Orientador: Orly Zucatto Mantovani de Assis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T05:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ortiz_MaraFernandaAlves_D.pdf: 1266505 bytes, checksum: c1d87ef5234630513c8eea3050f2eb82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o pensamento econômico dos alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos brasileiros, entre 15 e 70 anos. A principal relevância dessa investigação foi caracterizar a compreensão econômica dos alunos da EJA; buscar relações entre as representações mentais acerca do consumo e o nível de pensamento econômico; comparar os níveis de compreensão econômica dos alunos entre níveis de escolaridade, sexo e idade. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida através da aplicação do instrumento de medida, Escala TAE-N Teste de Alfabetização Econômica para Crianças que avalia os conhecimentos básicos que devem ter os sujeitos para compreender as atividades econômicas, com uma amostra de 183 alunos, da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, da rede municipal de ensino da cidade de Mogi Guaçu do interior do estado de São Paulo. Os resultados desta etapa mostraram, tendo como parâmetro os Níveis de Desenvolvimento do Pensamento Econômico proposto por Denegri, que a maioria dos alunos apresentava um pensamento econômico inferencial, por meio do qual os sujeitos conceituam os processos sociais e são capazes de compreender diferenças e determinações dos processos econômicos e sociais. Os resultados indicam que não há diferença significativa entre idades e sexo, apenas entre o nível de escolaridade. A análise permitiu tanto uma compreensão mais específica de como os alunos brasileiros deste segmento compreendem mundo econômico, quanto uma visão mais abrangente da importância de se trabalhar esse tema no âmbito da Educação de Jovens e Adultos. / Abstract: The objective of this paper was to investigate the students in Youths and Adults Brazilian Education, between 15 and 70 years. The main relevance of this investigation research was to characterize the economic understanding of EJA students; seek links between mental representations about the consumption and the level of economic thought; comparing the levels of the economic understanding of students between levels of schooling, sex and age. The research was developed through the application of the measure instrument, TAE-N - Test of Economical Literacy for Children that it evaluates the basic conhecimientos that he/she should have the subjects for comprender the economical activities, with a sample of 183 students, of the Young People and Adults Education in rate of teaching of the city of Mogí Guaçu of the interior of the state of São Paulo. The results of this stage showed, like the parameter the levels for the Development of the Economical Thought by denigrate by proposed by Denegri, that the students had an economic thinking infrence, where the subjects conceptualize social processes and are able to understand differences and determinations of the social and economic processes. The results indicate no significant difference between ages and sex, just among the levels of schooling. The analysis has both a more specific understanding of how the Brazilian students of EJA understand the world economicy, as a broader view of the importance of working within this theme in the Education for Youths and Adults. / Doutorado / Psicologia Educacional / Doutor em Educação

Adam Smith considered consumption the sole end and purpose of all production. Concerning the measurement of welfare, this requires a sound understanding of the connection between consumption and welfare. The consumerist conceptualization of this connection implies that the amount of consumption equals welfare and the level of production can be an indicator for welfare. The limits and problems of production measures are widely accepted. Yet, indicators like GDP remain the focus of mainstream economic theory and policy. We trace the origin of this lock-in back to the economic model of behaviour and the concept of agency in mainstream economics. The suggested alternative stems from literature about human needs in heterodox economics and psychology. This literature incorporates the relevance of social aspects and cultural change for welfare. It turns out that consumerism can be a threat to well-being and welfare rather than a requirement for it. / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

