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Τις τρεις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, η Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή έχει δημιουργήσει τρόπους ευαισθητοποίησης των βιομηχανιών για περιβαλλοντικά ζητήματα, προάγοντας την εταιρική κοινωνική ευθύνη (ΕΚΕ). Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζουμε εμπειρικά τη σχέση ανάμεσα στην υιοθέτηση περιβαλλοντικής καινοτομίας από τις ελληνικές επιχειρήσεις, οι οποίες δραστηριοποιούνται στον τομέα της Έρευνας και Τεχνολογικής Ανάπτυξης (ΕΤΑ). Η συγκεκριμένη οικονομετρική μελέτη βασίστηκε σε δεδομένα που δημιουργήθηκαν μέσω ερωτηματολογίου που συμπληρώθηκε από επιχειρήσεις που βρίσκονται στον κλάδο των Χημικών και των Μεταλλικών. Αναφορικά με τη θεωρητική προσέγγιση, η εργασία μας εστιάζει στις αντικρουόμενες προσεγγίσεις της υπόθεσης αμοιβαίου οφέλους (win-win) του Porter, 1991 και των Porter και Van der Linde, 1995 με την νεοκλασική θεωρία, που είχε ως κύριους εκφραστές της, τους Jaffe και Palmer 1995,1997. Σύμφωνα με την οικονομετρική ανάλυση η πιθανότητα μια επιχείρηση να υιοθετήσει περιβαλλοντικές πρακτικές, στα πλαίσια ΕΤΑ, επηρεάζεται θετικά από την συνεχή εξαγωγική δραστηριότητα της τελευταίας δεκαετίας καθώς και από το μέγεθος της επιχείρησης. Ωστόσο, η οικονομετρική ανάλυση έδειξε επίσης ότι άλλοι παράγοντες που είχαν προταθεί στη βιβλιογραφία, όπως ο τρόπος εξαγωγών της επιχείρησης και οι γραφειοκρατικές διαδικασίες που ακολουθεί, έχουν μη στατιστικά σημαντική επίδραση ως προς την περιβαλλοντική καινοτομία. Τέλος, η πιθανότητα υιοθέτησης περιβαλλοντικής καινοτομίας επηρεάζεται αρνητικά από τη μεγάλη δυσκολία που συναντούν οι επιχειρήσεις λόγω της αυστηρότητας των νομοθετικών ρυθμίσεων. / The three last decades the European Commission has been placing an emphasis on promoting the CSR that aims to support the industry’s realization of environmental innovations in order to achieve a reduction of all environmental impacts. The present study investigates the realization of environmental innovation by companies involved in Research and Development, which belong to chemical and metal industry. This study is based on a unique firm level data set of the Greek industry. A theoretical approach of Porter Hypothesis has been developed. According to the econometric analysis, the probability of a firm to adopt environmental technologies under R&D activities is positively affected by the continuing export activity in the last ten years and the size of the firm. However, the econometric analysis also showed that other factors that have been suggested in literature, such as the export method of the company and bureaucratic procedures do not have significant effect on environmental innovation. Finally, the probability of the adoption of environmental innovation is negatively affected by the great difficulty faced by firms due to the stringency of regulation.

