consume ice cream very often. Children who were not controlled in food intake consumed fruit and vegetables and cheese more often compared to children with parental control over food intake. This may imply that the children who are not controlled have better snack food intake and a greater preference for fruit and vegetables. Therefore it is possible to state that parental control has no positive effects on children’s food intake. Many parents consider that healthy eating habits are no problem, yet many of them consume unhealthy food too often. Lack of time is the most reported difficulty. Conclusions are that if eating habits in the future adult population is to be better, parent’s diet should be focus of change. Each parent needs to recognize the responsibility of him/her in the development of the child’s eating habits, partly by what is made available but most of all by the parental role model.

Objetivos: Valorar los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios de un grupo de 150 adolescentes de 2º de ESO y un grupo de 69 alumnos formadores de FP después de un programa de educación nutricional en el centro educativo donde estudian. Estudio prospectivo de cohortes en el que se han valorado los cambios en el consumo de alimentos, hábitos familiares e higiénicos y conocimientos sobre la función de los alimentos. Grupo control de 108 adolescentes de un centro educativo semejante. Variables estudiadas: Consumo de alimentos, Hábitos durante la comida, solos o en familia, y conocimiento de las funciones de los alimentos. Resultados: Análisis descriptivo de frecuencias y un test chi-cuadrado. Mejora en los hábitos alimentarios tanto en los adolescentes, como en los alumnos formadores. Hábitos alimentarios e higiénicos más equilibrados en los que comen en familia. Mejora el conocimiento sobre la función de los alimentos. Objectives: to assess the changes in the eating habits of a 150-teenager group from 2nd ESO and a group of 69 students, who are vocational trainers after a Nutrition education program in their school. It is a prospective cohort study of peer work in which several issues have been assessed, such as changes in their lifestyle, family and hygiene habits and knowledge about the different properties of varied food items. Control group o 108 teenagers in a school with similar features. Studied variables: food consumption, habits during the meals- if the students eat alone or with their families and if they know how the different nutrients work.Results: Descriptive analysis of chi-square distribution test. An improvement in the eating habits was observed not only among the teenagers but also in the peer trainer students. There are more balanced food and hygienic habits among those who eat together with their families and the knowledge has also been enhanced

Titre : Étude des déterminants psychosociaux du poids corporel dans la population québécoise adulte. Objectif : L’objectif principal des travaux effectués était l'étude des déterminants psychosociaux du poids corporel dans quatre groupes d’adultes qui ont participé à l’Enquête sociale et de santé 1998 (ESS 98). Méthodologie : Les microdonnées de l'ESS 98 ont été accédées en utilisant les services de l’Institut de la statistique du Québec. Les groupes étudiés étaient les hommes et les femmes âgés entre 25 et 44 ans ou 45 et 64 ans. Résultats : La pratique d’activités physiques reliées au transport et un niveau de scolarité plus élevé ont été associés à moins de probabilités de rapporter un excès de poids chez les hommes âgés entre 25 et 44 ans. Une meilleure perception des habitudes alimentaires a aussi été associée à moins de probabilités d’avoir un excès de poids dans la plupart des groupes à l’exception des femmes âgées entre 25 et 44 ans. Le niveau d’AP a été associé négativement à l’excès de poids uniquement chez les femmes plus âgées. Une meilleure perception de l’état de santé a été associée à moins de probabilités de rapporter un excès de poids chez les femmes âgées entre 25 et 44 ans et à plus de probabilités chez les hommes âgés entre 45 et 64 ans. Chez les hommes des deux groupes, le tabagisme a été associé à moins de probabilités de rapporter avoir un excès de poids. Chez les femmes, la consommation d’alcool a été associée à moins de probabilités d’avoir un excès de poids. Dans tous les groupes, tenter présentement de perdre du poids a été associé à plus de probabilités de rapporter un excès de poids. Les travaux effectués démontrent que ces déterminants du poids corporel ne sont pas nécessairement associés aux habitudes alimentaires et au niveau d’AP. Conclusion : Les déterminants psychosociaux associés à l’obésité divergent selon le sexe et