At any given moment in time, there are people complying with fraudulent requests (i.e. scams) on the Internet. While the incidence rates are low (between five and ten percent of the population becoming victims on a yearly basis), the financial and emotional consequences can be high. In this Thesis we composed a unified theory of which factors made individuals more likely to comply with scams and what psychological mechanisms are unwittingly employed by con-men to make their (illegitimate marketing) offers more enticing. The strongest overall predictor of scam compliance (i.e. the extent to which an individual is likely to comply with fraudulent requests) was the level of self-control, regardless of the observed stage of a scam. On the basis of previous research, we postulated and have empirically shown that falling for a scam is a 3-stage process (i.e. assessing a scam to be plausible - plausiblity, responding to scammers - responded and, finally, losing utility to them – lost out). Taking this paradigm into account, we analysed the three stages in separate investigations and tested the viability of various psychological factors that play a role in them. We hypothesized that attitudes towards risky choices would play a role in finding an Internet scam plausible and thus started our investigation by transferring one of the classic economic psychological theories (i.e. Prospect Theory) into a virtual setting and demonstrated that risk preferences remain unchanged between concrete and virtual settings. Our investigation showed that attitudes towards risk are similar across virtual and concrete domains, but did not yield a reliable psychometric scale measuring risk preferences. As a corollary, in Chapter 3, we investigated psychological mechanisms that influence risky preferences as applied to all three stages of scam compliance. The empirical investigation in Chapter 3 of the present Thesis focused on social psychological mechanisms of persuasion. A scale of susceptibility to persuasion was developed, validated and then applied to the phenomena of scam compliance in two studies. Four reliable factors contributing to susceptibility to persuasion emerged: influence of authority, social influence, self-control and the need for consistency. The susceptibility to persuasion scale was then used to predict overall lifetime (study 1) and time-limited (study 2) scam compliance across the three stages of scams. Social Influence weakly predicted the plausibility stage in study 1, while strongly predicting the response stage in study 2. The need for consistency strongly predicted response stages in both studies. While compliance with requests from authorities did not predict responses to any of the stages in study 1, it weakly predicted the plausibility of a scam and strongly predicted responding to it in study 2. Weak self-control was a significant predictor of losing funds in study 1 and a strong predictor of responding to scams in study 2. As lack of self-control (as a personality trait) emerged as one of the significant predictors of scam compliance, this led us to infer that there were other personality traits that would contribute to understanding scam compliance. That became the topic of Chapter 4 of the present Thesis. In Chapter 4, we used the five factor model of personality, a brief self-control scale and the UPPS impulsive behaviour scale to measure the impact of personality traits on scam compliance in the response stage. Results showed that extraversion, openness, self-control, premeditation, sensation seeking and (negative) urgency had an influence on the response rates to fraudulent offers. Lack of self-control (as a personality trait) again emerged as a strong predictor of overall scam compliance, which led us to infer that self-control as a cognitive state would also contribute to measuring scam compliance in general and in specific types of fraud. The investigation reported in Chapter 3 showed fraudulent Internet auctions to be an effective scam. As a consequence of these two findings, in Chapter 5, we investigated the impact of self-regulatory fatigue on compliance with fraudulent Internet auctions. In the empirical investigation in Chapter 5 180 respondents in two groups were exposed to a cognitive task designed to be ego-depleting and then to a constructed fraudulent Internet auction. They were asked a series of questions concerned with the likelihood of them purchasing a desired item (i.e. the third stage of a scam) and its appeal to them. We found no evidence that lowered self-control (as a state) had any impact on the appeal of fraudulent offer or the likelihood of purchasing it. We also demonstrated that the perception of risk in the fraudulent Internet auctions is most strongly influenced by the feedback mechanisms and the sellers’ ability to use correct English. In the conclusion to the present Thesis we discussed the implications of our empirical investigations and constructed a fictional fraudulent offer that would be effective according to our research. It should, for example, be based on the advance fee schemes and should be delivered over the Internet to reach the most potential victims. Once we had created an outline of an effective scam, we used that as our starting point to suggest mechanisms that would be effective in resisting it. For example, individuals could employ heuristics in a better way or conduct reality checks; and software toolkits that would help in resisting scams could be developed on the basis of our findings. We also discussed future research directions (obtaining larger samples, focusing on specific types of scams and specific populations; and others) and general implications of our findings.

