In this study, it is aimed to improve a set of image processing techniques used in a previously developed method for reconstructing 3D parameters of a secondary passive target using single camera images. This 3D reconstruction method was developed and implemented on a setup consisting of a digital camera, a computer, and a positioning unit. Some automatic target recognition techniques were also included in the method. The passive secondary target used is a circle with two internal spots. In order to achieve a real time target detection, the existing binarization, edge detection, and ellipse detection algorithms are debugged, modified, or replaced to increase the speed, to eliminate the run time errors, and to become compatible for target tracking. The overall speed of 20 Hz is achieved for 640x480 pixel resolution 8 bit grayscale images on a 2.8 GHz computer A novel target tracking method with various tracking strategies is introduced to reduce the search area for target detection and to achieve a detection and reconstruction speed at the maximum frame rate of the hardware. Based on the previously suggested lens distortion model, distortion measurement, distortion parameters determination, and distortion correction methods for both radial and tangential distortions are developed. By the implementation of this distortion correction method, the accuracy of the 3D reconstruction method is enhanced. The overall 3D reconstruction method is implemented in an integrated software and hardware environment as a combination of the methods with the best performance among their alternatives. This autonomous and real time system is able to detect the secondary passive target and reconstruct its 3D configuration parameters at a rate of 25 Hz. Even for extreme conditions, in which it is difficult or impossible to detect the target, no runtime failures are observed.

CAPES / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o propósito de servir de material de apoio para professores e alunos de matemática. Apresenta a exploração de algumas curvas como lugar geométrico dos pontos que satisfazem uma determinada propriedade. Apresenta como sugestão de trabalho uma família de curvas chamadas de curvas de Cassini, que são determinadas por uma propriedade similar `a propriedade que define as cônicas. Propõe atividades envolvendo as cônicas e as curvas de Cassini, para que essas atividades possam ser utilizadas em sala de aula e para que possam servir de base para elaboração de outras. / This work was developed with the purpose of serving as a support material for teachers and students of mathematics. Presents the exploration of some curves as locus of points that satisfy a given property. Presents as suggestion of work a family of curves called Cassini curves, which are determined by a property similar to the property that defines the conics. Proposes activities involving the conics and curves of Cassini so that these activities can be used in the classroom and what can be the basis for development of other.

The Shannon sampling framework is widely used for discrete representation of analog bandlimited signals, starting from samples taken at the Nyquist rate. In many practical applications, signals are not bandlimited. In order to accommodate such signals within the Shannon-Nyquist framework, one typically passes the signal through an anti-aliasing filter, which essentially performs bandlimiting. In applications such as RADAR, SONAR, ultrasound imaging, optical coherence to-mography, multiband signal communication, wideband spectrum sensing, etc., the signals to be sampled have a certain structure, which could manifest in one of the following forms: (i) sparsity or parsimony in a certain bases; (ii) shift-invariant representation; (iii) multi-band spectrum; (iv) finite rate of innovation property, etc.. By using such structure as a prior, one could devise efficient sampling strategies that operate at sub-Nyquist rates. In this Ph.D. thesis, we consider the problem of sampling and reconstruction of finite-rate-of-innovation (FRI) signals, which fall in one of the two classes: (i) Sum-of-weighted and time-shifted (SWTS) pulses; and (ii) Sum-of-weighted exponential (SWE). Finite-rate-of-innovation signals are not necessarily bandlimited, but they are specified by a finite number of free parameters per unit time interval. Hence, the FRI reconstruction problem could be solved by estimating the parameters starting from measurements on the signal. Typically, parameter estimation is done using high-resolution spectral estimation (HRSE) techniques such as the annihilating filter, matrix pencil method, estimation of signal parameter via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT), etc.. The