A partir du milieu du 17ème siècle, dans une Europe déchirée par les conflits religieux, et alors que les philosophes commencent à redéfinir les principes de la religion, de la politique et de la morale, l’on découvre le monde musulman à travers les récits de voyage et les travaux des orientalistes. Tandis que les Anglais se penchent sur la question de la prophétie de Mahomet et les Français sur celle de son action politique et sur la littérature orientale, les Allemands se distinguent par leur intérêt pour la philosophie des musulmans. C’est le projet, d’inspiration leibnizienne, d’écrire une histoire universelle de la philosophie, qui amène le pasteur allemand Jacob Brucker à accorder une place non négligeable de son Historia critica philosophiae au traité De philosophia Saracenorum, dont l’écho en France n’est autre que le célèbre article Sarrasins de Diderot. Nous avons étudié la philosophie islamique dans la pensée du 18ème siècle à travers ce traité, en comparant les informations de Brucker avec celles de ses contemporains, et en tenant compte du combat des Lumières. De même, analysant les correspondances entre plusieurs chapitres de Brucker et quelques articles de Diderot, nous avons essayé de déterminer la dette de ce dernier envers le pasteur d’Augsbourg. / Beginning in the mid-17th century, when Europe was torn apart by religious conflicts and philosophers began to redefine the principles of religion, policy, and morals, one discovered the Muslim world through travel accounts and works of Eastern scholars. Whereas the English focused on the question of Muhammad's prophecy and the French on his political action and on Eastern literature, the Germans concentrated on the philosophy of the Muslims. It was the Leibnizian-inspired project of writing a universal history of philosophy which led the German pastor Jacob Brucker to dedicate a significant place in his Historia critica philosophiae to his treatise De philosophia saracenorum, whose echo in France is Diderot's celebrated Sarrasins. I have studied Islamic philosophy in 18th century thinking through J. Brucker's treatise, comparing it with that of his contemporaries, and taking into account the intellectual climate of the time and the "combat des Lumières." Similarly, by analyzing the associations between several chapters of Brucker's Historia critica and some articles by Diderot on Islamic philosophy, I have attempted to determine how much the authors of the Encyclopedia are indebted to the work of the pastor of Augsburg.

Textile manufacture in England had always employed a high proportion of women and this continued to be the case during the period 1760-1850. However, these industries underwent dramatic changes in both the nature and location of production, and women’s employment opportunities altered. Whilst in some cases technological advances reduced the strength required to perform a given process, making women more attractive to employers, this was not always the case. Urbanisation and factory production increased trade union influence, which often acted to the detriment of women’s access to well-paid occupations. The long standardised hours worked away from the home typically required of factory workers made it harder for women to combine textile work with the mothering and domestic responsibilities expected of them. As well as making it harder for women to work throughout their life, this discouraged investment in human capital of females by both themselves and their parents. Ideological resistance to women’s work outside of the home increased as the Industrial Revolution progressed. The more formalised work hierarchy created by factory production meant that resistance to female authority became increasingly important for denying women access to the best paid occupations. Ideology was not merely a response to material factors, but helped determine decisions made by economic actors. This thesis draws on a number of parliamentary reports over the period 1802-67. Not only do these reports provide a wealth of qualitative information, they also contain quantitative information which enables me to track male and female factory earnings over the life-cycle, by region and industry. The information in the parliamentary reports is used in conjunction with business records of various firms, covering both domestic and factory workers, as well as the writings of numerous contemporary observers.