A presente tese objetivou investigar a contribuição de variáveis e escalas psicológicas sugeridas pela literatura de Psicologia Econômica, a fim de predizer o risco de crédito de pessoas físicas. Nesse sentido, através das técnicas de regressão logística, e seguindo todas as etapas para desenvolvimento de modelos de credit scoring, foram construídos modelos de application scoring para pessoas físicas com variáveis sociodemográficas e situacionais, comumente utilizadas nos modelos tradicionais, mais a inclusão de variáveis comportamentais e escalas psicológicas, tais como: variáveis de comparação social, variáveis relacionadas com educação financeira, variáveis de comportamento de consumo, proxies de autocontrole e horizonte temporal, escala do significado do dinheiro (ESD), escala de autoeficácia, escala de lócus de controle, escala de otimismo, escala de autoestima e escala de comprador compulsivo. Os resultados foram contundentes e direcionaram para uma significativa contribuição de algumas dessas variáveis em predizer o risco de crédito dos indivíduos. As variáveis oriundas da ESD mostraram que as dimensões negativas relacionadas com o dinheiro estão mais associadas a indivíduos com problemas com dívidas. Também foi possível constatar que indivíduos com altos escores na escala de autoeficácia, provavelmente indicando um maior grau de otimismo e excesso de confiança, estão mais associados ao grupo de mau pagador. Notou-se ainda que compradores classificados como compulsivos possui maior probabilidade de se encontrar no grupo de mau crédito. Indivíduos que consideram presentear crianças e amigos em datas comemorativas como uma necessidade, mesmo que muitas pessoas considerem um luxo, possuem maior chance de se encontrarem no grupo de mau crédito. Problemas de autocontrole identificados por indivíduos que bebem em média mais de quatro copos de bebida alcoólica no dia ou são fumantes, mostraram-se importantes para identificar tendências ao endividamento. A partir desses achados acredita-se que a presente tese avançou no entendimento do risco de crédito das pessoas físicas, de forma a suscitar variáveis que podem aumentar a precisão da previsão dos modelos de credit scoring, tendo como uma das implicações imediatas a consideração de algumas das variáveis significativas como uma pergunta no formulário cadastral para novos clientes, tais como: Você acha que presentear amigos em datas comemorativas é uma necessidade ou luxo? Você acha que presentear crianças em datas comemorativas é uma necessidade ou luxo? Na média, você bebe mais de 4 copos de bebida alcoólica no dia? Você fuma cigarros? As implicações dos resultados também podem ser discutidas no âmbito dos modelos de behavioral scoring e modelos de credit scoring para pessoas jurídicas. / This works aimed to investigate the contribution of variables and psychological scales, suggested by the literature of Economic Psychology, in order to predict the credit risk of individuals. Accordingly, through the techniques of logistic regression, and following all the steps for developing credit scoring models, application scoring models were built for individuals with socio demographic and situational variables, commonly used in traditional models, further the inclusion of behavioral variables and psychological scales, such as: variables of social comparison, variables related to financial education, variables in consumption behavior, proxies of self-control and temporal horizon, meaning of money scale (MMS), scale of self efficacy, locus of control scale, scale of optimism, scale of self-esteem and scale of compulsive buyer. The results were blunt, and directed a significant contribution to some of these variables in predicting the credit risk of individuals. The variables derived from the MMS showed that the negative dimensions related to money are more associated to individuals with debt problems. It was also noted that individuals with high scores on selfefficacy scale, probably indicating a higher degree of optimism and overconfidence, are the group most associated with bad credit. It was noted also that buyers classified as compulsive ones are more likely to find in the group of bad credit. Individuals who consider gifting children and friends on commemorative dates as a necessity, even though many people consider a luxury, have more chance in being found in the group of bad credit. Self-control problems, identified by individuals who drink more than four glasses of alcohol a day, or are smokers, were important to identify indebtedness trends. From these findings it is believed that this works has advanced the understanding of the credit risk of individuals, giving rise to variables that may increase the forecast accuracy of credit scoring models, having as one of the immediate implications, considering of some of the significant variables as one of the questions about the individual when he fills the new application form, such as: Do you think gifting friends in commemorative dates is a necessity or luxury? Do you think gifting children in commemorative dates is a necessity or luxury? On average, you drink more than four glasses of alcohol a day? Do you smoke cigarettes? The implications of these results can also be discussed in the context of behavioral scoring models and credit scoring models for corporations.