l’âge. L’identification de ces associations illustre le besoin d’intégrer les spécificités de chacun de ces groupes dans les interventions populationnelles qui visent la problématique du poids corporel. / Title: Psychosocial correlates of body weight in the Quebec Adults Population. Objective: Within the variables available in the 1998 Social and Health survey, identify psycho-social correlates of body mass index (BMI) in the Quebec population. Method: Access to the Social Lifestyles and Health 1998 survey was done at the «Institut de la Statistique du Québec». Groups studied included the 25- to 44-years and the 45- to 64- years old men and women. Results: Higher number of physical activity (PA) related to transport and levels of education were associated with less odds of reporting an excess body weight only in the 25- to 44-years old men. Cigarette smoking was also associated with less odds of reporting an excess weight in both men groups. Regular practice of leisure time PA was associated with less odds of reporting an excess weight only in 45- to 64-years old women. In both women groups, more frequent consumption of alcoholic beverages decreased the odds of reporting an excess weight. Perceived eating habits were also associated with less odds of an excess weight in most groups except in the 25- to 44-yearsold women where the trend was not significant. Opposite associations were observed between perceived health and BMI. In the 45- to 64-year old men, better perceived health increased the odds of reporting an excess weight. On the opposite, the odds of reporting an excess weight decreased with better health in 25- to 44-years-old women. In all groups, currently trying to loose weight increased the odds of reporting an excess weight. Others analyses also indicate that those correlates are not always associated with eating habits and PA level as it would be expected. Conclusion: Many correlates differ between age-group and sex. The identification of these factors illustrates the need to adapt obesity related program toward specific sub-group within the general population.

Le surpoids (embonpoint et obésité) chez l’enfant est un problème préoccupant qui prend de plus en plus d’ampleur. Le rôle du parent dans cette problématique est prédominant, puisqu’il assure la disponibilité des aliments, choisit les mets présentés, joue le rôle de modèle dans l’acte alimentaire et interagit avec l’enfant durant les prises alimentaires pour guider son comportement alimentaire. Le parent offre et façonne l’environnement dans lequel évolue l’enfant. Cette thèse explore le rôle de la mère dans cet environnement. Le parent utilise diverses pratiques alimentaires pour guider l’alimentation de l’enfant. Certaines sont douces, comme encourager positivement l’enfant à essayer un aliment (ex. Goûtes-y, moi je trouve ça très bon!) et d’autres plus coercitives (ex. Tu ne sors pas de table sans avoir terminé ton assiette). Les interactions parent-enfant lors de la prise alimentaire sont susceptibles d’avoir différentes conséquences sur l’alimentation de l’enfant, modifiant possiblement les apports alimentaires, les préférences, la néophobie et le statut pondéral. Les interactions parent-enfant en général, donc hors du contexte précis de l’alimentation, peuvent aussi influencer les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’explorer les relations entre les interactions parent-enfant en général, aussi nommées « styles parentaux » (SP), les interactions parent-enfant dans le contexte alimentaire, portant le nom de «styles parentaux alimentaires» (SPA), les stratégies alimentaires utilisées par les parents pour guider l’alimentation de l’enfant, nommées « pratiques alimentaires parentales » (PAP), les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant et le statut pondéral de ce dernier. Cette thèse comprend 4 objectifs spécifiques. D’abord, d’examiner les relations entre les SP, les SPA et les PAP. Dans un deuxième temps, les relations entre les SPA, le comportement alimentaire de l’enfant (préférence et fréquence de consommation) et le statut pondéral de l’enfant seront explorées. Puis, l’existence de relations entre l’usage de PAP et le comportement alimentaire de l’enfant sera évaluée. Finalement, les relations entre les attitudes de la mère à l’égard de son poids et de celui de son enfant et du comportement néophobique de l’enfant seront explorées. Cent vingt-deux mères d’enfants d’âge préscolaire, de 3 à 5 ans, ont été recrutées par des milieux de garde de l’île de Montréal et ont complété et retourné un questionnaire auto-administré portant sur le style parental, style parental alimentaire, les PAP, les fréquences de consommation de l’enfant, les