This study was informed by a phenomenon observed by a variety of members from the multidisciplinary team at an acute psychiatric facility, where the researcher works daily. It appeared to clinicians as if the individual between the ages of 18 and 25 years was reluctant to engage in therapeutic intervention. The researcher considered current literature and discovered that this phenomenon seems to be globally relevant and an issue in the field of mental health. Emerging adulthood is the developmental phase that occupies the transitional period between adolescence and adulthood. The life phase is an essential developmental phase where an identity is established and skills are acquired to equip the individual through his/her life process. Emerging adulthood is predominantly defined by the individual’s progress to independence and autonomy and the establishment of a personal and societal identity. Developmental tasks include taking responsibility for him/herself, deciding on future career paths and re-evaluating introjected values to form an independent belief system. Literature indicates that emerging adults’ life phase can cause severe distress due to a variety of social and personal stressors. Emerging adults who are enrolled in university often face additional stressors with regards to adapting to campus life, academic pressure and a need to establish themselves within their new environments. A high prevalence and onset of mental health disorders is noted not only in the general emerging adult population, but also in the population of emerging adults who attend university. Despite the increase in stressful experiences the percentage of emerging adults who experience distress is not reflected in the percentage of emerging adults who actually seek and receive therapeutic intervention as a means to manage their distress. As therapeutic intervention is seen as an effective tool in managing distress, the fact that emerging adults negate the help is a clear area of concern. This urged the researcher to closely consider which factors might lead to negation of therapeutic services by the emerging adult. The study was performed at a South African university where students residing in campus residences where approached to volunteer their participation. In total fifteen participants participated in one of three focus groups with the focus on understanding which factors contribute to the negation of therapeutic services by emerging adults. The data crystallised into eleven main themes with different subthemes to support and describe the relevant main theme. The themes clearly emphasised the lack of awareness, pervasiveness of stigmatisation and the internalised beliefs emerging adults have about themselves and therapy that induce help negation. In addressing the issue of help negation in emerging adults this study suggests solutions and actions to the role players involved in the therapeutic intervention of emerging adults that would support the promotion of mental wellbeing and mental health awareness. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

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Money attitudes modeled in the home are an important part of a child's economic socialization. Although not always labeled as such, earlier literature clearly addressed this type of child learning through observation, interaction, and direct familial involvement (Rettig, 1986). Families operate as one of society's most salient economic socializing agents as they provide environments conducive to human development, information networks, role models, and grants and exchanges (Rettig, 1983). The research reported here addresses the economic socialization of children and their money attitudes as emerging adults. The current study investigated the role of money attitudes (power, anxiety, and distrust) by examining their contribution to impulsive buying among college students. Building on the groundbreaking work of Roberts and Jones (2001), this research also examined credit use and debt avoidance as potential moderators between money attitudes and impulsive buying. Contrary to the way money attitudes have been modeled in previous research, this study found support indicating that the anxiety attitude scale was not an antecedent to impulsive buying. Instead the scale as originally created (Yamauchi & Templar, 1982) was found to consist of two highly correlated subscales, one conceptualized as an antecedent to impulsive buying and the other may be more appropriately modeled as a result of it. Secondly, when tested as moderators, although some of the interaction terms between the money attitudes and behaviors were significant, neither credit use nor debt avoidance was found to be a significant moderator. This indicates a potential need for further research on the relationship between this measure and impulsive buying. Clarification made in the research reported here between anxiety and compulsive buying provides an insight that money attitudes are not all the same. Evidence suggests that some attitudes are precursors to behavior while other attitudes may be the result of behavior. With the passage of time, the drive to seek anxiety relief through impulsive buying may unwittingly fold back to greater rather than less anxiety. Impulsive buying based on anxiety then becomes a belief in relief that is not real. The proposed new attitude-behavioral model acknowledges the difference in money attitudes, that some are best conceptualized as predictors of impulsive buying while others are better conceptualized as a by-product of the behavior. Using this model in future research will acknowledge the potential of a circular relationship between attitude-behaviors and attendant implications for helping individuals and families. For this study, data was collected from students attending ten universities, located mostly in the state of Utah. There were 709 respondents used in this study, substantially more than have been used in similar studies. Demographically, there was a representative mix of male and female respondents and a balanced mix of age groups with a slight shift toward older students. Demographic information also includes respondent's reported race, home state, age, year in school, and family income. In accordance with the research of Roberts and Jones (2001), using ordinary least squares regression, the unconstrained traditional model was tested. Regression analysis of impulsive buying was preformed on money attitudes (anxiety, power, and distrust), controlling for age, gender and income. Following the procedure that Aiken, West, Cohen and Cohen (2003) and Baron and Kenny (1986) outlined, the attitude-behavior relationships between money attitudes and impulsive buying for the potential effects of the two moderating variables-credit use and debt avoidance were also examined. In those models where a significant interaction effect was found, post-hoc analysis was used interpret the significant slope differences in the independent variables.