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-27T10:21:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Sauer.pdf: 2510482 bytes, checksum: 232588c9e197277bd180e9b18ea2033a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T10:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Sauer.pdf: 2510482 bytes, checksum: 232588c9e197277bd180e9b18ea2033a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The study of applied behavioral sciences (economic psychology, behavioral economics, and behavioral finance) has grown exponentially not only in Brazil but also in other countries around the world, with greater intensity since the mid-1970s. Only in quantity, but in importance. The studies leave the academy and are put into practice in the financial market. Understanding behavioral heuristics and biases is extremely important in this line of thinking, which has the study of rationality as an important tool. This research aimed to identify if there is a significant presence of heuristics and behavioral bias related to personal finances in the medical community. This community was chosen because it has professionals with high level of education, high income and high employability. For this purpose, a quantitative survey was carried out from a questionnaire divided into six sections. The first section of the questionnaire was designed to identify behavioral heuristics and biases. In the subsequent three sections, the participant was invited to reflect on his experiences with money over time (Money in the Present and the MPFS scale - Money in the Past and Future Scale). The last two sections aimed to identify the demographic profile of the participants. 110 questionnaires were answered online from the survey monkey platform and the results were submitted to statistical analysis. Of the 110 questionnaires answered, only 65 were valid for our database. Some responses have confirmed previous experiments on heuristics and biases, and behaviors in relation to money, and the perception of wealth throughout the life cycle / O estudo das ciências comportamentais aplicadas (Psicologia econômica, Economia comportamental e Finanças comportamentais) tem crescido de maneira exponencial não só no Brasil, mas também em outros países ao redor do mundo, com maior intensidade a partir de meados da década de 70. Não só em quantidade, mas em importância. Os estudos saem da academia e são postos em prática no mercado financeiro. Entender bem as heurísticas e os vieses comportamentais é de extrema importância nessa linha de pensamento, que tem o estudo da racionalidade como uma ferramenta importante. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo, identificar se existe a presença expressiva de heurísticas e vieses comportamentais relacionados às finanças pessoais nos profissionais da comunidade médica. Esta comunidade foi escolhida por possuir profissionais com escolaridade com alto grau de exigência, alta renda e alta empregabilidade. Foi realizada para tanto, uma pesquisa quantitativa a partir de um questionário dividido seis seções. A primeira seção do questionário foi desenhada com o intuito de identificar heurísticas e vieses comportamentais. Nas três seções subsequentes, o participante foi convidado refletir sobre suas experiências com o dinheiro ao longo do tempo (Dinheiro no Presente e a escala MPFS – Money in the Past and Future Scale). As duas últimas seções, tinham como objetivo identificar o perfil demográfico dos participantes. 110 questionários foram respondidos on-line a partir da plataforma survey monkey e os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística. Dos 110 questionários respondidos, somente 65 foram validos para nossa base de dados. Algumas respostas confirmaram experimentos anteriores sobre heurísticas e vieses, e comportamentos em relação ao dinheiro, e a percepção de riqueza ao longo do ciclo de vida