préférences de l’enfant pour certains aliments et groupe d’aliments, la néophobie de l’enfant, le poids et la taille de l’enfant, le régime actuel de la mère, la perception du poids de l’enfant, la préoccupation face au poids de l’enfant ainsi que la description du profil familial. Les SP, les SPA et les PAP montrent des corrélations. Les SPA, plus particulièrement les deux échelles qui les composent (exigence et sensibilité) montrent des corrélations avec la consommation et la préférence pour certains aliments. Des différences sont aussi notées entre les différents SPA et le statut pondéral de l’enfant et certains comportements alimentaires. La présente thèse suggère une implication de trois concepts, soient les SP, les SPA et les PAP, dans la dynamique alimentaire de la dyade mère-enfant. Des relations importantes entre les SPA et les préférences alimentaires sont suggérées. Les futures recherches dans ce domaine devront évaluer l’impact relatif des PAP, des SP et des SPA sur le comportement alimentaire (consommation et préférence) et le poids de l’enfant. Une intervention efficace visant des changements de comportements alimentaires auprès des familles devra adresser à la fois les PAP, mais aussi les SP et les SPA. / Childhood overweight is a fast growing and worrisome problem. The role of parents in this situation is of great importance as they ensure food availability, chose the presented meals, act as role models in the feeding act and interact with children during feeding to guide their eating behavior. The parent offers and molds the environment in which the child will evolve. This thesis explores the mother's role within this environment. The parent uses various feeding practices to guide the child's food choices. Some are kind, such as positively encouraging the child to taste new foods, (e.g., give this a taste, I think it's delicious!) while others are coercive (e.g., you are not leaving from this table until you finish your plate). Parent-child interactions during mealtime are likely to have different consequences on the child's eating habits, possibly modifying his food intake, food preferences, neophobia and weight status. Parent-child interactions can also influence a child's eating behavior without necessarily being within a food setting. The main objective of this thesis is to explore the relationship between the general parent-child interactions, also known as the parenting style, the parent-child interactions in a food setting, known as the feeding style, the feeding strategies used by the parents to guide the child's food choices, known as the feeding practices, the child's eating behavior and his weight status. This thesis has 4 specific objectives. First, to examine the relationship between the parenting style, the feeding style and the feeding practices. Second, to study the relationship between the feeding style, the child's eating behavior (food preferences and consumption frequency) and his weight status. Thirdly, to evaluate the existence of a relationship between the feeding practices and the child's eating behavior. Finally, to explore relations between mother’s attitudes toward her weight and her child’s weight and neophobic behavior. One hundred twenty-two mothers of preschoolers aged 3 to 5, were recruited by daycare centers on the island of Montreal and completed and auto-administered questionnaire on parenting style, feeding style, feeding practices, child consumption frequency, child preference for certain foods and food groups, child neophobia, child weight and height, the mother's diet, the mother's perception of the child's weight, the mother's concern regarding the child's weight and a description of the family profile. Parenting styles, feeding style and feeding practices display correlations among themselves. The feeding styles, more precisely the two scales that describe them (demandingness and sensibility), show correlations with the consumption and preference for certain foods. Differences were also noted between various feeding styles and child weight status and certain eating behaviors. The following thesis suggests that three concepts are implicated in the feeding dynamic of the mother-child dyad; the parenting style, the feeding style and the feeding practices. It is suggested that the feeding style and food prerefences are correlated. Future research in this field will need to evaluate the relative impact of feeding practices, parenting styles and feeding styles on eating behavior (consumption and preferences) and child weight. An effective intervention seeking to change eating behavior among families will need to address parent feeding practices as well as parenting style and feeding style.

