This paper is a qualitative study about how personnel in Homes for Care and Accommodation work with mental health issues among unaccompanied children. The purpose with this study is to identify how they are working with mental health issues and explore how the personnel would like to work if their resources were unlimited. Interviews have been used as a qualitative method in this study and a social constructionist approach has been applied. The theoretical perspective in this study is salutogenesis and this perspective has been the stepping stone during the analysis of the gathered material. A reflexive analysis of the empirical data has been made and the result is presented in several themes connected to the experience of the personnel. The result and analysis show that it is not the duty of the accommodations to work with mental health issues but still, in practice, this have become their responsibility. The methods used are mainly focusing on building relationships with and structure around the adolescents. Conversations are the most important tool when working with mental health issues. The result also presents that clear information, more help from professionals and more education are items the respondents wishes that they had access to. In the discussion, reasoning is around who has the responsibility for mental health among unaccompanied children and how an increased sense of context could be a proposition for trying to decrease mental health issues among unaccompanied children. / Detta är en kvalitativ studie som berör hur personal på Hem för Vård och Boende arbetar med psykisk ohälsa hos ensamkommande barn. Syftet med studien är att identifiera på vilka sätt personal arbetar med psykisk ohälsa samt undersöka hur de skulle vilja arbeta om det fanns tillgång till obegränsat med resurser. I studien har djupintervjuer använts som datainsamlingsmetod och en socialkonstruktionistisk ansats har applicerats. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien är salutogenes och har därmed tillämpats vid analys av det insamlade materialet. En reflexiv analys av empirin har genomförts och resultatet presenteras i olika teman kopplade till personalens upplevelser. I resultat och analys framkommer att respondenterna anser att det inte ligger i boendenas uppdrag att arbeta med psykisk ohälsa men att det i praktiken fallit på deras lott. Metoder som tillämpas i det vardagliga arbetet går främst ut på att bygga relationer med och skapa struktur kring ungdomarna. Samtal är det viktigaste redskapet i arbetet med psykisk ohälsa. Vidare visar resultatet att tydligare information, mer professionell hjälp och mer utbildning ligger på respondenternas önskelista. I diskussionen förs ett resonemang kring vem som egentligen har ansvaret för att arbeta med psykisk ohälsa hos ensamkommande barn och ungdomar samt att en ökad känsla av sammanhang kan vara ett förslag till minskad psykisk ohälsa hos ensamkommande ungdomar.

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka i vilken grad lektionsinnehållet på sfi:s högre nivåer (kurs C och D) överensstämmer med läroplanens värdegrundsuppdrag om att utbildningen ska gestalta alla människors lika värde. Detta undersöks genom att ta reda på om en mångfald av olika personer utifrån diskrimineringsgrunderna inkluderas i sfi-läroböcker samt i övrigt lektionsinnehåll. Dessutom är studiens syfte att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar i vilken grad sfi-lärare tillämpar en normkritisk pedagogik. Metoden utgörs av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av fem sfi-läroböcker och en enkätundersökning av 25 verksamma sfi-lärare. Studiens resultat visar att värdegrundsuppdraget uppfylls till viss del men enbart gällande vissa av diskrimineringsgrunderna. Vidare framgår av resultatet olika faktorer som har inverkan på i vilken omfattning som sfi-lärarna arbetar normkritiskt.

Campylobacter are probably the most important bacterial pathogen related to food-borne illnesses; specifically, gastroenteritis and diarrheal diseases. These bacteria can be isolated from various environments, but always originate from the intestine of warm blooded animals. Particularly, Campylobacter are found in the intestinal tract of poultry, and due to contamination of poultry meat and also further contamination of other food they can cause human infections. Sometimes this results in larger outbreaks, such as during 2016-2017 in Sweden where thousands of persons got infected by a single strain of Campylobacter jejuni sequence type 918 (ST-918). The same strain was also identified amongst a large number of poultry farms and suspicions were directed towards dirty transport cages for poultry as a main route for transmitting the strain between different farms. Similar scenarios with large outbreaks related to one or two single strains (ST-50 and ST-257) had also been observed in previous years and this raised questions about certain strains being especially adapted to survive outside the intestine. The aim here was to examine whether outbreak strains and other strains of C. jejuni have different potential to resist different stress conditions that may be encountered between the poultry farm and the human intestine.

