Los cuidados de enfermería para la administración de nutrición enteral, deben sustentarse en evidencia científica que permitan mejorar las condiciones de vida, específicamente las nutricionales en la persona que se encuentra en cuidados críticos y evitar el incremento de complicaciones y mortalidad. La metodología empleada fue Enfermería Basada en Evidencia (EBE) desarrollándose 3 de los 5 pasos propuestos. Se partió de la pregunta clínica: ¿Qué cuidados de enfermería deben considerarse para la administración de nutrición enteral en el paciente crítico? Para la búsqueda se consideraron palabras clave en las bases de datos: BVS, SCIELO, CIBERINDEX, GOOGLE ACADEMICO, la validación se realizó con la lista de Gálvez Toro y luego los artículos que pasaron esta lista se validaron con listas específicas acorde al diseño que poseían. Finalmente se seleccionó una revisión integradora: Nutrition therapy for critically ill adult patients; critical review and algorithm creation. La lista de chequeo empleada fue CASPE, el nivel de evidencia es 2 y grado de recomendación Beta. Entre los cuidados a considerarse tenemos: Colocar la cabecera de la cama levantada entre 30º y 45º, la confirmación del posicionamiento del tubo de alimentación cada 3 días, o según los procedimientos de cada UCI, respetar los horarios de administración de dietas enterales y tasas de infusión prescritas, Enjuagar el tubo de alimentación con agua cada vez que dé de comer al paciente (se sugieren 50 ml), no suspender la infusión de la dieta para procedimientos de diagnóstico o exámenes, a menos que se indique específicamente.

Background: Preterm infants and neonates may present with dysphagia due to immaturity or the presence of medical conditions. Enteral feeds are used to ensure optimal nutrition is achieved while the neonates are developing appropriate oral feeding skills. Varied interventions may be used to transition neonates to full oral feeds as oral feeding is often a prerequisite for discharge from hospital. Aims: The main aim of this study was to summarize, interpret and analyse the literature on the different interventions used for the transition to full oral feeds in preterm infants and neonates to identify research gaps and to inform clinical practice on the best intervention options. A secondary aim was to validate the findings of the scoping review for the South African context. Methods: A scoping review was conducted. Relevant studies were identified by searching six databases, Google and Google scholar. Inclusion criteria included studies written in English, peer reviewed and published between 1998–2018, that described the interventions used to transition preterm infants and neonates to full oral feeds. Data were extracted from the articles using a data charting form and analysed descriptively and thematically. The findings were shared with health care professionals who work with premature infants and neonates who then participated in a semi-structured interview to provide feedback relevant to the South African context. Results: Forty-seven articles were included. Six broad intervention categories were identified: oral-motor, oral-sensory, other senses, timing, cue-based and utensils. Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) interventions were reported most frequently across single and combined interventions. Outcome measures reported included: time taken to full oral feeds, earlier hospital discharge, long-term feeding outcomes, weight and sucking proficiency. Improved outcomes were associated with NNS and NNS with oral stimulation. Nine health care professionals were interviewed. They confirmed using a number of the interventions, with NNS reported the most. Health care professionals also provided insight into the challenges of implementing some interventions due to limited resources and staffing in the South African context. Conclusions: There are a range of interventions reported in the literature and many of them are used in South Africa. Positive outcomes such as earlier transition to full oral feeds; earlier hospital discharge; improved weight gain and improved sucking proficiency have been reported with NNS and combined NNS and Oral Stimulation interventions, however further studies are needed.