Text in English with abstracts in English, isiXhosa and isiZulu / Mother’s nutrition knowledge, one of the guiding factors in developing children’s healthy eating patterns, has received relatively little research attention. This study determines the influence of demographic factors on mothers’ nutritional knowledge in Mthatha in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Quantitative, exploratory descriptive survey used group administrative questionnaire. Closed and open ended questions solicited data in 350 purposely and conveniently selected respondents. SSPS 26.0 Version analysed the data and Factor Analysis summarized for easy interpretation. Although SA FBDG are based on the current consumption of locally available foods, respondents were largely unaware of this tool. Mothers receive informal education on Dietary Guidelines from health centres, but no one knows the extent to which they understand and apply the information. There is general lack of correlation between nutrition knowledge and its application. Mothers require nutrition education and practical application of FBDG to improve their and children’s nutrition security. / Luncinane kwaye alukho nzulu uphando olukhe lwenziwa ngolwazi lomzalikazi ngendlela yokondla. Olu lwazi yenye yeenqobo zokukhokela isiqhelo sokutya ngokunempilo. Esi sifundo senziwe eMthatha, kwiMpuma Koloni yoMzantsi Afrika kwaye siqwalasela ifuthe leempawu zesimo soluntu kulwazi lomzalikazi ngendlela yokondla. Uphando lwenziwe ngokuqwalasela ulwazi olufunyenwe kubantu abaninzi ngokunika amaqela abantu uludwe lwemibuzo. Imibuzo enempendulo ethe gca (evalekileyo) okanye enempendulo exhomekeke kwizimvo zomntu (evulekileyo) yabuzwa kubantu abangama-350 ababekhethwe ngobuchule. Iinkcukacha zolwazi zahlalutywa ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe beSSPS 26.0 lwaze uhlalutyo olwaziwa ngokuba yiFactor Analysis lwashwankathela ukuze ulwazi olufunyenweyo lutolikeke lula. Nangona isikhokelo sendlela yokutya esaziwa ngokuba yiSouth Africa food-based dietary guidelines (SA FBDG) sisekelwe kukutya okufumanekayo endaweni, abathathi nxaxheba abaninzi kolu phando babengazi nto ngesi sikhokelo. Abazalikazi bafumana imfundo engekho sesikweni ngesikhokelo sendlela yokutya kumaziko empilo, kodwa akukho mntu waziyo ukuba bayiqonda kangakanani, beyilandela kangakanani loo nto bayifundiswayo. Kukho ukungahambelani okuxhaphakileyo eluntwini phakathi kolwazi ngendlela yokutya nokulusebenzisa olo lwazi. Abazalikazi badinga ukufundiswa ngendlela yokutya nokusebenzisa isikhokelo iFBDG ukuze baphucule indlela yokutya bona nabantwana babo ngokukhuselekileyo. / Lusathole ukunakwa okuncane kakhulu kwezocwaningo ulwazi lukamama mayelana nokudla okunomsoco, okungenye yezinto eziqondisayo ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokudla okunempilo ezinganeni. Lolu cwaningo luzocubungula futhi luhlonze umthelela wezimo zenhlalo ezigabeni zabantu abahlukahlukene olwazini lomama mayelana nokudla okunomsoco eMthatha esifundazweni saseMpumalanga Koloni eNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningokuhlola (isaveyi) olukhwantithethivu (olugxile emananini kanye nobuningi) oluhlolisisayo futhi oluchazayo, lwasebenzisa iphephamibuzo eligcwaliswa ngababambiqhaza abayiqembu. Imibuzo evalekile kanye nemibuzo evulekile yasetshenziswa ukuthola idatha kubabambiqhaza bocwaningo abangama-350 ababekhethwe ngabomu ukufezekisa izinhloso zocwaningo. I-SSPS 26.0 Version yahlaziya idatha kanti futhi i-Factor Analysis yafingqa idatha ukuze ihumusheke kalula. Nakuba imihlahlandlela yokudla okunomsoco yaseNingizimu Afrika (SA FBDG) isuselwe ekudliweni kokudla okutholakala kuleli lizwe njengamanje, ababambiqhaza babengenalo ulwazi lokuthi kukhona imihlahlandlela enjengalena. Omama bayafundiswa, ngendlela engahlelekile, ezizindeni zezempilo mayelana neMihlahlandlela Yokudla Okunempilo, kodwake akekho owaziyo ukuthi baluqonda kangakanani ulwazi abaluthola lapho, futhi balusebenzisa kangakanani. Kuvamise ukuthi kungabi khona ukuhambisana nokuxhumana phakathi kolwazi oluphathelene nokudla okunomsoco kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo. Omama bayakudinga ukufundiswa mayelana nokudla okunomsoco futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imihlahlandlela yama-FBDG isetshenziswa ngendlela ephathekayo futhi ebonakalayo ukuze bakwazi ukwenza ngcono ukutholakala kokudla okunomsoco, kubona omama ngokwabo kanye nezingane zabo. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M.C.S.