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[pt] Os adultos emergentes de 18 a 29 anos estão na fase do desenvolvimento que precede a vida adulta marcada pela autonomia e independência. Além dos desafios peculiares, a pandemia da COVID 19 os expôs à maior tragédia humanitária desde a segunda guerra mundial. O estudo propôs avaliar a espiritualidade, religiosidade, materialismo e ansiedade perante a morte como preditores para presença e busca de sentido neste contexto sociocultural com intensas ameaças psíquicas. A pesquisa obteve 434 respondentes brasileiros e 615 portugueses. O objetivo da investigação foi verificar o quanto religiosidade, espiritualidade, materialismo e ansiedade perante a morte podem explicar a presença e a busca de sentido de vida. Após averiguar os dados de cada país, fez-se uma comparação dos resultados. O estudo utilizou-se dos instrumentos: Escala de Sentido de Vida (Steger et al., 2006); Escala de Não-Religiosidade e Não-Espiritualidade (Cragun, 2015); Escala de Materialismo (Richins, 2004) e o Questionário de Ansiedade Perante a Morte (Conte et al., 1982). Os resultados demonstraram seguintes os resultados tanto para os respondentes brasileiros quanto portugueses: (1) a religiosidade predisse a presença de sentido na vida. Uma menor religiosidade explicou a busca pelo sentido; (2) a espiritualidade não explicou presença de sentido, mas explicou a busca pelo sentido na vida; (3) o materialismo não explicou nem a presença e nem a busca do sentido de vida; (4) por fim, a menor ansiedade de morte predisse a presença de sentido. A análise qualitativa da pergunta Sena, Alexandre Rodrigues; Pessôa Luciana Fontes; Lins, Samuel Lincoln Bezerra. Religiosidade, espiritualidade, materialismo e ansiedade de morte como preditores do sentido de vida dos adultos emergentes. Rio de Janeiro, 2023. 240p. Tese de Doutorado – Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. aberta: o que lhe vem à mente quando pensa sobre o sentido da vida?, foi realizada a partir do software IRAMUTEQ. O estudo dos dados textuais revelou que agnósticos e sem religião possuem menor presença de sentido e, consequentemente, estão numa busca mais intensa pelo sentido de vida. A análise de correlações e o teste t corroboraram com os resultados encontrados nas regressões e na análise qualitativa. A investigação contribui para a compreensão do sentido de vida dos adultos emergentes. A presença de sentido de vida demonstrou a possibilidade de maior saúde psicológica e bem-estar durante o enfrentamento da pandemia da COVID 19. / [en] Emerging adults from 18 to 29 years old are in the development phase that precedes adult life marked by autonomy and independence. In addition to the unique challenges, the COVID 19 pandemic has exposed them to the greatest humanitarian tragedy since the second World War. The study aims at evaluating spirituality, religiosity, materialism and anxiety before death as predictors for presence and search for meaning in this sociocultural context with intense psychic threats. The survey obtained 434 Brazilian and 615 Portuguese respondents. The objective was to verify how much religiosity, spirituality, materialism and anxiety before death can explain the presence and the search for meaning in life. After examining the data for each country, the results were compared. The study used instruments as Meaning of Life Scale (Steger et al., 2006); Non-Religiousness and Non-Spirituality Scale (Cragun, 2015); Materialism Scale (Richins, 2004) and the Death Anxiety Questionnaire (Conte et al., 1982). The results showed the following results for both Brazilian and Portuguese respondents: (1) religiosity predicted the presence of meaning in life. Less religiosity explained the search for meaning; (2) spirituality did not explain the presence of meaning, but it did explain the search for meaning in life; (3) materialism did not explain neither the presence nor the search for the meaning of life; (4) finally, lower death anxiety predicted the presence of meaning. The qualitative analysis of the open question: What comes Sena, Alexandre Rodrigues; Pessôa Luciana Fontes (Advisor); Lins, Samuel Lincoln Bezerra (Co-advisor). Religiosity, spirituality, materialism and death anxiety as predictors of the meaning of life of emerging adults. Rio de Janeiro, 2023. 240p. Tese de Doutorado – Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. to your mind when you think about the meaning of life? was performed using the IRAMUTEQ software. The study of textual data revealed that agnostics and those without religion have less presence of meaning and, consequently, are in a more intense search for life meaning. The analysis of correlations and the t test corroborated the results found in the regressions and in the qualitative analysis. The investigation contributes to understanding the life meaning of emerging adults. The presence of meaning in life demonstrated the possibility of greater psychological health and well-being while facing the COVID 19 pandemic.

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Abuse of prescription and over-the-counter substances other than alcohol is becoming a prevalent issue; therefore, it is important to identify factors that may help predict risk for this abuse. Some demographic and situational factors have been identified for traditional 4-year college students. However, less is known about community college students, who enter college less academically prepared and may be still enmeshed with family and peer groups from high school. In this correlational study, predictors of substance abuse other than alcohol were explored among a convenience sample of 118 students from an American community college. The research question was developed based on previous research such as Bandura's social learning theory and Arnett's theory of emerging adults. The question explored how well gender (male, female, other) and 2 dimensions from the Ryff scale of psychological well-being (sense of autonomy and positive relationships with others) predict substance use among the community college sample. Use of substances other than alcohol was measured using the Drug Abuse Screening Test-10. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the research hypotheses. Although gender was not related to substance use, higher autonomy and more positive relationships scores were statistically significant predictors of higher use of substances other than alcohol among this sample. These findings were consistent with characteristics of emerging adulthood that may present risk factors for this group of college students. Findings support positive social change as they may be considered by stakeholders when considering possible prevention or intervention activities to address substance use issues on community college campuses.