Malnutrition among hospitalized patients is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes. At the health care facility for which this quality improvement (QI) initiative was developed, patients were not consistently fed within the nationally recommended 48 hours. The purpose of this project was to facilitate the early initiation of enteral feedings to prevent malnutrition in a vulnerable patient group by development of an evidence-based enteral feeding policy, algorithm, and nursing education module. The find, organize, clarify, understand, select, plan, do, check, and act model provided a systematic approach for development of the project. Validation of the QI initiative was through the use of Likert scale which was completed by 2 nurses and a head dietician. The content validity index average was 1.0 for the QI initiative products (policy, algorithm, educational module). Ten team members completed a summative evaluation of the educational module and presentation using a 7 item, Likert scale. Basic descriptive analyses were employed to analyze the data, revealing broad support for the module and the DNP student's leadership. A recommendation was made to conduct an audit using a formal software program to quantify the number of patients who were not being fed within the time frame of 48 hours. Implementing an evidence-based enteral feeding protocol can be a significant intervention that produces better patient outcomes.The implications for social change in this project relates to improvements within the critical care environment.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer gastrointestinal, como el gástrico y de colon, genera un deterioro de la calidad de vida porque conlleva a un estrés catabólico o caquexia; y así el paciente se expone a una alta morbimortalidad. Investigaciones refieren que la administración de dietas inmunomoduladoras en el preoperatorio provee mejores beneficios que otras dietas en el periodo postoperatorio. Estudios contradicen la relación entre recuento total de linfocitos en el periodo preoperatorio con complicación postoperatoria. OBJETIVO: Determinar la relación entre tipo de nutrición enteral y recuento total de linfocitos preoperatorios con complicación postoperatoria en pacientes con cáncer gastrointestinal. DISEÑO: Observacional, descriptivo de asociación cruzada y retrospectivo. LUGAR: Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue (HNHU), MINSA, Lima, Perú. INTERVENCIONES: Se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer gastrointestinal que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue (HNHU) entre los años 2010 y junio del 2014. El instrumento utilizado fue una ficha de recolección de datos. PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADOS: Relación entre tipo de nutrición enteral y recuento total de linfocitos preoperatorios con complicación postoperatoria en pacientes con cáncer gastrointestinal. RESULTADOS: 35 historias clínicas conformaron el estudio. Del total de casos el 65,7% (23 de 35) fueron pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico; y el 34,3% (12 de 35) fueron de cáncer de colon. 16 (45,7%) pacientes fueron del sexo femenino. El promedio de edad fue de 58,6 años ± 8,2. El análisis entre el tipo de nutrición enteral preoperatoria recibida con la presencia de una complicación postoperatoria al inicio del periodo mediato dio como resultado un p=0,020. El análisis entre recuento total de linfocitos preoperatorio con la presencia de una complicación postoperatoria en la recuperación hospitalaria dio como resultado un p=0,877. CONCLUSIÓN: Una nutrición enteral con fórmula inmunomoduladora aplicada por un mínimo de 7 días previo a la cirugía en la población de estudio (n=35) se relacionó estadísticamente significativa con menor incidencia de complicaciones postoperatorias al inicio del periodo mediato. / Tesis

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23068号 / 医博第4695号 / 新制||医||1049(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 石見 拓, 教授 大鶴 繁, 教授 福田 和彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

INTRODUÇÃO: Indicadores de qualidade em terapia nutricional (IQTN) são importantes ferramentas de avaliação e monitoramento de qualidade da terapia nutricional (TN). No Brasil, além da escassez de recursos humanos e materiais, a aplicação dos IQTNs,disponíveis para prática clínica, tem sido limitada devido ao seu elevado número. O presente estudo procurou identificar os dezIQTNs mais pontuados, dentre aqueles disponíveis no Brasil, através da avaliação da opinião de especialistas em TN. MÉTODOS: Todos os IQTNs disponíveis para aplicação clínica no Brasil (n=36) foram avaliados em duas fases distintas. Na fase 1 (seleção), especialistas em TN (n=26) pontuaramos IQTNs de acordo com quatro atributos (utilidade, simplicidade, objetividade, e baixo