sampling issues include design of the sampling kernel and choice of the sampling grid structure. Following a frequency-domain reconstruction approach, we propose a novel technique to design compactly supported sampling kernels. The key idea is to cancel aliasing at certain set of uniformly spaced frequencies and make sure that the rest of the frequency response is specified such that the kernel follows the Paley-Wiener criterion for compactly supported functions. To assess the robustness in the presence of noise, we consider a particular class of the proposed kernel whose impulse response has the form of sum of modulated splines (SMS). In the presence of continuous-time and digital noise cases, we show that the reconstruction accuracy is improved by 5 to 25 dB by using the SMS kernel compared with the state-of-the-art compactly supported kernels. Apart from noise robustness, the SMS kernel also has polynomial-exponential reproducing property where the exponents are harmonically related. An interesting feature of the SMS kernel, in contrast with E-splines, is that its support is independent of the number of exponentials. In a typical SWTS signal reconstruction mechanism, first, the SWTS signal is trans formed to a SWE signal followed by uniform sampling, and then discrete-domain annihilation is applied for parameter estimation. In this thesis, we develop a continuous-time annihilation approach using the shift operator for estimating the parameters of SWE signals. Instead of using uniform sampling-based HRSE techniques, operator-based annihilation allows us to estimate parameters from structured non-uniform samples (SNS), and gives more accurate parameters estimates. On the application front, we first consider the problem of curve fitting and curve completion, specifically, ellipse fitting to uniform or non-uniform samples. In general, the ellipse fitting problem is solved by minimizing distance metrics such as the algebraic distance, geometric distance, etc.. It is known that when the samples are measured from an incomplete ellipse, such fitting techniques tend to estimate biased ellipse parameters and the estimated ellipses are relatively smaller than the ground truth. By taking into account the FRI property of an ellipse, we show how accurate ellipse fitting can be performed even to data measured from a partial ellipse. Our fitting technique first estimates the underlying sampling rate using annihilating filter and then carries out least-squares regression to estimate the ellipse parameters. The estimated ellipses have lesser bias compared with the state-of-the-art methods and the mean-squared error is lesser by about 2 to 10 dB. We show applications of ellipse fitting in iris images starting from partial edge contours. We found that the proposed method is able to localize iris/pupil more accurately compared with conventional methods. In a related application, we demonstrate curve completion to partial ellipses drawn on a touch-screen tablet. We also applied the FRI principle to imaging applications such as frequency-domain optical-coherence tomography (FDOCT) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In these applications, the resolution is limited by the uncertainty principle, which, in turn, is limited by the number of measurements. By establishing the FRI property of the measurements, we show that one could attain super-resolved tomograms and NMR spectra by using the same or lesser number of samples compared with the classical Fourier-based techniques. In the case of FDOCT, by assuming a piecewise-constant refractive index of the specimen, we show that the measurements have SWE form. We show how super-resolved tomograms could be achieved using SNS-based reconstruction technique. To demonstrate clinical relevance, we consider FDOCT measurements obtained from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor inner/outer segments (IS/OS) of the retina. We show that the proposed method is able to resolve the RPE and IS/OS layers by using only 40% of the available samples. In the context of NMR spectroscopy, the measured signal or free induction decay (FID) can be modelled as a SWE signal. Due to the exponential decay, the FIDs are non-stationary. Hence, one cannot directly apply autocorrelation-based methods such as ESPRIT. We develop DEESPRIT, a counterpart of ESPRIT for decaying exponentials. We consider FID measurements taken from amino acid mixture and show that the proposed method is able to resolve two closely spaced frequencies by using only 40% of the measurements. In summary, this thesis focuses on various aspects of sub-Nyquist sampling and demonstrates concrete applications to super-resolution imaging.