I den här uppsatsen undersöks hur frågor med finalt eller används i sverigesvenska och finlandssvenska servicesamtal vid biljettkassor. Huvudsyftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur den här typen av frågor fungerar i sina interaktionella sammanhang och att på så sätt få reda på vad det finala eller bidrar med i interaktionen. I uppsatsen undersöks också likheter och skillnader gällande användningen av frågor med finalt eller i de sverigesvenska och finlandssvenska samtalen. Målet med detta är att bidra till forskningen om svenska som pluricentriskt språk. Teoretiskt och metodiskt utgår undersökningen från den samtalsanalytiska metoden Conversation analysis (CA). Särskilt fokus i undersökningen läggs vid frågornas förhållande till samtalens preferensstruktur. Analysen av samtalen identifierar tre återkommande användningsområden för frågorna: att ge sig in på den andra partens område, att skynda på samtalet och att hantera känsliga ämnen. Dessa användningsområden återfinns i både de sverigesvenska och de finlandssvenska samtalen. Undersökningen visar att frågor med finalt eller i det undersökta materialet används oftare i de sverigesvenska samtalen än i de finlandssvenska, men att de förekommer regelbundet i båda de språkliga varieteterna. Det finala eller konstateras öppna upp frågornas preferensstruktur och göra det lättare för respondenten att ge svar som utan det finala eller skulle ha kunnat uppfattas som interaktionellt oönskade. Genom det finala eller positionerar sig frågeställaren som mindre säker och frågorna framstår som mer förbehållslösa, försiktiga och garderande. Tillägget av eller gör preferensorganisationen i samtalen mer flexibel, och i samtalen används frågorna som en metod för att utföra potentiellt problematiska handlingar och beröra känsliga områden på ett interaktionellt smidigt sätt.

The epidermis is composed of multiple cell strata where viable keratinocytes, in the basal layer (stratum basale (SB)), go through a range of steps with the final stage of being dead corneocytes in the outer most layer (stratum corneum (SC)). The differentiation, which can be thought of as programmed cell death, include several key processes that are essential for an intact skin barrier. The route from SB to SC is accompanied by changes, such as osmotic pressure and pH, that are believed to trigger some of these processes. In this project, HaCaT cells were incubated with, commonly used, skin care substances (urea, glycerol, transcutol and salicylic acid) to assess their impact on cell viability, by MTT-assay, and gene expression, by qPCR. Further, the relationship between osmotic pressure, viability and gene expression was studied. The excipients showed a dose-dependent decrease of keratinocyte viability which also was explained by elevated osmotic pressure when concentration was increased. Exceptions were however observed for transcutol, which showed protective features against osmotic stress. Upregulation of the genes were mainly observed when cells were treated with high concentrations. Involucrin was affected by the substances to a greater extent when compared to other markers. The upregulation of involucrin was however seen to be driven by the osmotic pressure rather than biological effects of the molecules. The project conclude that the viability and gene expression of the keratinocytes are highly related to the osmotic pressure and probably influences the differentiation to a greater extent than the molecules themselves.

Natural products and their derivatives have and are still used by humans for various health ailments due to their rich sources of drug discovery. New biologically active compounds from natural products play a key role in drug development. Marine sponges and their associated microbes contain a lot of bioactive compounds that are potential for drug development. These compounds produce chemical compounds with useful pharmaceutical properties such as antitumor, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. The main focus of this project was on the antibacterial activity of six different sponge specimens. The aim was to screen the antibacterial activity of the sponge specimen’s extracts. In order to do so, a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assay was performed to screen the sponge's antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Analytical HPLC was used for separation and Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used for determining the effect of salts towards the inhibition of anti-bacterial activity for two selected extracts. Ethanolic extract of Stylissa massa showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus. SPE would be a rapid purification step to remove the salts present in sponges at a high concentration but it has not shown a significant effect on the inhibition of antibacterial activity. However, further separation and purification need to be done to be able to completely screen for all the six different sponge specimens.

