Em uma operação mineira, a quantidade e a qualidade do minério disponível para alimentação na usina são essenciais para a continuidade e flexibilidade das operações. A quantidade de minério liberado não é considerada em softwares especialistas de sequenciamento de lavra. Geralmente quando o minério liberado é utilizado em rotinas de planejamento, a tonelagem mínima de minério liberado é definida a partir de métodos empíricos. Este estudo desenvolve uma metodologia que auxilia na definição da quantidade de minério liberado a ser considerada nos planos de lavra. Por meio da análise de um estudo de caso, usando krigagem ordinária como método de estimativa e simulação geoestatística para acesso à incerteza, foi avaliado o potencial da metodologia proposta. Foram gerados planos de lavra de cinco anos como referência a partir de cada um dos dois modelos de blocos. Os sequenciamentos de referência foram usados para gerar novos sequenciamentos, com quantidades variáveis de minério liberado (a saber, um, três, cinco e oito meses) para homogeneização na lavra, com posterior alimentação de usina com pilhas de homogeneização. Usando estas possíveis configurações, observou-se o impacto no valor presente líquido de cada um dos cenários e os efeitos do uso de minério liberado na variação de teores para composição de pilhas de homogeneização. A convergência desses critérios é capaz de fornecer diretrizes para a definição da quantidade adequada de minério liberado, a ser usada nos planos de lavra, que permita um balanço entre despesas com antecipação de descobertura para liberação de minério e, também, propicie uma atenuação da variância de teores na formação de pilhas de homogeneização para alimentação da usina. / In a mining operation the quantity and quality of the exposed ore available for plant feeding are essential for the continuity and flexibility of the operations. The quantity of exposed ore it is not considered in the mine sequencing specialist softwares. Generally when esposed ore is considered in mine planning routines, the minimum tonnage of exposed ore is defined by empirical methods. This study develops a methodology that helps in the definition of the quantity of exposed ore to be considered in the mine planning. Trough analyzing a case study, using ordinary kriging and geoestatistical simulation to access the uncertainty, it was evaluated the proposed methodology potential. It was generated five year mine planning as a reference for each one of the two block models. The reference mine plans were used to generate new scenarios with variable quantities of exposed ore (namely one, three, five and eight months) to mining blend, with posterior plant feed with homogenization piles. Using these possible configurations, it was observed the impact on the net present value of each scenario and the effects of using exposed ore on the grade variability while composing homogenization piles. The convergence of these criteria is able to give drivers for the definition of the quantity of exposed ore, to be used in the mine plans, which balances the expenses with stripping anticipation for ore exposure and give lower grade variability in the homogenization pile formation for plant feed.

Submitted by Thaís Soto Boni null (thais.sboni@gmail.com) on 2017-03-31T19:49:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Thaís Soto Boni.pdf: 4088899 bytes, checksum: ed4ad1dfde4834bfeb766b77365fefbb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-04-06T17:10:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 boni_ts_me_ilha.pdf: 4088899 bytes, checksum: ed4ad1dfde4834bfeb766b77365fefbb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T17:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 boni_ts_me_ilha.pdf: 4088899 bytes, checksum: ed4ad1dfde4834bfeb766b77365fefbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Para recuperação de áreas de solo degradado, com exposição do subsolo, tem-se adotado a revegetação, para introdução de matéria orgânica, formação de serapilheira e recuperação da comunidade microbiana do solo. Esta, por meio das relações complexas que estabelece com o solo e as raízes das plantas contribuirão melhorando as condições edáficas, comprometidas pela degradação. As comunidades microbianas são influenciadas por variações na temperatura, umidade e atmosfera do solo, bem como pelas reduções da cobertura vegetal, disponibilidade de nutrientes, estabilidade estrutural do solo, entre outros fatores, que podem ser modificados pelo uso e degradação do mesmo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a recuperação do subsolo exposto, em área degradada no Cerrado, por meio do recobrimento da superfície, do levantamento da vegetação espontânea, das condições de fertilidade do solo e da atividade microbiológica. A técnica de revegetação adotada para recuperação constou de mecanização/escarificação da área (0,40 m de profundidade), incorporação de resíduos orgânico - RO (macrófitas aquáticas) nas doses 0, 16, e 32 Mg ha-1 e agroindustrial - RA (cinza), nas doses 0, 15, 30 e 45 Mg ha-1, como condicionantes do subsolo, e reintrodução da vegetação, com plantio de mudas de 10 diferentes espécies arbóreas nativas do Cerrado (espaçamento 4,0 x 5,0 m). Transcorridos 4 e 5 anos da intervenção, avaliou-se o desempenho da técnica proposta. A avaliação do recobrimento da superfície foi realizada por análise de imagens obtidas com câmera fixada paralelamente à superfície e sempre à mesma altura (1,6 m). O levantamento da vegetação espontânea, em março de 2013, foi realizado na forma de censo, identificação completa (100 %) dos indivíduos presentes na área experimental - AE. Em março de 2015 as avaliações da vegetação espontânea, e do solo, foram realizadas em todas as 36 parcelas (20 x 30 m) da AE, e a identificação das espécies foi realizada em sub-parcelas de 5 x 5 m (estrato herbáceo - gramíneas, ervas e trepadeiras), e o estrato arbustivo-arbóreo foi avaliado na parcela toda (20 x 30 m). Análises de fertilidade e microbiológicas (respiração basal (C-CO2 liberado); carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM); determinação