O presente trabalho destina-se ao estudo numérico da geometria de tubos de seção elíptica que facilite a transferência de calor adimensional e diminua a queda de pressão adimensional (Δ̃) sofrida pelo escoamento. O método aplicado é o Design Construtal, que visa determinar a geometria que apresentará a menor resistência ao escoamento, ou seja, busca-se determinar a razão de aspecto da elipse (=⁄) que favorece a transferência de calor e diminui a queda de pressão do escoamento. O fluido empregado neste estudo apresenta características de viscoplasticidade. A relação entre a tensão cisalhante e a taxa de deformação obedece ao modelo de Herschel-Bulkley modificado. Considera-se que o escoamento é incompressível, laminar, bidimensional, externo e ocorre em regime permanente. A solução numérica do problema proposto é realizada com um código comercial baseado no método dos volumes finitos. É investigada a influência do índice de potência, , sobre a seção elíptica que facilita o escoamento e, para isso, este índice é variado de 0,4 a 1. A influência dos números de Reynolds (√), Herschel-Bulkley (√) e Prandtl (√) sobre o comportamento do escoamento também é avaliada. √ é variado de 1 a 40, √ é variado de 1 a 100 e √ é variado de 0,1 a 100 Os resultados mostram que, para um escoamento com √=1, √=1 e √=1, o aumento do índice de potência influencia negativamente na transferência de calor adimensional e a seção elíptica, que maximiza esta transferência de calor adimensional, tende a ser mais alongada na direção do escoamento. Já e influenciam positivamente na transferência de calor adimensional. Para um escoamento com √=1, √=1, =0,4 conclui-se que com o aumento de a razão de aspecto ótima (q,opt), do ponto de vista térmico, diminui. Quando é considerado um escoamento com √=1, √=1, =0,4 conclui-se que q,opt diminui com o aumento de , ou seja, a elipse torna-se mais alongada no sentido do escoamento. A variação de √ em um escoamento com √=1, √=1, =0,4 mostra que o aumento deste parâmetro acarreta em aumento da taxa de transferência adimensional e de Δ̃. / The present work is aimed at the numerical study of the geometry of elliptic section tubes that facilitates the dimensionless heat transfer and decreases the dimensionless pressure drop (Δ̃) suffered by the flow. The applied method is the Construtal Design, which aims to determine the geometry that will present the least resistance to the flow, that is, to determine the aspect ratio of the ellipse (=⁄) that favors heat transfer and decreases the flow pressure drop. The fluid used in this study has viscoplasticity characteristics. The relationship between shear stress and strain rate follows the modified Herschel-Bulkley model. It is considered that the flow is incompressible, laminar, two-dimensional, external and occurs in steady state. The numerical solution of the proposed problem is carried out with a commercial code based on the finite volume method. The influence of the power index, n, on the elliptical section facilitating the flow is investigated, and for this, the index is varied from 0.4 to 1. The influence of the Reynolds number (√), Herschel-Bulkley number (√) and Prandtl number (√) on the flow behavior is also evaluated √ is varied from 1 to 40, √ is varied from 1 to 100 and √ is varied from 0.1 to 100. The results show that for a flow with √=1, √=1 and √=1, the increase of the power index negatively influences the dimensionless heat transfer and the elliptic section, which maximizes this dimensionless heat transfer, tends to be more elongated in the direction of flow. Already √ and √ influence positively the dimensionless heat transfer. For a flow with √=1, √=1, =0.4 it is concluded that with the increase of √ the optimum aspect ratio (q,opt), from the thermal point of view, decreases. When a flow is considered with √=1, √=1, =0.4 it is concluded that q,opt decreases with the increase of √, that is, ellipse becomes more elongated in the flow direction. The variation of √ in a flow with √=1, √=1, =0.4 shows that the increase of this parameter causes an increase of the dimensionless transfer rate and Δ̃.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Márcio Fabiano da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Mestrado Profissional em Matemática em Rede Nacional, 2015. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o processo de inversão geométrica na elipse que nada mais é do que uma transformação geométrica sofrida em uma superfície não plana. Mais do que isso, é uma forma de propor um trabalho diferenciado ao professor do Ensino Médio baseado nas aplicações da Elipse e de suas propriedades e que a partir de um trabalho de pesquisa pode ser estendido para as demais cônicas. Diferente da inversão geométrica clássica na circunferência, utilizamos a elipse como agente inversor. Primeiramente trazemos um apanhado da história da elipse. Apresentamos seus elementos, seus conceitos e propriedades básicas.Recordamos a homotetia, que é uma transformação geométrica do plano e que faz parte do estudo dos resultados das inversões estudadas. Em seguida, passamos a estudar as inversões na elipse. Então, para finalizar, são sugeridas atividades envolvendo as elipses e outras as inversões que nela ocorrem. Tais atividades podem ser aplicadas em sala de aula desde as primeiras séries do ensino fundamental II, desmistificando a famosa pergunta: Onde e/ou para que vou usar "isso", professor? São atividades de pesquisa, atividades interativas e de trabalho com o software de geometria dinâmica Geogebrar. / This work aims to study the geometric inversion process on the ellipse which is nothing more than a geometric transformation suffered in a non-planar surface. More than that, it¿s a way of proposing a differentiated work to high school teacher based on practical applications of Ellipse and its properties and that from a research paper can be extended to other conical. Unlike the classic geometric inversion in the circle, we use the ellipse as inverter agent. First we bring an overview of the history of the ellipse. We present its elements, its concepts and basic properties. We recall about dilation, which is a geometric transformation on plane very important to study the results of studied inversions. Then, we began to study the inversions on Ellipse. Finally, we suggest activities involving the ellipses and other inversions that occur in it. Such activities can be applied in the classroom from the early grades of elementary school, demystifying the famous question: Where and / or I will use " it ", Professor? Are research activities, interactive activities and work with dynamic geometry software Geogebrar.