Text in English / The purpose this study was to explore food habits and nutritional behaviours of adolescents in a school in Lenasia South, in Gauteng Province. Qualitative, explorative research was conducted in order to recommend effective prevention strategies of non-communicable diseases. Adolescents from the selected secondary school formed the sample of the study. Data collection was done using focus groups’ discussions. Three focus group discussions were conducted in the study. The first group comprised of thirteen male adolescents, followed by ten female adolescents and the final group was a combination of both female and male learners to produce a homogenous group. Specific common eating habits and nutritional behaviours emerged from the focus group discussions which included skipping meals, high consumption of high energy dense foods and sweetened beverages. Consequently, when developing intervention programs and policies to improve health of adolescents, environmental influences that undermine efforts to improve adolescent’s dietary behaviours must be addressed. / Health Studies / M.P.H.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo avaliou os padrões de consumo alimentar entre adultos brasileiros e a sua associação com o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Em 1996/1997, o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), coletou dados antropométricos, de consumo alimentar e socioeconômicos de 9351 indivíduos entre 20 e 60 anos, moradores das áreas urbanas e rurais das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil. Através da análise de componentes principais foram identificados os padrões de consumo alimentar. A associação entre os padrões de consumo alimentar e o IMC foi avaliado através de regressão linear. A prevalência de obesidade (IMC >= 30 kg/rn2) foi de 2,7% entre homens moradores das áreas rurais e em torno de 8,0% para os moradores da área urbana, em ambas as regiões. Entre as mulheres, esta prevalência na área rural foi de 6,5% no Nordeste, 14,3% no Sudeste e em torno de 12% nas áreas urbanas. A prevalência de sobrepeso (IMC>= 25 kg/m2) na área rural foi, aproximadamente, 20,0%para o sexo masculino e 24,0% para o sexo feminino, ficando ao redor de 30% nas áreas urbanas. Identificou-se três padrões de consumo: o padrão 1 (misto), com o consumo de quase todos os alimentos, o padrão 2, um padrão a base de arroz, farinha e feijão, composição característica da dieta tradicional do brasileiro, e o padrão 3, onde poucos alimentos explicaram a variação de consumo, contudo, estes alimentos variaram nas quatro áreas. Ajustando-se para idade, renda, escolaridade e atividade física, o padrão misto associou-se positivamente com o IMC (p<0,003), exceto no Sudeste rural (p=016). A dieta tradicional no Sudeste rural (p=0,007) e o padrão 3, composto por tubérculos, farinha e carne, no Nordeste urbano (p=O,0004), associaram-se negativamente com o IMC. Concluiu-se que o padrão misto se associou positivamente ao IMC, sugerindo que o consumo calórico total, mais do que o padrão da dieta, explicaria o aumento da obesidade observado no Brasil.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo avaliou os padrões de consumo alimentar entre adultos brasileiros e a sua associação com o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Em 1996/1997, o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), coletou dados antropométricos, de consumo alimentar e socioeconômicos de 9351 indivíduos entre 20 e 60 anos, moradores das áreas urbanas e rurais das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil. Através da análise de componentes principais foram identificados os padrões de consumo alimentar. A associação entre os padrões de consumo alimentar e o IMC foi avaliado através de regressão linear. A prevalência de obesidade (IMC >= 30 kg/rn2) foi de 2,7% entre homens moradores das áreas rurais e em torno de 8,0% para os moradores da área urbana, em ambas as regiões. Entre as mulheres, esta prevalência na área rural foi de 6,5% no Nordeste, 14,3% no Sudeste e em torno de 12% nas áreas urbanas. A prevalência de sobrepeso (IMC>= 25 kg/m2) na área rural foi, aproximadamente, 20,0%para o sexo masculino e 24,0% para o sexo feminino, ficando ao redor de 30% nas áreas urbanas. Identificou-se três padrões de consumo: o padrão 1 (misto), com o consumo de quase todos os alimentos, o padrão 2, um padrão a base de arroz, farinha e feijão, composição característica da dieta tradicional do brasileiro, e o padrão 3, onde poucos alimentos explicaram a variação de consumo, contudo, estes alimentos variaram nas quatro áreas. Ajustando-se para idade, renda, escolaridade e atividade física, o padrão misto associou-se positivamente com o IMC (p<0,003), exceto no Sudeste rural (p=016). A dieta tradicional no Sudeste rural (p=0,007) e o padrão 3, composto por tubérculos, farinha e carne, no Nordeste urbano (p=O,0004), associaram-se negativamente com o IMC. Concluiu-se que o padrão misto se associou positivamente ao IMC, sugerindo que o consumo calórico total, mais do que o padrão da dieta, explicaria o aumento da obesidade observado no Brasil.