This dissertation examines intersections of the development of maps from the Native American-European encounter to the establishment of the New Republic and transatlantic British and American narratives of women’s travel of the long eighteenth century. Early European and American maps that depict the Americas analyzed as parallel “texts” to canonical and lesser-known women’s narratives ranging from 1688 to 1801 reveal further insights into both maps and these narratives otherwise not apparent. I argue that as mapping of the New World developed, this mapping influenced representations of women’s geographic and social mobility and emergent “American” identity in transatlantic narratives. These narratives, like maps of the New World, reveal disjunctures in representation that disseminate deceptive portrayals of the New World. Such discrepancies open a rhetorical gap, or a thirdspace, of inquiry to analyze the gaze at work within these cartographic and women’s narratives. The representations of women’s geographic and social mobility remain constricted within the selected narratives of women’s travel. While the heroines do travel, in most cases they travel as captives or in some form of escape. These narratives include Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko (1688), Unca Eliza Winkfield’s The Female American (1767), Susanna Rowson’s Charlotte Temple (1794), and Tabitha Tenney’s Female Quixotism (1801), among others. However, these narratives do highlight similarities of an emergent “American” identity as Native American, hybrid, and fluid as represented in contemporaneous maps. Literary Landscapes also addresses the narrativity of maps as auto/biographical and even satirical expressions as related to the women’s narratives analyzed in this study. For, J. B. Harley discusses how a map conveys his own life and contains his memories in his essay “The Map as Biography,” while Roland Barthes argues that mapping is a sensorial experience in his brief essay “No Address.” Furthermore, allegorical maps like Jean de Gourmont’s The Fool’s Cap Map of the World (ca. 1590) and Madeleine de Scudéry’s Carte de tendre (1678) reflect aspects of the human condition such as folly and friendship.

This thesis investigates the ceremonial and artistic strategies of the British monarchy in the years following the Glorious Revolution. By adopting a range of methodologies used in the study of visual culture, the thesis considers royal ceremonies as channels for conveying political messages non-verbally. These could affect attitudes to the monarchy, and inform artistic output. By paying particular attention to the way royal participants performed ceremonially in relation to the various formal and informal architectural settings for the court, the thesis highlights the process of seeing as a communicative act. Being alert to the impact of royal ceremonial and artistic activities on contemporary audiences, the thesis also considers the dissemination of royal imagery in England by commercial means. The thesis surveys paintings, prints and medals produced in England, and places the intended audiences at the centre of the analysis. It also pays keen attention to the impact of war on royal image making, and highlights the political context of continental Europe, especially in relation to William’s role as Stadholder-King but also the exiled Stuart court at St Germain near Paris. The evidence presented here supports a number of conclusions. Firstly, war had a profound impact on all aspects of royal image making. Secondly, royal behaviour and involvement in ceremony were vital elements in the visual presentation of monarchy. Kings and queens were of paramount importance, but their consorts were highly significant. Art was also taken seriously by the monarchy and the Crown tightened controls on royal image making during the period in question. The thesis also concludes that the nationalities of the incumbent monarchs and their consorts, along with their previous experiences and personalities, influenced their individual approach to visual representation. These approaches could shift depending on political circumstances and the personal inclinations of the person concerned.