O presente trabalho destina-se ao estudo numérico da geometria de tubos de seção elíptica que facilite a transferência de calor adimensional e diminua a queda de pressão adimensional (Δ̃) sofrida pelo escoamento. O método aplicado é o Design Construtal, que visa determinar a geometria que apresentará a menor resistência ao escoamento, ou seja, busca-se determinar a razão de aspecto da elipse (=⁄) que favorece a transferência de calor e diminui a queda de pressão do escoamento. O fluido empregado neste estudo apresenta características de viscoplasticidade. A relação entre a tensão cisalhante e a taxa de deformação obedece ao modelo de Herschel-Bulkley modificado. Considera-se que o escoamento é incompressível, laminar, bidimensional, externo e ocorre em regime permanente. A solução numérica do problema proposto é realizada com um código comercial baseado no método dos volumes finitos. É investigada a influência do índice de potência, , sobre a seção elíptica que facilita o escoamento e, para isso, este índice é variado de 0,4 a 1. A influência dos números de Reynolds (√), Herschel-Bulkley (√) e Prandtl (√) sobre o comportamento do escoamento também é avaliada. √ é variado de 1 a 40, √ é variado de 1 a 100 e √ é variado de 0,1 a 100 Os resultados mostram que, para um escoamento com √=1, √=1 e √=1, o aumento do índice de potência influencia negativamente na transferência de calor adimensional e a seção elíptica, que maximiza esta transferência de calor adimensional, tende a ser mais alongada na direção do escoamento. Já e influenciam positivamente na transferência de calor adimensional. Para um escoamento com √=1, √=1, =0,4 conclui-se que com o aumento de a razão de aspecto ótima (q,opt), do ponto de vista térmico, diminui. Quando é considerado um escoamento com √=1, √=1, =0,4 conclui-se que q,opt diminui com o aumento de , ou seja, a elipse torna-se mais alongada no sentido do escoamento. A variação de √ em um escoamento com √=1, √=1, =0,4 mostra que o aumento deste parâmetro acarreta em aumento da taxa de transferência adimensional e de Δ̃. / The present work is aimed at the numerical study of the geometry of elliptic section tubes that facilitates the dimensionless heat transfer and decreases the dimensionless pressure drop (Δ̃) suffered by the flow. The applied method is the Construtal Design, which aims to determine the geometry that will present the least resistance to the flow, that is, to determine the aspect ratio of the ellipse (=⁄) that favors heat transfer and decreases the flow pressure drop. The fluid used in this study has viscoplasticity characteristics. The relationship between shear stress and strain rate follows the modified Herschel-Bulkley model. It is considered that the flow is incompressible, laminar, two-dimensional, external and occurs in steady state. The numerical solution of the proposed problem is carried out with a commercial code based on the finite volume method. The influence of the power index, n, on the elliptical section facilitating the flow is investigated, and for this, the index is varied from 0.4 to 1. The influence of the Reynolds number (√), Herschel-Bulkley number (√) and Prandtl number (√) on the flow behavior is also evaluated √ is varied from 1 to 40, √ is varied from 1 to 100 and √ is varied from 0.1 to 100. The results show that for a flow with √=1, √=1 and √=1, the increase of the power index negatively influences the dimensionless heat transfer and the elliptic section, which maximizes this dimensionless heat transfer, tends to be more elongated in the direction of flow. Already √ and √ influence positively the dimensionless heat transfer. For a flow with √=1, √=1, =0.4 it is concluded that with the increase of √ the optimum aspect ratio (q,opt), from the thermal point of view, decreases. When a flow is considered with √=1, √=1, =0.4 it is concluded that q,opt decreases with the increase of √, that is, ellipse becomes more elongated in the flow direction. The variation of √ in a flow with √=1, √=1, =0.4 shows that the increase of this parameter causes an increase of the dimensionless transfer rate and Δ̃.