Introdução Evidências sugerem impacto das características do ambiente nas taxas de obesidade, por mediadores em nível comunitário, como acesso a comércios, disponibilidade e custo de alimentos. Porém, há insuficiente compreensão sobre a interação do meio nas práticas alimentares. Objetivos Ampliar a compreensão a respeito das relações entre o ambiente e as práticas alimentares em diferentes contextos socioeconômicos e de acesso à alimentação em que vivem indivíduos no município de São Paulo. Métodos Estudo de abordagem qualitativa baseado em dados de auditoria de ambiente alimentar, inquérito e entrevistas individuais. A amostragem propositiva abrangeu diversos estratos do ambiente socioeconômico e alimentar no município de São Paulo e incluiu 48 indivíduos adultos de ambos os sexos. O roteiro de entrevistas semiestruturadas foi elaborado a partir de duas perguntas norteadoras: Como é a percepção dos indivíduos sobre os estabelecimentos de comercialização de alimentos no bairro em que vivem e a sua influência nas práticas alimentares? e Como é a rotina de aquisição, preparo e consumo dos alimentos no bairro em que vivem e como isso se relaciona ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças e de alimentos ultraprocessados?. Para a categorização dos discursos aplicou-se análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. A trajetória interpretativa foi conduzida sob o referencial teórico das representações sociais. A análise de clusters hierárquica foi utilizada para o agrupamento dos indivíduos, retendo-se dois grupos: cluster 1 e cluster 2, diferenciados pelo nível socioeconômico e pela disponibilidade de alimentos saudáveis nos locais avaliados. Resultados As representações sociais sobre os ambientes alimentares estudados corresponderam às características aferidas em auditoria, revelando desigualdades entre os locais estudados. No cluster 1, caracterizado pelo maior nível socioeconômico e pelo melhor acesso à alimentação saudável, prevaleceu a percepção favorável sobre a disponibilidade de feiras, sacolões e supermercados, destacando oportunidades para a aquisição de alimentos com qualidade, variedade e preços acessíveis, dentre os quais as frutas e hortaliças. Os indivíduos do cluster 2 viviam em locais de menor nível socioeconômico e de menor acesso à alimentação saudável e representaram a falta de acesso à estabelecimentos de comércio de alimentos e a indisponibilidade de frutas e hortaliças. Nos dois clusters verificou-se a representação social: refrigerantes, salgadinhos, biscoitos recheados e fast-food se encontra em todo lugar, sobre a disponibilidade de alimentos ultraprocessados. A preocupação com a saúde foi a principal motivação para o consumo de frutas e hortaliças entre os dois clusters, e o gosto, a falta de hábito e o custo foram identificados como barreiras. Sobre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, no cluster 1 ocorreu maior percepção sobre as barreiras, como a preocupação com a saúde. Já no cluster 2, se destacaram as motivações para este consumo, como o gosto e a presença de crianças. Conclusão A forma como conhecem e compreendem as características do ambiente alimentar está refletida em algumas ações dos sujeitos sobre as suas práticas de aquisição e consumo de alimentos. / Background Evidences suggest an impact of environmental characteristics on obesity and non-communicable diseases rates, by mediators at the community level such as access to markets, cost and availability of food. However, there is insufficient comprehension about the interaction of the environment in food pratices. Objective Enhancing knowledge about the relations between the environment and eating habits in different socioeconomic and food access contexts, whereupon São Paulos individuals live. Methods This is a qualitative study based on food environment audit data, inquiry and individual interviews. The purposeful sampling comprised different strata of the socioeconomic and food environments in São Paulo and included 48 adults of both genders.The script for semi-structured interviews was drawn from two guiding questions: How is the perception of the individuals on the food establishments in the neighborhood they live in, and their influence on eating habits? and How is the acquisition routine, preparation and consumption of foods in their neighborhood, and how does it relate to the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and ultra-processed food?. For categorizing the speeches Bardins content analisys was applied. The interpretative trajectory was conducted under the theoretical framework of social representations. The hierarchical clusters analisys was used for grouping