A presente tese objetivou investigar a contribuição de variáveis e escalas psicológicas sugeridas pela literatura de Psicologia Econômica, a fim de predizer o risco de crédito de pessoas físicas. Nesse sentido, através das técnicas de regressão logística, e seguindo todas as etapas para desenvolvimento de modelos de credit scoring, foram construídos modelos de application scoring para pessoas físicas com variáveis sociodemográficas e situacionais, comumente utilizadas nos modelos tradicionais, mais a inclusão de variáveis comportamentais e escalas psicológicas, tais como: variáveis de comparação social, variáveis relacionadas com educação financeira, variáveis de comportamento de consumo, proxies de autocontrole e horizonte temporal, escala do significado do dinheiro (ESD), escala de autoeficácia, escala de lócus de controle, escala de otimismo, escala de autoestima e escala de comprador compulsivo. Os resultados foram contundentes e direcionaram para uma significativa contribuição de algumas dessas variáveis em predizer o risco de crédito dos indivíduos. As variáveis oriundas da ESD mostraram que as dimensões negativas relacionadas com o dinheiro estão mais associadas a indivíduos com problemas com dívidas. Também foi possível constatar que indivíduos com altos escores na escala de autoeficácia, provavelmente indicando um maior grau de otimismo e excesso de confiança, estão mais associados ao grupo de mau pagador. Notou-se ainda que compradores classificados como compulsivos possui maior probabilidade de se encontrar no grupo de mau crédito. Indivíduos que consideram presentear crianças e amigos em datas comemorativas como uma necessidade, mesmo que muitas pessoas considerem um luxo, possuem maior chance de se encontrarem no grupo de mau crédito. Problemas de autocontrole identificados por indivíduos que bebem em média mais de quatro copos de bebida alcoólica no dia ou são fumantes, mostraram-se importantes para identificar tendências ao endividamento. A partir desses achados acredita-se que a presente tese avançou no entendimento do risco de crédito das pessoas físicas, de forma a suscitar variáveis que podem aumentar a precisão da previsão dos modelos de credit scoring, tendo como uma das implicações imediatas a consideração de algumas das variáveis significativas como uma pergunta no formulário cadastral para novos clientes, tais como: Você acha que presentear amigos em datas comemorativas é uma necessidade ou luxo? Você acha que presentear crianças em datas comemorativas é uma necessidade ou luxo? Na média, você bebe mais de 4 copos de bebida alcoólica no dia? Você fuma cigarros? As implicações dos resultados também podem ser discutidas no âmbito dos modelos de behavioral scoring e modelos de credit scoring para pessoas jurídicas. / This works aimed to investigate the contribution of variables and psychological scales, suggested by the literature of Economic Psychology, in order to predict the credit risk of individuals. Accordingly, through the techniques of logistic regression, and following all the steps for developing credit scoring models, application scoring models were built for individuals with socio demographic and situational variables, commonly used in traditional models, further the inclusion of behavioral variables and psychological scales, such as: variables of social comparison, variables related to financial education, variables in consumption behavior, proxies of self-control and temporal horizon, meaning of money scale (MMS), scale of self efficacy, locus of control scale, scale of optimism, scale of self-esteem and scale of compulsive buyer. The results were blunt, and directed a significant contribution to some of these variables in predicting the credit risk of individuals. The variables derived from the MMS showed that the negative dimensions related to money are more associated to individuals with debt problems. It was also noted that individuals with high scores on selfefficacy scale, probably indicating a higher degree of optimism and overconfidence, are the group most associated with bad credit. It was noted also that buyers classified as compulsive ones are more likely to find in the group of bad credit. Individuals who consider gifting children and friends on commemorative dates as a necessity, even though many people consider a luxury, have more chance in being found in the group of bad credit. Self-control problems, identified by individuals who drink more than four glasses of alcohol a day, or are smokers, were important to identify indebtedness trends. From these findings it is believed that this works has advanced the understanding of the credit risk of individuals, giving rise to variables that may increase the forecast accuracy of credit scoring models, having as one of the immediate implications, considering of some of the significant variables as one of the questions about the individual when he fills the new application form, such as: Do you think gifting friends in commemorative dates is a necessity or luxury? Do you think gifting children in commemorative dates is a necessity or luxury? On average, you drink more than four glasses of alcohol a day? Do you smoke cigarettes? The implications of these results can also be discussed in the context of behavioral scoring models and credit scoring