The notion of umbilic points and principal curvature lines are traditionally studied in surfaces of R3. Our goal is to extend these notions to surfaces immersed in R4. For this, we will analyze the image of the second fundamental form, restricted to the unit circle in the normal plane of the surface. We show that this image is an ellipse, called ellipse of curvature. The points where the ellipse of curvature becomes a circle are called axiumbilics points and lines corresponding to large and small axes of the ellipse are called, respectively, of principal and mean axial lines. In this work we describe the structure of the principal axial lines on surfaces immersed in R4 in the neighborhood of generic axiumbilics points. / As noções de pontos umbílicos e linhas de curvatura principal são tradicionalmente estudadas em superfícies do R3. Nosso objetivo é estender essas noções para superfícies imersas em R4. Para isto, analisaremos a imagem da segunda forma fundamental, restrita ao círculo unitário, no plano normal da superfície. Mostraremos que tal imagem é uma elipse, chamada elipse de curvatura. Os pontos onde a elipse de curvatura se torna um círculo são chamados pontos axiumbílicos e as linhas correspondentes ao eixo maior e menor da elipse são chamadas, respectivamente, de linhas axiais principais e médias. Neste trabalho descreveremos a estrutura das linhas axiais principais de imersões de superfícies em R4 na vizinhança de pontos axiumbílicos genéricos.

Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-05-15T18:43:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Rodrigues Braga de Souza - 2014.pdf: 2674878 bytes, checksum: c37a3227405eafd0a6bcd6cdfe2ddf04 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-05-15T19:28:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Rodrigues Braga de Souza - 2014.pdf: 2674878 bytes, checksum: c37a3227405eafd0a6bcd6cdfe2ddf04 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T19:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Rodrigues Braga de Souza - 2014.pdf: 2674878 bytes, checksum: c37a3227405eafd0a6bcd6cdfe2ddf04 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / In the rst part of this work, we present all conical with their cartesian equations and their graphs. Then, we made an approach to concepts of linear algebra, vector spaces, linear transformations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors in order to build matrices of linear transformations able to rotate, translate or even make these conical shear. Constructed matrices, GeoGebra software for constructing graphs obtained by transformation matrices were used. Besides this geometric part, we discuss the quadratic forms in order to identify a conic analyzing only the coe cients of its quadratic form and the eigenvalues. The end result was an excellent visual material built from software GeoGebra applying the concepts of Linear Algebra. We can not fail to mention that the construction of the taper in GeoGebra techniques that replace the ruler, compass and the string used by the ancient Greeks were implemented. / Na primeira parte desse trabalho, apresentamos todas as cônicas com suas respectivas equações cartesianas e seus respectivos grá cos. Em seguida, zemos uma abordagem de conceitos de Álgebra Linear, espaços vetoriais, transformações lineares, autovalores e autovetores a m de, construir as matrizes de transformações lineares capazes de rotacionar, transladar ou até fazer o cisalhamento destas cônicas. Construídas as matrizes, foi utilizado o software GeoGebra para a construção dos grá cos obtidos pelas matrizes de transformação. Além dessa parte geométrica, abordamos as formas quadráticas no intuito de identi car uma cônica analisando apenas os coe cientes da sua forma quadrática e os autovalores associados. O resultado nal foi um excelente material visual construído a partir do software GeoGebra aplicando os conceitos de Álgebra Linear. Não podemos deixar de citar que foram implementadas técnicas de construção das cônicas no GeoGebra que substituem a régua, o compasso e o barbante utilizados pelos gregos antigos.