No description available.

The present thesis concerns theoretical studies of molecular interactions investigated by infrared and X-ray spectroscopic techniques, with emphasis on using the two technologies combined in pump probe experiments. Three main types of studies are addressed: the use of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra (NEXAFS) to manifest through-bond and through-space interactions; the role of hydrogen bonding on the formation of X-ray photoelectron spectra as evidenced by simulations of the water dimer; and the development of theory, with sample applications, for infrared X-ray pump probe spectroscopy - the main theme of the thesis. Ab initio calculations indicate that NEXAFS spectra give direct information about the through-bond and through-space interactions between vacant non-conjugated π* orbitals. It is found that the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the water dimer differs strongly from the monomer spectrum in that two bands are observed, separated by the chemically shifted ionization potentials of the donor and the acceptor. The hydrogen bond is responsible for the anomalously strong broadening of these two bands. The studies show that X-ray core electron ionization of the water dimer driven by an infrared field is a proper technique to prove the proton transfered state contrary to conventional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our simulations of infrared X-ray pump-probe spectra were carried out using wave packet propagation techniques. The physical aspects of the proposed new X-ray spectroscopic method - phase sensitive Infrared - X-ray pump probe spectroscopy - are examined in detail in two sample applications - on the NO molecule and on the dynamics of proton transfer in core ionized water dimer. It is found that the phase of the infrared pump field strongly influences the trajectory of the nuclear wave packet on the ground state potential. This results in a phase dependence of the X-ray pump probe spectra. A proper choice of the delay time of the X-ray pulse allows to directly observe the X-ray transition in the proton transfered well of the core excited potential. / QC 20101125

Cardiac hypertrophy is when heart muscles thicken as an adaptive response to several stimuli. Prolonged pathological cardiac hypertrophy can lead to heart failure and severe cardiovascular diseases. Scientists have faced challenges in studying cardiac hypertrophy due to the lack of human cardiomyocytes available. Recently, hypertrophic model using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes was introduced. In this study, expression profiles of in vitroendothelin-1 induced cardiac hypertrophy model were investigated at different time points. The study aimed to examine molecular pathways associated with cardiac hypertrophy, identify biomarker candidates for cardiac hypertrophy, and investigate if there were known pharmaceuticals that putatively are targeting the suggested candidate biomarkers. Using the Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software, GRM1, NPPA, and STC1 gene were identified as biomarker candidates for cardiac hypertrophy model across all time points. More biomarker candidates unique to the cardiac hypertrophy-stages were also identified using IPA. In vivomicroarray data of hypertrophied heart profiles were also used to compare to the in vitro data and preliminarily validate the gene candidates identified by IPA. Four genes were identified by IPA and were presented in the in vivo data. IPA also revealed the in activation of specific pathways of the early-stage cardiac hypertrophy model. The result suggested that the molecular mechanisms of the in vitro cardiac hypertrophy model did not fully represent the actual hypertrophic condition of the heart. More research and validation are required to understand the underlying mechanism fully and potentially, in the future, utilize the identified genes as cardiac hypertrophy biomarkers.

To improve the efficacy of the dendritic cell vaccine Alv B DC from Alv B, the PD-L1 expression in cancer cells was attempted to be reduced through a transfection with a custom designed siRNA. Before transfecting the dendritic cells, the siRNA functionality had to be tested through flow cytometry, that resulted in negative results and therefore led to a RT-qPCR protocol that indicated that the siRNA was functional. Protocols for the two methods were developed and a cell line expressing PD-L1 was set up as a tool for testing. The final goal of testing the effects in Alv B DC was never performed due compromising time but the positive result from the PCR provides a promising start to further testing.