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de investigar a influência na competitividade corporativa das práticas de gestão estratégica baseadas em responsabilidade socioambiental. Buscou-se também, mais especificamente, entender as inter-relações entre as práticas de gestão de estratégia, inovação socioambiental e cadeia produtiva sustentável. Analisou-se o desempenho competitivo de forma integrada e, também, mais detalhadamente, os aspectos do desempenho competitivo no que tange a: lucratividade, custo, receita, participação no mercado e imagem. Para realização da pesquisa, fez-se uma revisão da literatura sobre: i) estratégia com responsabilidade socioambiental e competividade, participação em índices, certificações ou protocolos relativos à sustentabilidade; e ii) sustentabilidade e impacto nas organizações empresariais: gestão de stakeholders, gestão da inovação socioambiental e gestão da cadeia produtiva sustentável. A pesquisa de campo desta tese compõe-se de duas etapas, sendo a primeira quantitativa e a segunda qualitativa. A primeira envolveu a análise quantitativa de 129 indústrias e a segunda caracterizou-se pela abordagem exploratória e foi efetuada por meio de um estudo de caso com três organizações. Os resultados indicaram grande número de correlações significativas entre muitas das práticas de gestão estudadas e desempenho competitivo, principalmente no quesito imagem. Quanto às práticas, as que mais se destacaram foram as iniciativas de implementação das ações que integram as práticas sustentáveis (por exemplo: inclusão de critérios sustentáveis na elaboração de novos produtos e processos, incorporação de elementos da cadeia produtiva sustentável no processo de inovação, minimização de consumo de recursos naturais como água, energia e geração de resíduos); e as relações externas (incorporação de critérios socioambientais na seleção de fornecedores e investimento de capital). O estudo empreendido, portanto, trouxe contribuição significativa ao entendimento das práticas de gestão que podem levar competitividade às empresas, além da oportunidade de aprofundamento em estudos futuros, por se tratar de tema relativamente recente na literatura. / This study was conducted with the objective to investigate the influence of strategic social and environmental responsibility management practices on corporative competitiveness. Specifically, the study aimed to understand the inter correlations among strategy management practices, social and environmental innovation and sustainable productive supply chain. Competitive performance was analyzed in an integrated way as well as divided in several aspects such as profitability, cost, sales, market participation and image. To conduct the study a literature research was performed about: i) strategy with social and environmental responsibility and competitiveness, certification, protocols and indices related to sustainability participation; and ii) sustainability aspects impact in corporate organization: stakeholder\'s management, social and environmental innovation management and management of sustainable productive supply chain. The field research of this study was conducted in two steps, first step was quantitative and second step was qualitative. The first quantitative step involved the analysis of 129 industries and the second qualitative step involved an exploratory approach with three case studies. The results indicated a considerable number of significative correlations among management practices studied and competitive performance, mainly on competitvive performance through company image. The most relevant practices evaluated were the initiatives related to actions implementation which integrate the sustainable practices (such as: inclusion of sustainable criteria in the development of new product and process, incorporation of existent supply chain elements in the innovation process, consumption reduction of water, energy and scrap generation reduction) and external relations (such as inclusion of social and environmental criterias to select suppliers and to define capital investment). In this way, the study brought significant contribution to better understand the management practices which can drive to companies competitiveness and bring the opportunity to conduct deep dive studies in some specific practices, as this a relative new topic of study in the literature.

Cette thèse vise à relever les déterminants de l'innovation environnementale de produit. Cette nouvelle innovation à caractère plus complexe, et dont les exigences en termes d'efficacité environnementale et de compétitivité sont essentielles à son développement et sa diffusion, occupe une place de plus en plus centrale au sein de la firme. Nous avons, dans ce travail de recherche, analysé particulièrement l'efficacité des approches volontaires, en l'occurrence la certification Ecolabel européen, sur l'innovation de produit au sein de la firme et relevé, en même temps, les principaux déterminants d'adoption de cet écolabel. Nous avons focalisé notre analyse sur le secteur des détergents et produits d'entretien en France. Cette analyse s'inscrit dans une approche évolutionniste et considère le processus de changement technique (développement et diffusion de l'innovation de produit (s) certifié (s) Ecolabel européen) comme étant un processus complexe et incertain intégrant différents facteurs en coévolution, au-delà d'une conception se limitant au rôle des politiques environnementales. L'étude de cas montre le rôle de la stratégie des firmes dans le processus de changement technique. L'étude empirique confirme le rôle de ce déterminant (stratégie des fournisseurs de biomolécules), et ressort, en outre, l'importance de la règlementation (REACH…), des avantages de la certification (une forte image) et de la demande dans l'adoption de cet écolabel / The aim of this thesis is to determine the relevant factors of environmental product innovation. This new more complex innovation, which requires environmental and competitiveness performance for its development and diffusion, occupies a more and more central place in the firm. We have in this work particularly analyzed the effectiveness of voluntary approaches (namely the European Ecolabel certification) on