La plupart des études modernes tendent à analyser l’histoire de la société libyenne selon un schéma qui réduit la vie sociale et économique de la Libye au nomadisme et aux rapports tribaux ou bien à la pratique de l’agriculture pastorale et au commerce du transit ; à cela se rajoute une activité corsaire exercée dans les villes côtières. Par conséquent, cette vision de l’histoire du pays est réduite à deux interprétations. Tandis que la première se rapporte strictement à l’histoire interne, la deuxième est liée aux facteurs externes ; toutefois les deux ne sont que très rarement liés. En revanche, l’objectif de notre thèse vise à prendre en compte l’ensemble des facteurs tant internes qu’externes de l’histoire de la ville de Tripoli et de ses arrière-pays sans oublier qu’il s’inscrit dans l’histoire méditerranéenne et ottomane afin d’étudier tous les aspects de l’histoire sociale et économique de la Tripolitaine via la classe marchande de l’Iyālat Ṭarābulus al-Gharb. Les sources locales tels les registres des tribunaux sharî‘a à Tripoli, le journal du commerçant Ḥasan al-Faqīh Ḥasan mais aussi européennes, notamment, les rapports des consuls français et livournais nous dévoilent les détails d’unesynergie des réseaux économiques et sociaux, nous donnant tout un autre aspect de l’histoire libyenne. / Most studies on the modern history of Libya and its society tend to limit their scope to a schema that reduces the social and economic life of Libya to nomadic and tribal relations or to the practice of pastoral agriculture and transit trade; corsair activity exercised on the coastal cities is also a focus. Consequently, this vision of the country’s history is reduced to twointerpretations. While the first relates strictly to the internal history of the area, the second refers exclusively to the external factor; only rarely are both aspects analyzed together. Keeping this in mind, our dissertation takes into account both internal and external elements related to the history of the city of Tripoli and its hinterlands as well as the fact that it is partand parcel of Mediterranean and Ottoman history, aiming thereby to study all the aspects which compose the social and economic history of the Tripolitain via the merchant class of Iyālat Ṭarābulus al-Gharb. Local sources such as the registers from the Tripoli Ottoman-era sharî‘a court along with entries from the journal of the Tripoli businessman Ḥasan al-FaqīhḤasan in addition to European consular reports, in particular, those from the French consuls as well as the Livorno consular reports reveal a synergy of economic and social networks which show an entirely new aspect of Libyan history.

The Scots MPs of the eighteenth century have traditionally been portrayed in a negative light. In a century once noted for electoral corruption and the abuses of patronage, they were seen by contemporaries and later writers as among the worst examples of their kind: greedy, self-seeking, unprincipled ‘tools of administration’ whose votes could be bought with the offer of places and pensions. Lewis Namier’s seminal work exposing the cynical approach to politics of MPs generally, sparked a backlash which has produced a more balanced evaluation of English politics. Strangely, although Namier exonerated the Scots MPs from the worst of the charges against them, his less judgmental verdicts are found only sporadically in more recent writing, while the older viewpoint is still repeated by some historians. There is no modern study of the eighteenth-century Scots MPs, a situation which this research proposes to remedy, by examining the group of MPs who represented Scotland at Westminster between 1754 and 1784. It re-assesses the extent to which the original criticisms are merited, but also widens the scope by examining the contribution made by Scotland’s MPs, to British and Scottish political life in the later part of the eighteenth century. A study of the social make-up and the careers of this particular cohort provides the backdrop for the two main themes: the participation of Scots MPs in the legislative process, and their effectiveness as representatives of Scottish interests at Westminster. Existing biographical information has been supplemented by an examination of Parliamentary Papers, debates, and personal correspondence to enable further analysis of attitudes, in particular with regard to politics and political mores. The research explores issues of motivation, asking questions about allegiance, identity, perceptions of government, and how conflicts of interest were resolved, before presenting a conclusion which aims to offer a revised, broader, but more nuanced, assessment of this much-criticised group, based on more recent approaches to interpretation of the period.

Under stormaktstiden och tiden för det stora nordiska kriget, som utbröt år 1700, var relationen mellan kyrka och stat god. Det var också dessa två som satte premisserna över hur den övriga svenska befolkningen skulle leva ett religiöst liv i enlighet med den evangelisk-lutherska läran. Tidigare forskning har gett oss mycket information om vad förkunnelsens innehåll och syfte var under tiden för det stora nordiska kriget. Hur detta mottogs av karolinerna, d.v.s. de som följde med på Karl XII:s ryska fälttåg, och hur deras religiösa liv såg ut finns det emellertid inte lika mycket information om. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka gudsbild och religiositet hos några av karolinerna under det stora nordiska kriget. Tanken är att se hur dessa kom till uttryck och hur karolinerna förhöll sig till detta under fälttåget i allmänhet och i förhållande till striden i synnerhet. Metoden är en kvalitativ textanalys av åtta karoliners dagböcker och memoarer. Det visar sig att karolinernas texter ger uttryck för en närvarande och agerande gud. En gud som hjälpte, räddade, belönade och straffade under både marsch och i strid. Relationen med Gud fanns både på ett kollektivt och ett individuellt plan, där den sistnämnda utmärker sig främst i kontexter i behov av räddning. Både behovet och hoppet om räddning verkar stamma från den tudelade synen karolinerna hade på sig själva som dels ett utvalt folk, men också som syndare. Religiositeten kommer också till uttryck genom deras gudsbild och hur de skulle få den agerande guden att handla till deras fördel eftersom det var en ömsesidig relation det handlade om. Karolinerna behövde i sin tur leva i enlighet med deras syn på ett kristet liv. Detta gällde både ur moraliska aspekter, upprätthållandet av en religiös praxis, samt erkänna Gud när han hade handlat väl mot dem.