models for corporations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreza Maria Neves Manfredini.pdf: 716113 bytes, checksum: 3d69d4c54ad326494e3f3fb7510745a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Living in a society where publicity constitutes a mass appeal for consumption, children soon are brought into contact with money; therefore, raising children financially constitutes a challenge for parents. This research aimed at understanding how the process of financial education of children occurs inside middle class families, during the Acquisition Phase of the Vital Cycle, in the city of Tremembe, State of Sao Paulo. This study characterized itself as a qualitative research, carried out among parents and children at the age of 7 to 10. In order to collect data, three focal groups were formed: the first one composed of 6 parents, of which 5 were mothers and 1 father who had children at the age of 7 to 10; the other group composed of 9 children at the age of 7 to 8; and the third one composed of 5 children at the age of 9 to 10. The participants constituted a snowball sampling. During the narrative analysis, it was verified that the parents do not have the intentionality of educating their children towards money itself, and for that reason they make use of techniques developed in everyday family life. The older children are able to recognize that the parents have more experience in dealing with money, and therefore, believe that it is important to talk about this topic. It is realized that the financial education model passed on to the parents is the same that they will try to pass on to their children. It is also realized that the action of saving should be made continuous and a priority, as well as family talks, in order that children are able to act as citizens and not only ordinary consumers, in the near future / Vivendo numa sociedade em que as propagandas constituem um forte apelo ao consumo, as crianças muito cedo entram em contato com o dinheiro; portanto, educar os filhos financeiramente constitui um desafio para os pais. Esta pesquisa procurou compreender como ocorre o processo de educação financeira dos filhos em famílias de classe média, na Fase de Aquisição do Ciclo Vital, na cidade de Tremembé, interior de São Paulo. Este estudo caracterizou-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com pais e filhos nas idades de 7 a 10 anos. Para coleta de dados, foram realizados três grupos focais: um deles com a participação de 6 pais, sendo 5 mães e 1 pai que tinham filhos nas idades de 7 a 10 anos; outro, com 9 crianças de 7 a 8 anos; e o terceiro com a participação de 3 crianças de 9 a 10 anos. Os participantes constituíram uma amostra por bola de neve (snow ball samplig). Na análise das narrativas, constatou-se que os pais não têm a intencionalidade de educar os filhos em relação ao dinheiro e, por esse motivo, usam técnicas construídas no cotidiano familiar. As crianças maiores reconhecem que os pais têm mais experiência que eles, para lidar com o dinheiro, e, por isso, acreditam que seja importante conversar sobre esse assunto. Percebe-se que o modelo de educação financeira recebida pelos pais é a que se procura passar para os filhos. Foi percebido, também, que o ato de poupar deve ser contínuo e prioritário, assim como as conversas em família, para que as crianças possam exercer o papel de cidadãs, e não o de consumistas, num futuro próximo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Augusto Silva Barros.pdf: 1344798 bytes, checksum: d58577c9fe688328227f94dfa2fa7fa2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-31 / The dissertation investigates Brazilian financial behavior and what determines it: reason or emotion? A survey based on Behavior Finance fundaments was applied to 641 Brazilians segmented by gender, age, income and scholarship. The survey evaluates in each group the presence of heuristics and bias such as, for instance, overconfidence, representativeness, adjustment to anchor and procrastination. The presence of emotion as an essential factor in order to analyze the financial behavior is in opposition to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), dominant theory in Finance until the economic crisis that was initiated in 2008. The EMH propositions are very useful, but excessively simplified to reflect all economic live. On the other side human behavior is ruled by our very complex brain. The caricatured Homo Economicus looks like designated to disappear. This paper central hypothesis is that human beings can take irrational financial decisions, based on emotions that are, apparently, much more than market anomalies . Emotions has ever been treated as relevant on financial behavior field by financial market operators, but recently a growing number of scientific articles in Business Administration, Economics