the innovation of products in the firm and, at the same time, identified the key determinants to adoption of this ecolabel. We focused our analysis on the detergents and maintenance-products sector in France. This study is a part of an evolutionary approach and considers the process of technical change (development and diffusion of European Ecolabel certified product) to be a complex and uncertain process incorporating different factors in co-evolution, beyond a limited conception of the role of environmental policies. The case study shows the role of the firm strategy in the process of technical change. The empirical analysis confirms the role of this determinant (strategy of suppliers of bimolecular substances) and presents, moreover, the importance of regulation (REACH…), the benefits of certification (brand image) and demand as key factors in adoption of this ecolabel certification. Indeed, although this voluntary policy drives some firms to innovation, the environmental performance and accession by most firms in this sector remains a challenge. In the current context, firms which have used biomolecular substances, under suppliers' strategic influence, have developed green products but not systematically European Ecolabel certified products

Ecological modernization theory - facts and context. Historical perspective, conditions and limits of the neoliberal sustainability koncept Annotation: This diploma thesis deals with the synthesis of ideas of ecological modernization theory, which has been developing since the 80's of the 20th century particularly in Western Europe. The ecological modernization theory wants to explain, interpret and propose environmental reforms in conjunction with continued economical growth, industrial development and globalization. The ecological modernization theory argues that a continuous industrial development does not lead inevitably to environmental degradation, but rather provides the best possible way out of the environmental crisis. Although the ecological modernization theory is a relatively young concept, during the first thirty years of its existence has greatly expanded and diversified, gained countless supporters and opponents, provoked a number of debates and inspired many empirical studies. This development, however, has led not only to new findings but also resulted in a dilution of the ecological modernization theory, which thereby has become confusing, vague and inconsistent. This thesis attempts to give a framework to the ecological modernization theory to specify not only its main ideas and goals,...

[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é analisar e comparar os fatores determinantes das inovações ambientais geradas pelas empresas brasileiras, segundo padrões setoriais de mudança tecnológica, tendo como fonte de dados os indicadores da Pesquisa Nacional de Inovação (Pintec) realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A pesquisa pode ser considerada descritiva e aplicada. A metodologia adotada compreendeu pesquisa bibliográfica sobre inovação, padrões setoriais de inovação; classificações tecnológicas e estratégias de baixo carbono, destacando-se a importância das inovações ambientais e a contribuição de estudos empíricos internacionais e nacionais sobre determinantes desse tipo de inovação; pesquisa documental referente à Classificação CNAE e à Pintec 2014, ambas publicadas pelo IBGE; análise de conteúdo para classificar as atividades econômicas das empresas respondentes da Pintec 2014, segundo os padrões setoriais de mudança tecnológica da taxonomia proposta por Pavitt; elaboração de plano tabular referente às questões da pesquisa para solicitação dos dados ao IBGE; recebimento e formatação dos dados da Pintec 2014; aplicação do modelo econométrico logit para análise dos determinantes de inovações ambientais por padrão setorial; interpretação e discussão dos resultados. A utilização de indicadores da Pintec 2014 para analisar os fatores determinantes da geração desse tipo de inovação e a associação desses indicadores aos padrões setoriais propostos por Pavitt conferem à pesquisa um caráter inovador, uma vez que os estudos anteriores sobre inovações ambientais não exploraram essa abordagem metodológica. Na esfera governamental, os resultados gerados (por padrão setorial) serão relevantes para a formulação de políticas públicas de inovação mais consistentes e bem estruturadas. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze and compare the determinants of environmental innovations generated by Brazilian companies, according to sectoral patterns of technological change, using data from the National Innovation Survey (Pintec) published by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The research can be considered descriptive and applied. The methodology included bibliographical research on innovation, sectoral patterns of technical change; technological classifications and low carbon corporate strategies, highlighting the importance of environmental innovations for achieving their targets; the contribution of previous empirical studies on the determinants of environmental innovations; documentary research concerning the CNAE Classification and the Pintec 2014, both published by IBGE; content analysis to classify the economic activities of respondent companies of Pintec 2014, according to the sectoral patterns of technological change, as proposed by Pavitt; elaboration of a tabular plan aligned to the research questions for requesting data to IBGE; data collection; application of the logit econometric model to analyze and compare the determinants of environmental innovations by sectoral pattern; interpretation and discussion of results. The use of indicators from Pintec 2014 to analyze and compare the determinants of this type of innovation and the association of these indicators with the sectoral patterns proposed by Pavitt give the research an innovative character, since previous studies on environmental innovation did not explore this methodological approach. At the governmental level, the results generated (by sectoral pattern of technical change) will be relevant for the formulation of more consistent and well-structured public policies concerning environmental innovation.