This dissertation is devoted to the study of who used the formal channels of interaction in the early modern era and why. It examines the full range of the political conversation in early modern Sweden, as seen in the supplications to the Diet in the Age of Liberty (1719–1772), and more specifically the supplications submitted to the parliamentary committee tasked with handling them, the Screening Deputation. The literature yields few systematic studies of this official channel, and supplications have long been terra incognita in the early modern political landscape. Their exact importance is uncertain, to say the least. Using a database built on three samples from the beginning, middle, and end of the Age of Liberty, the Diet's supplication channel is shown to have been used by two groups: supplicants from state-affiliated households primarily tried to use it to pursue their claims on the state, to settle various issues related to employment, or to receive some sort of support through hard times; and, increasingly, commoners, especially delegates in the Estate of the Burghers, used the channel for their gravamina concerning commerce, taxation, and the like, and state support for public amenities, a group for whom the Screening Deputation offered an alternative route to getting their grievances heard by the Diet. Both groups increasingly used the Diet's supplication channel was appeal the verdicts of the King in Council (Kungl. Maj:t). Although most were not appeals against the Judicial Audit, the results reveal an active use of appeals, and thus a de facto erosion of Kungl. Maj:t's supremacy. The results also show that as many as three-fifths of all supplicants had their supplications accepted by the Screening Deputation for further examination by the Diet. Although the acceptance rate was definitely lower in the 1730s and 1740s, the committee seems to have been fairly benevolent in its interpretation of the rules on petitioning. The results, lastly, show that although the Diet's supplication channel allowed excluded groups direct access to the Diet - including women of all classes, commoners of rank, and unrepresented groups - it mainly catered to men with the social status or wealth that put them in the middle and upper strata of society. Although this supplication channel stood open to anyone, its egalitarian potential was seemingly never realized. The use of March and Olsen's institutional theory about the logic of appropriateness, has revealed that certain institutional templates and norms that would have enabled these groups more access to the channel succumbed and made room for other institutional foundations. Supplications were part of the medieval and early modern centralization of legal and political power, the formation of the state, the protection of the privileges of Swedish subjects, and, during the Age of Liberty, the power struggle between the Diet and the kings. Each supplication viewed by itself might seem trivial, but nonetheless played a part in each and every one of these major processes. An ordinary Swede could have an impact on early modern politics when acting in concert with other supplicants, like rain eating away at rock.