custo), utilizando a escala de Likert com 5 pontos. Os IQTNs foram classificadosem ordem da maior para menor pontuação e a confiabilidade da opinião de especialistas para cada indicador foi avaliada poralfa de Cronbach. Na fase 2, os dez IQTNs selecionados com maior pontuaçãoforam submetidos ànova análise dos especialistas, por meio de duas perguntas fechadas. RESULTADOS: Os dez IQTNs selecionadoscom maior pontuação, em ordem do mais para o menos pontuado, foram 1.) Frequência de realização de triagem nutricional em pacientes hospitalizados, 2.) Frequência de diarreia em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 3.) Frequência de saída inadvertida de sonda de nutrição em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 4.) Frequência de obstrução de sonda de nutrição em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 5.) Frequência de jejum digestório por mais de 24 horas em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral ou Oral, 6.) Frequência de pacientes com disfunção da glicemia em Terapia Nutricional Enteral e Parenteral, 7.) Frequência de medida ou estimativa do gasto energético e necessidades proteicas em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional, 8.) Frequência de infecção por Cateter Venoso Central em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Parenteral, 9.) Frequência de conformidade de indicação da Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 10.) Frequência de aplicação de Avaliação Subjetiva Global (ASG) em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional. As opiniões dos especialistas entrevistados foram significantemente consistentes. Durante a fase 2, 96% dos especialistas informaram estar satisfeitos com os 10 IQTNs selecionados, e 100% manifestaram que esta seleção refletiu a mesma opinião anteriormente emitida,na primeira fase do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação da opinião de especialistas em TN, com o uso de técnicas psicométricas e ferramentas estatísticas, possibilitou a identificação dedezIQTNsmais pontuados,com consistência e representatividade de opiniões entre eles.A redução do número de trinta e seis IQTNs para os dez presentemente identificados pode contribuir para sua aplicação clínica / BACKGROUND: Quality indicators in nutritional therapy (QINT) are central tools to evaluate and monitor the quality of nutritional therapy. In addition to the scarcity of human and material resources, the application of the QINT available for clinical practice in Brazil has been limited also due to its elevated number. This study attempted to identify the ten more scored QINT that suit in the clinical practice, among those available in Brazil, through evaluating experts in Nutritional Therapy (NT). METHODS: All the 36 available QINTs to the clinical application in Brazil were evaluated in two distinct phases. In the phase 1 (selection), 26 experts in NT rated the QINTs following four attributes (utility, simplicity, objectivity and low cost), on a 5- point Likert scale. The top 10 QINTs were identified from the top 10 scores; and the reliability of the experts opinion to each indicator were evaluated by Cronbachs alpha. In phase 2, the top 10 selected QINTs were subjected in a new experts analysis following two closed questions. RESULTS: The top 10 selected QINTs, from the biggest to the least scored order, were: 1) Frequency of carrying out nutrition screening of hospitalized patients, 2) Frequency of diarrhea in patients on Enteral Nutrition (EN), 3) Frequency of involuntary withdrawal of enteral feeding tubes, 4) Frequency of tube feeding occlusion in patients on EN, 5) Frequency of digestive fasting for more than 24 hours in patients on oral nutrition or EN, 6) Frequency of patients with glycemic dysfunction on NT, 7) Frequency of measurement or estimation of energy expenditure and protein needs in patients on NT, 8) Frequency of Central Venous Catheter infection in patients on Parenteral Nutrition, 9) Frequency of indication compliance of NT 10) Frequency of application of Subjective Global Assessment in patients on NT. The opinions of the experts interviewed were significantly consistent. During the phase 2, 96% of the experts were found to be satisfied with the top 10 selected QINTs, and 100% expressed that the selection of the top 10 QINTs interfered the same opinion in the first phase of the study. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the experts opinion in NT using psychometrics techniques and statistical tools, allowed the identification of the 10 most scored QINTs, with good applicability in NT and representativeness of opinions among them. The reduction of QINT number from 36 to ten, may contribute to their clinical application