Cette thèse s'articule autour de deux thèmes : l'évaluation monétaire des biens environnementaux et l'innovation en environnement. Si ces deux volets sont traités séparément, ils s'attachent toutefois à contribuer à un objectif commun : la lutte contre le changement climatique. Cette thèse se décline en cinq chapitres. Le premier propose une introduction générale, qui présente les deux thèmes développés, ainsi que leur contribution au défi du changement climatique. En attribuant une valeur pécuniaire aux biens environnementaux, l'évaluation monétaire peut servir la décision publique, non seulement lors de la mise en œuvre de projets pro-environnementaux, mais aussi en aidant é évaluer les dommages causés à l'environnement. L'innovation environnementale peut encourager les transferts de technologies et une croissance plus verte, dans une volonté de développement durable. Les chapitres 2 et 3 s'intéressent aux expériences de choix, en vue d'évaluer le consentement-à-payer pour l'amélioration de la qualité de l'eau de rivières. A partir d'une enquête proposant aux résidents de choisir entre différentes options de gestion pour les rivières de leur voisinage, nous montrons dans le chapitre 2 que ces derniers sont disposés à payer pour une meilleure qualité de l'eau. Nous nous apercevons toutefois que plus de 20% des individus de notre échantillon adoptent un comportement de protestation, c'est-à-dire déclarent un consentement-à-payer nul alors même que leur valeur pour l'eau des rivières est positive. Dans le chapitre 3, nous recourons à un modèle logit emboîté, afin de prendre en compte ce type de comportement. Nous obtenons des consentements-à-payer plus élevés, signe que le modèle utilisé est mieux adapté pour traiter des données comportant des zéros de protestation. Les chapitres 4 et 5 étudient les déterminants de l'innovation en environnement. A partir de données sur les dépôts de brevets et de l'enquête d'opinion du forum économique mondial, le chapitre 4 s'intéresse à l'impact de politiques publiques sur l'innovation en matière de technologies propres dans les domaines de l'eau, de l'air et des déchets. Notre analyse met en évidence le rôle positif sur l'innovation en environnement de la capacité d'innovation globale d'un pays et de la rigueur de ses politiques environnementales. Le chapitre 5 étudie l'influence des collaborations pour la publication d'articles scientifiques sur l'innovation en matière d'énergie éolienne. Nous couplons notre base de données sur les brevets avec une base rassemblant de nombreuses références littéraires dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique. Nous montrons que les transferts de connaissance entre les pays membres et non membres de l'OCDE dans le domaine éolien contribuent à améliorer la capacité d'innovation des pays non membres de l'OCDE. / This dissertation is interested in two areas of the environmental economics field: monetary valuation of environmental goods and services and environmental innovation. Even if those two fields are studied separately in this dissertation, they both aim at contributing to a common objective: fight against climate change. This dissertation ranges into five chapters. The first one is a general introduction, which depicts the two fields of the dissertation and their relevance towards climate change. Environmental valuation serves public decision through monetary valuation of environmental goods. This is useful not only for the implementation of projects directed to environmental protection, but also for the quantification of environmental damages. Environmental innovation may encourage technological transfers, but also a greener growth, in a will that our societies develop themselves following a sustainable path. Chapters 2 and 3 are interested in the choice experiments method in order to value local residents’ willingness-to-pay for water quality improvements at a specific river basin in France. Using a choice experiment with different management regimes for the river basin, we find that residents are willing-to-pay for an improved water quality. Despite this positive result, we observe a significant proportion (20%) of protest bids in our sample. Protest bids are respondents that state a zero willingness-to-pay, even though their true value for the good is positive. In order to take into account the existence of protest bids, we estimate a cross-nested logit model in chapter 3. We then obtain larger willingness-to-pay, which proves that the cross-nested logit model best fits the peculiarity of our data. Chapters 4 and 5 try to identify the drivers of environmental innovation. Using world patent data and data from the world economic forum survey, we study the impact of environmental public policies on innovation in clean technologies directed to water and air pollution, and waste. We find that both general innovative capacity and environmental policy stringency have a positive role on environment-related innovation. Chapter 5 looks at the influence of co-authorship of scientific publications on wind energy-related innovation. We use both the world patent database and the “Scopus” database, which contains lots of scientific literature references. We highlight the existence of knowledge spillovers between OECD and NON-OECD countries. Therefore, we show that knowledge transfers, regarding wind energy-related innovation, between OECD and NON-OECD countries contribute to improve NON-OECD countries' innovative capacity.