Esta dissertação tem como objeto de pesquisa o governo do governador e capitãogeneral Bernardo José Maria Lorena e Silveira (Bernardo José de Lorena) a frente da capitania de São Paulo entre 1788 e 1797, principalmente em seu aspecto político e econômico. O governo de Bernardo José de Lorena se desenvolveu no contexto da Crise do Antigo Sistema Colonial, pautado, no caso de Portugal, pela política da Coroa em tentar aproveitar ao máximo as potencialidades da sua colônia. São Paulo, embora fosse uma capitania secundária, também não escapou das transformações do período e as ações levadas a cabo pelos administradores régios nos permitem vislumbrar o teor das ideias e interesses postos em jogo. Quarto governador pós-restauração da capitania de São Paulo, Bernardo José de Lorena empreendeu várias obras de infra-estrutura na Cidade de São Paulo, edificou o caminho de acesso do planalto paulista ao litoral e ao porto de Santos, incrementou a agricultura destinada à exportação, arquitetou a vinda de embarcações para a Capitania e desta para Portugal, dentro outros feitos. Sua governança, em linhas gerais se adequou ao que podemos chamar de Novo Padrão de Colonização. / This dissertation objective the resserch on the administration of Governor and Captain General Bernardo José Maria Lorena e Silveira (Bernardo José de Lorena) in charge of the captaincy of São Paulo between 1788 and 1797, especially in its political and economic aspects. The government of José Bernardo de Lorena was developed in the context of the Crisis of the Old Colonial System, ruled, in the case of Portugal, by the Crown policy of trying to exploit the full potential of their colony. São Paulo, though a secondary captaincy, has not escaped the transformations of the period and the actions undertaken by the royal administration allow us to glimpse the content of ideas and interests at stake. Fourth governor after restoration of the captaincy of São Paulo, José Bernardo de Lorena undertook various infrainstructural works in the City of São Paulo, he built the way from the Sao Paulo plateau to the coast and the port of Santos, increased farming for export, masterminded the arrival of boats directy from Portugal for this to Captaincy and for Portugal directy from São Paulo, among other deeds. Its governance, in general, adapted itself to what we call New Pattern of Colonization.

Cette thèse porte sur Sainte-Beuve et ses Causeries du Lundi, et notamment sur les annotations effectuées sur certains de ces textes. Dans l'introduction à ces annotations, nous avons développé plusieurs points qui aideront à mieux comprendre qui était Sainte-Beuve, et son immense travail critique. Considéré comme le plus grand critique du XIXe siècle, Sainte-Beuve a développé minutieusement, une méthode critique bien à lui. Un des éléments importants du travail critique de Sainte-Beuve est la littérature qu'il a accordée aux femmes, que ce soient des figures célèbres ou bien des personnes peu connues. C'est dans les salons littéraires auxquels il était convié que Sainte-Beuve a trouvé une grande partie de son inspiration, ce qui lui a permis de fonder son discours sur l'oral, la conversation et l'observation sur le terrain, cela a dû largement contribuer à l'élaboration de sa méthode critique. Les salons littéraires étaient devenus pour Sainte-Beuve tel un laboratoire scientifique, un espace dynamique de travail interactif. Une des caractéristiques principales de cette méthode est de ne pas séparer l'écrivain de son œuvre littéraire, afin de le saisir dans son actualité, dans sa contemporanéité. Sa méthode est dotée d'un caractère naturel, dans la mesure où il part de l'écrivain et de l'œuvre. Sainte-Beuve, dans son travail de critique, avait aussi un rôle social. Il a tenté de décrire, à travers ses portraits, les rapports sociaux entre les individus de son temps ou d'une époque passée. Il était un personnage très sensible, écrivant avec une grande liberté d'esprit. / This thesis deals with the Causeries du Lundi of Sainte-Beuve, and in particular with the annotations made on some of these texts. In the introduction to these annotations, we have developed several points that will help to better understand who Sainte-Beuve was, and his immense critical work. Considered the greatest critic of the nineteenth century, Sainte-Beuve has developed a unique critical method. One of the important elements of Sainte-Beuve's critical work is the literature he has dedicated to women, be they famous figures or not. It was in the literary salons to which he was invited that Sainte-Beuve took much of his inspiration, allowing him to base his speech on the oral language, conversations and field observation, which has contributed greatly to the elaboration of his critical method. For Sainte-Beuve, literary salons had become a scientific laboratory, a dynamic space of interactive work. One of the main features of this method is not to separate the writer from his literary work. His method has a natural character, insofar as it starts from the writer and the work. Sainte-Beuve, in his critical work, also had a social role. He has attempted to describe, through his portraits, the social relations between individuals of his time or those of a bygone era. He was a very sensitive character, writing with great freedom of mind.