individuals, retaining two groups: cluster 1 and cluster 2, differentiated by the socioeconomic level and by the availability of healthy foods at the locations assessed. Results The social representations about the food environments investigated corresponded to the characteristics measured in audit, revealing disparities between the locations assessed. In cluster 1,characterized by higher socioeconomic level and better access to healthy food, prevailed favorable perception about the availability of fairs, grocery stores and supermarkets, standing out opportunities to food acquisition with quality, variety and affordable prices, among which are fruits and vegetables.Individuals from cluster 2 lived in places of lower socioeconomic level and less access to healthy food, and they accounted for the lack of access to food establishments and the unavailability of fruits and vegetables.In both clusters there was the social representation: soft drinks, snacks, cookies and fast food are everywhere, about the availability of ultra-processed food. The concern about healthcare was the main motivation for fruits and vegetables consumption among both clusters, and the taste, the lack of habit and costs were identified as barriers. Regarding to ultra-processed food consumption, in cluster 1 there was a greater awareness about the barriers, like the concern for healthcare. On the other hand, in cluster 2, the motivations for this consumption were highlighted, such as the taste and the presence of children. ConclusionThe way individuals know and understand the environmental characteristics is reflected in some of their actions about the purchasing practices and food consumption.

Introdução: O padrão alimentar, com alto teor de gordura, colesterol, açúcar refinado e o baixo teor de ácido graxos poliinsaturados e fibras presente na dieta dos adolescentes, é considerado o principal responsável pelo aumento da morbidade e mortalidade em adultos, pois resulta em aumento da prevalência de obesidade e conseqüentemente de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Objetivo: Avaliar a dieta habitual qualitativa e quantitativamente de adolescentes de ambos os sexos de uma Escola Estadual do Município de São Paulo - SP. Casuística e Métodos: Foram avaliados adolescentes de ambos os gêneros entre 14 e 18 anos e 11 meses de idade, em quatro momentos diferentes durante seis meses. Utilizou-se o Recordatório 24 horas para avaliar o consumo alimentar e os dados foram processados pelo software Virtual Nutri. As análises estatísticas (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, teste T Student bicaudal para amostras repetidas, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test e McNemar) foram realizadas pelo SPSS 11.0. Resultados: O consumo de gordura total foi superior a 30% em todos os dias de análise; o consumo de fibras obteve uma tendência de melhora nos dias úteis, assim como a gordura insaturada; o alimento com consumo mais freqüente foi o arroz e o consumo dos salgados (pão de queijo, coxinha, esfiha, etc.) aumentou durante os dias da semana. O café da manhã teve um declínio de consumo durante o feriado. Conclusões: O conhecimento do da dieta habitual dos adolescentes possibilita o planejamento de políticas públicas de saúde voltadas à nutrição, orientações dietéticas específicas ao grupo e possíveis intervenções. / Introduction: High amounts of fat, cholesterol, refined sugar, and low amounts of fat acid and fibers present in the diets of adolescents is results in high rates of obesity, chronic non-communicable diseases, and death in adults. Objective: Evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the daily eating habits of adolescent males and females from a São Paulo city state school. Methods: Students between the ages of 14 years and 18 years 11 months old in four different times in a six month period were evaluated. The students logged their food intake over a 24 hour period and the data was processed by the Virtual Nutri software. The statistical analysis (Kolmogorov-Smirnow, T Student test for two repeated samples, Wilcoxon Signed Tank Test, and McNemar) was made by SPSS 11.0. Results: For every day of the test, fat accounted for more than 30% of the caloric intake. The fiber intake showed a tendency to improve on week days when compared with weekends, as did the intake of unsaturated fats. The food most frequently consumed was rice. Snacks were consumed mostly on the holiday, and during holidays the students frequently skipped breakfast. Conclusions: This study of the eating habits of adolescents can help shape the public policies of health, nutrition, and diet for specific groups and interventions.