Aufgrund des gesellschaftlichen Wandels, globaler klimatischer und marktlicher Veränderungen sowie zunehmender Ressourcenknappheit sind landwirtschaftliche Betriebe immer mehr gefordert, ihre Produktionsverfahren anzupassen. Doch sind solche Innovationen häufig komplex und weisen einen systemischen Charakter auf. KMU sind häufig nicht in der Lage, diese oft mit höherem Risiko behafteten Innovationen voranzutreiben oder zu übernehmen. Zur Förderung ihrer Diffusion ist es notwendig, die äußeren und inneren Rahmenbedingungen der Innovationsumgebung zu kennen. Am Fallbeispiel der Innovationsprozesse zur Überwindung der Nachbauproblematik im Apfelanbau werden potenzielle Einflussfaktoren auf die Adoption neuer Maßnahmen mithilfe des sektoralen Innovationssystemansatzes nach Malerba und einem erweiterten Technology Acceptance Model erfasst. Hierbei wurde deutlich, dass trotz der günstigen natürlichen Rahmenbedingungen in der Untersuchungsregion, Faktoren wie sinkende Erzeugerpreise, Lohnsteigerungen, Wettbewerbsdruck, Klimawandel, die abnehmende Verfügbarkeit jungfräulicher Flächen sowie steigende Anforderungen des LEH und der Gesellschaft einen wirtschaftlichen Anbau zunehmend erschweren. Vor allem aber für Baumschulen sind die Folgen der Bodenmüdigkeit aufgrund des hohen Produktionswertes pro Hektar Kulturfläche besonders schwerwiegend. Maßnahmen, die bisher gegen Bodenermüdung ergriffen wurden, sind wenig effektiv, oder unwirtschaftlich. Die Analyse der Akzeptanzbefragung potenzieller Adopter zum Einsatz von Mikroorganismen gegen Bodenmüdigkeit ergab, dass die Nützlichkeit des Verfahrens positiv wahrgenommen wird und sich dies in einer hohen Übernahmeabsicht widerspiegelt. Eine Strukturgleichungsanalyse des in dieser Studie entwickelten Akzeptanzmodells mittels SmartPLS mit einem Bestimmtheitsmaß von 68% verdeutlichen, dass nicht vorrangig ökonomische Faktoren, sondern in erster Linie die Kompatibilität der Maßnahme, Einfluss auf eine potenzielle Übernahme ausüben würde. / Due to social change, global climatic and market changes as well as increasing scarcity of resources, agricultural enterprises are increasingly required to adapt their production processes. However, innovations often have a systemic character. SMEs are often not in a position to promote or adopt these innovations, which are often associated with higher risks. In order to promote their diffusion, it is, therefore, advantageous to know the external and internal framework conditions of the environment for innovation. Using the case study of innovation processes to overcome the problem of apple replant disease, potential influencing factors on the adoption of new measures are identified on the basis of the Sectoral Innovation System Approach according to Malerba and an extended Technology Acceptance Model. It became clear that, despite the favourable natural conditions in the study region, factors such as falling producer prices, wage increases, competitive pressure, climate change, the decreasing availability of virgin land and the increasing demands of food retailers and society are making commercial cultivation increasingly challenging. However, the consequences of soil fatigue are particularly severe for tree nurseries due to the high production value per hectare of cultivated land. Measures that have so far been taken to combat soil fatigue are ineffective or uneconomical. The analysis of the acceptance survey of potential adopters of microorganisms against soil fatigue showed that the usefulness of the method is perceived positively and that this is reflected in a high intention to adopt it. A structural equation analysis of the acceptance model developed in this study using SmartPLS and a coefficient of determination of 68% make it clear that not primarily economic factors, but primarily the compatibility of the measure, would influence a potential adoption.