Aucune étude systématique dans le domaine de la linguistique française n’a porté spécifiquement sur le morphème etc. Nous proposons de cerner les enjeux de cet objet linguistique et littéraire problématique, en diachronie puis en synchronie. Notre travail s’ouvre sur les questions de l’origine et la morphosyntaxe de etc. En effet, l’histoire de la langue permet d’observer le processus de figement partiel de la séquence « coordonnant + adjectif substantivé » et dans un même temps, de distinguer deux grands types d’emplois du morphème. Ces deux types d’emplois établissent un critère de classement pertinent pour toute étude synchronique portant sur la question du etc. De fait, si l’emploi de etc. correspond toujours à une pratique de l’interruption, il intervient soit à la fin d’une énumération, soit entre deux segments textuels. Cette partition nécessite deux niveaux d’analyse, le premier syntaxique, le second lié aux enjeux énonciatifs du texte.Nous avons donc appliqué ce principe de classement aux 350 occurrences de etc. appartenant à un corpus de six textes stendhaliens : De l’Amour, Racine et Shakespeare, Promenades dans Rome, Le Rouge et le Noir, Lucien Leuwen, Vie de Henry Brulard. Le cœur de notre travail se présente à la fois comme un classement de la totalité des occurrences du morphème et comme une analyse des enjeux d’occurrences choisies, à l’échelle phrastique ou textuelle. Une telle étude permet d’aborder un certain nombre de problématiques touchant à la l’utilisation du morphème etc. : effets d’ellipses et d’échos, enjeux des réduplications du morphème, jeux sur l’implicite, logiques référentielles mises en place par l’auteur, portée des ruptures énonciatives et conséquences sur la lecture. Nous entendons enfin montrer que etc. est un ponctème rythmant dont l’impact stylistique est systématiquement exploité par Stendhal. Révélateur d’une écriture qui donne à voir autant qu’elle laisse deviner, le etc. participe de la logique moqueuse, « cryptique » et conversationnelle des textes Stendhaliens. / No systematic study in the field of French linguistics has specifically focused on the morpheme etc. The purpose of this work is to analyse the linguistic and literary issues of this problematic object, first in diachrony and then in synchrony. Our study begins with the question of the origin and of the morphosyntax of etc. Through the history of the language we can observe the partial fossilisation of the sequence ‘coordinating conjunction + nominalised adjective’; we can also identify two main types of use of the morpheme. These two types establish a relevant criterion for the classification of any synchronic study on the issue of etc. If the use of etc. always corresponds to a practice of interruption, it can either take place at the end of an enumeration or in between two segments of text. This partition requires two levels of analysis, a syntactic one and one related to the enunciative issues of the text.We applied this ranking principle to 350 occurrences of etc. belonging to a compilation of six Stendhalian texts: De l’Amour, Racine et Shakespeare, Promenades dans Rome, Le Rouge et le Noir, Lucien Leuwen, Vie de Henry Brulard. The core of our work consists in both establishing the typology of the occurrences of this morpheme as well as the analysis of issues prompted by selected occurrences, on a phrasal or textual level.This study addresses a number of issues relating to the use the morpheme etc.: effects of ellipses and echoes, issues of reduplication of the morpheme, effects of the implicit, referential logics set up by the author, scope of the enunciative ruptures and their effects on the reader. Finally we intend to show that etc. is a beating ‘puncteme’ (acting as a modulating ‘punctuation mark’) whose rhythmical and stylistic impact is systematically exploited by Stendhal. Etc. is an essential part of the mocking, ‘cryptic’ and conversational logic of the works of Stendhal, revealing a writing which lets the reader see as much as it lets him guess.

The subject of the diploma thesis is the stress analysis of the circular and elliptical shaft from material jet grouting. A new advanced constitutive Shotcrete model will be applied on the material jet grouting. In the thesis, the shaft tensile strength factor and the size of the ground pressures will be primarily examined. The practical part of the diploma thesis is completed by the comparison of the analytical and numerical calculation of the normal force of the circular and elliptical shafts.