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liana Jayme borges.pdf: 1844496 bytes, checksum: 818c982e89c90b277c44959cde90066a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / Enteral feeding means the nutrition for special purposes, with controlled intake of nutrients. The advantages of its use often become secondary to complications arising from its contamination, which may be associated with infectious complications. The microbial contamination of enteral feeding may occur during all steps being the handling, particularly critical. Considering the importance of enteral feeding as a therapeutic tool in hospitals and the need to guarantee the microbiological quality of the products offered to critical patients, the present work aimed to evaluate the hygienic and sanitary quality of diets and their ingredients and to identify and characterize phenotypic and genotypically, using the antibiogram and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus obtained from handlers hands and noses, water, module and enteral nutrition from two public hospital in Goiânia, Brazil in order to investigate the probable source of microbological contamination. A total of 80 samples were collected from enteral nutrition and 140 from hands and noses of handlers involved in the diets manufacturing in hospital 1 (H1), between october/2007 and november/2008 and 80 samples from enteral nutrition and 80 from hands and noses of handlers in hospital 2 (H2), between october/2008 and november/2008. From both hospitals were collected 40 samples from water and module. The samples were submitted to microbiological analysis to verify the presence and numbers of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms. E. coli and S. aureus strains were submitted to antibiogram and PFGE. According to antibiogram, all S.aureus isolates (15) from H1 were susceptible to oxacillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Resistence profile was observed in 10 (66.7%) isolates for penicillin, four (26.7%) isolates for tetracycline and nine (60.0%) isolates for erythromycin, allowing to classify the strains in six different phenotypes (A-F), but it was not efficient for the determination of the bacterial source for the diets. In the H1, all (08) E. coli strains were susceptible to trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, gentamicin, ceftazidime and tetracycline. Resistence was observed in six (75.0%) isolates for ampicilin. In H2, all strains isolated (12) were susceptible to trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and ceftazidime and resistence was observed in 11 isolates (91.7%) for cephalothin and 12 (100.0%) for tetracycline and ampicillin, grouping them into five different phenotypes (A-D). Microorganisms showed the same phenotypic profile from handlers and diet samples (phenotypes A and C), suggesting that in these cases, the source of microorganisms for the final product was the food handler. The genotypic typing of S. aureus strains by PFGE generated seven different DNA banding profiles and the E. coli genotyping generated five profiles. Based on the results, two E. coli strains isolated from diets were identical to one strain isolated from food handler from H2 and two of S. aureus isolated from diets were identical to one strain isolated from food handler from H1. This study shows that the enteral feedings showed unsatisfactory sanitary-hygienic conditions in both hospitals and the hand contact is probably one of the sources of greatest significance for enteral diets contamination in the hospital environment. / Entende-se por nutrição enteral a alimentação para fins especiais, com ingestão controlada de nutrientes. As vantagens oferecidas pelo seu emprego muitas vezes tornam-se secundárias às complicações derivadas de sua utilização como a contaminação, que pode estar associada a complicações infecciosas. A contaminação microbiana das fórmulas enterais pode ocorrer em diversas etapas, sendo a manipulação uma etapa especialmente crítica. Tendo em vista a importância da dieta enteral como medida terapêutica em hospitais e a necessidade de se ofertar produtos com qualidade assegurada, devido aos prejuízos que a mesma pode causar aos pacientes, caso esteja contaminada, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária das dietas e seus ingredientes e caracterizar fenotipicamente, utilizando o antibiograma e, genotipicamente, através da eletroforese em gel em campo pulsado (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), isolados de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus a partir de manipuladores, água, módulo em pó e dieta enteral de dois hospitais públicos de Goiânia-GO visando estabelecer a possível fonte de microrganismos para o produto final. Um total de 80 amostras de dieta enteral e 140 swabs de mãos e fossas nasais de manipuladores foram coletadas no hospital 1 (H1) entre outubro/2007 e novembro/2008 e 80 amostras de dieta enteral e 80 swabs de mãos e fossas nasais no hospital 2 (H2) entre novembro/2008 e dezembro/2008. Nos dois hospitais foram coletadas também 40 amostras de água e módulo. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas para contagem de microrganismos indicadores e potencialmente patogênicos. Os isolados de E. coli e S.aureus foram submetidos ao antibiograma e PFGE. De acordo com o antibiograma, todas as cepas de S. aureus isoladas (15) no H1 foram sensíveis à oxacilina, vancomicina, ciprofloxacina e gentamicina. O padrão de resistência foi observado em 10 (66,7%) isolados para penicilina, quatro (26,7%) para tetraciclina e nove (60,0%) para eritromicina, agrupando-os em seis diferentes perfis fenotípicos (A F). Porém, a técnica não foi eficiente em determinar a origem da contaminação das dietas. Para as 20 cepas isoladas de E. coli do H1 e H2, todas (8) do H1 foram sensíveis ao trimetoprim, ciprofloxacina, cefalotina, gentamicina, ceftazidima e tetraciclina. Resistência foi observada em seis (75,0%) isolados para a ampicilina. No H2 todas as cepas isoladas (12) foram sensíveis ao trimetoprim, ciprofloxacina, gentamicina e ceftazidima e resistência foi observado em 11 isolados (91,7%) para a cefalotina e 12 (100,0%) para a tetraciclina e ampicilina, sendo agrupadas em quatro diferentes perfis fenotípicos (A D). Os fenótipos A e C apresentaram microrganismos com o mesmo perfil fenotípico provenientes de manipuladores e dieta, sugerindo que nestes casos, a fonte de microrganismos para o produto final seria os manipuladores. A tipificação genotípica por PFGE originou sete perfis eletroforéticos diferentes para as cepas de S.aureus e cinco para as cepas de E. coli. De acordo com os resultados, duas cepas de E. coli isoladas da dieta foram idênticas a uma cepa isolada do manipulador do H2 e duas cepas de S.aureus isoladas da dieta foram iguais a uma cepa do manipulador do H1. Os dados obtidos neste estudo permitem concluir que as dietas enterais apresentaram condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias em ambos os hospitais e que o manipulador é provavelmente, uma das fontes de maior significância para a contaminação da dieta enteral em ambiente hospitalar.

This diploma thesis should sketch quantitative research of early enteral nutrition at newborns with low birth weight under 1500 grams at specialized department - neonatology in České Budějovice. Research in this diploma thesis is focused on evaluating of implemetation level according to current recommendations neonatology for the start of early enteral nutrition at premature babies. In the theoretical part of the diploma thesis we try to describe all things that include the issue of premature babies care. Next chapters deal with differences of premature baby in relation to nutrition. The nutrition of the newborn with very low birth weight is provided immediately after parenteral delivery. Quantitative research definately prefers the start of enteral nutrition in the first few hours after delivery. Goal of this strategy is to completely replace the parenteral nutrition as soon as possible. Goal of this diploma thesis is to descibe quantitative research with implementing of the enteral nutrition at newborns with birth weight under 1500 grams at specialized neonatology departments and to identify the most important differences from current recommendations for this field of care. Considering the set goal there was used the quantitative research for this diploma thesis. To get the data to create the research, secundar analysis of the data from nursing documentation of our research team was used. Through the quantitative research we try to demonstrate lack of starts with early enteral nutrition at premature babies with birth weight under 1500 grams in the 2012 and 2013. Secundar analysis of the date was made during my working experience at neonatology department in České Budějovice. Data needed for this research were systematically written into prepared chart created in Microsoft Excel. After entering all necessary data in the table, they were subsequently created graphs that reflect the real situation examined issues. After identifying the most significant differences from the current recommendations for this area of care deficiencies are subsequently provided to the department of neonatology in the České Budějovice for future improvement strategy early initiation of enteral nutrition in premature infants in this weight category, was written Decalogue of practical recommendations for optimization of enteral nutrition for preterm infants nurses working in the neonatal intensive care. The research file was created by 139 respondents (newborns with low birth weight under 1500 grams). This file is created by newborns born from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2013 which means during two years.