and Psychology also indicates that fact. Survey‟s result shows that reason and emotion influences Brazilians financial behavior. As was expected the paper indicates significant differences according to gender, age, scholarship and income / A dissertação investiga o comportamento financeiro do brasileiro e os fatores que o determinam: razão ou emoção? Uma pesquisa baseada em fundamentos de Finanças Comportamentais foi aplicada a 641 brasileiros segmentados por gênero, idade, renda e escolaridade. Na pesquisa é avaliada em cada grupo a presença de heurísticas e vises como, por exemplo, excesso de confiança, representatividade, ancoragem e procrastinação. A presença da emoção como fator essencial para analisar o comportamento financeiro se contrapõe à Hipótese dos Mercados Eficientes (HME), pensamento dominante em Finanças até a crise econômica iniciada em 2008. As proposições da HME são modelos úteis, porém excessivamente simplificados para refletir toda a movimentação econômica. Por outro lado o comportamento humano é regido pelo nosso cérebro que é bastante complexo. Assim o caricato Homo Economicus parece destinado a sair de cena. A hipótese central deste trabalho é a de que os seres humanos podem tomar decisões financeiras irracionais, baseadas na emoção e que são, aparentemente, muito mais do que simples anomalias dos mercados. As emoções sempre foram tratadas como relevantes no âmbito do comportamento financeiro por operadores do mercado, porém recentemente um número cada vez maior de pesquisas científicas em Administração, Economia e Psicologia também indicam o fato. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que tanto razão quanto emoção influenciam o comportamento financeiro do brasileiro. Como se esperava, o estudo indica diferenças significativas no comportamento de acordo com o gênero, idade, escolaridade e renda

The thesis discusses the concept of man in the standard economic thinking. It focuses on a critical evaluation of the selected fundamentals. It presents some possible alternative views which show deficiencies in axiomatics of the main currents of economic modeling. Emphasizing the interdisciplinary connections of knowledge about human thought and behavior the thesis is trying to suggest some directions for further development in the approach to human beings in economics to better reflect their defining natural characteristics. It also mentions some of the manifestations of these characteristics, which can be obtained by drawing on the knowledge of psychology, behavioral economics, neuroeconomics and other disciplines and which are inconsistent with standard models, because they lead to errors and irrationality, implicitly produce bounded rationality or attribute the constitutive importance during the formation of thought to completely different elements. In conclusion, the thesis passes to reflect the position of irrationality in the inner world of human's brain and also in the outside world - the economy.

This research program aimed to identify the factors that influence the Voluntary Donation payment decision in a cohort of parents (N = 250) with a child (or children) at a New Zealand state school. A voluntary donation is a charitable contribution to the running of the school collected from the parents of the school’s students. A survey questionnaire was constructed to examine the attitudes parents hold towards the voluntary donation funding system, the current New Zealand Government and the school the respondent’s child attends. The parents were ‘naturally’ separated into two conditions based on their last voluntary donation payment decision – Paid versus Not Paid – to compare the differences in attitudes on the various statements from the survey and their demographic composition. The results revealed that payment decision was positively correlated with educational achievement, annual household income and age. Individual contributions exhibited strong positive relationships with beliefs about the contributions of others, which was consistent with previous public goods field experiments. The research extended the existing public goods research by examining the social norms of voluntary donation behaviour and assimilating the results with theories of altruism, conditional cooperation and reciprocity. The strongest overall contribution to the prediction of payment decision was parents’ attitudes towards the current Government and the voluntary donation funding system. The results identified that pressures existed in the voluntary donation environment, a result most prevalent in high decile schools. Additionally, a marginal level of comprehension of the voluntary donations characterised the majority of respondents. Overall, the research found that the best predictor of contribution was attitudes towards the voluntary donation funding system.