dos quocientes metabólico (qCO2) e microbiano (qMic) e da estrutura das comunidades de fungos e bactérias) foram conduzidas. O processo de recuperação estabelecido aumentou a biomassa das gramíneas e o recobrimento vegetal da área, na presença dos resíduos e diminuiu a variação na temperatura do solo. O modelo de recuperação adotado propiciou o estabelecimento de 72 espécies regenerantes (65 nativas e 7 exóticas), na área degradada, tendo a maior diversidade de espécies sido observada nos tratamentos onde o solo degradado foi condicionado. A fertilidade da AE ainda está comprometida, no entanto o pH aumentou e o Al diminuiu, sinalizando positivamente. As variáveis microbiológicas mostraram tendência de incremento em sua atividade na área em recuperação, em relação à área degradada sem intervenção. A extração de DNA não foi eficaz para o solo do Cerrado e nem para os solos degradados, devido à baixa concentração de microrganismos, o que poderá ser abordado em novos estudos. / For reclamation of degraded soil area's with subsoil exposure, the revegetation has been adopted, to introduce organic matter enhance, litter formation and recovery of soil microbial community. This, through the complex relationships that microbes establish with the soil material and the plant roots, will contribute to improve the soil conditions, compromised by degradation. Microbial communities are influenced by variations of soil temperature, moisture and atmosphere, as well as by reductions in soil plant cover, nutrient availability, soil structural stability, among other factors, that can be modified by soil use and degradation. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the recovery process of an exposed subsoil in a Cerrado degraded area, through the evaluation of surface cover, spontaneous vegetation survey, soil fertility conditions and microbiological activity. The re-vegetation technique adopted for recovery consisted of area mechanization/scarification (0.40 m depth), incorporation of organic residues - RO (aquatic macrophytes) at 0, 16, and 32 Mg ha-1 and agroindustrial - RA (ash) at 0, 15, 30 and 45 Mg ha-1, as subsoil conditioners, and reintroduction of vegetation, with seedling of 10 different tree species native from Cerrado (4.0 x 5.0 m spacing). After, elapsed 4 and 5 years of the intervention, the performance of the proposed technique was evaluated. The surface covering evaluation was performed by analyzing images obtained with a camera fixed parallel to the surface and always at the same height (1.6 m). The survey of spontaneous vegetation, in March 2013, was carried out as a census, complete identification (100%) of the individuals present in the experimental area - AE. In March of 2015, the evaluations of spontaneous vegetation and soil were performed in all 36 plots (20 x 30 m) of the AE, and the species identification was carried out in subplots of 5 x 5 m (herbaceous stratum - grasses, weeds and climbers), and the shrub-tree stratum was evaluated in the whole plot (20 x 30 m). Fertility and microbiological analyzes (basal respiration (C-CO2 released), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), determination of metabolic (qCO2) and microbial (qMic) quotients and of structure of fungal and bacterial communities) were conducted. The established recovery process increased the grasses biomass and plant vegetal cover in the area upon the addition of residues, and decreased the variation in soil temperature. The recovery model adopted allowed the establishment of 72 regenerating species (65 natives and 7 exotics) in the degraded area, with the greatest diversity of species being observed in the treatments where the degraded soil was conditioned. The fertility of the EA is still committed, however the pH increased and Al decreased, signaling positively. Microbiological variables showed a tendency to increase their activity in the recovering area, in relation to degraded area without intervention. The DNA extraction was not effective to Cerrado soil or degraded soils, due to the low concentration of microorganisms, which could be approached in new studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoNT.pdf: 774010 bytes, checksum: b38e7bd15e0122d23eeaefc55cd05daf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-17 / The abandonment of newborn children is a reality nowadays. This reality enables us to discuss this issue in other temporalities, in all kinds of societies. Thus, this work aims to demonstrate how the population that lived at Freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Apresenta??o, a civil parish at a Rio Grande do Norte captaincy, socially placed the abandoned newborn during in the eighteenth century. These newborn were called exposed ones at the time and were inserted in a regional Exposed Circle. The research also discussed how the local Council assembly sheltered these newborn. For research development the following manuscript documents were used: baptism, wedding and demise documents at Freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Apresenta??o as well as the first Book of Records if the matrix church at this civil parish. The research also considered the terms of the Council assembly. Some printed documents were used such as Philippine Ordainments, the First Constitutions of the Archbishop in 1707 including the Lunario contents as well as texts from Andr? Jo?o Antonil and Henry Koster. In the analysis reference work related to Social History was used. Thus, it is possible confirm that there was construction of socially accepted places for these exposed on behalf of the colonist at the region / O abandono de crian?as rec?m-nascidas ? uma realidade do tempo presente. Por?m esta realidade nos possibilita discutir a tem?tica em outras temporalidades, nas mais diferentes sociedades. Sendo assim, o objetivo de nosso trabalho ? demonstrar como os moradores da Freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Apresenta??o, localizada na capitania do Rio Grande do Norte, durante o s?culo XVIII, inseriram socialmente as crian?as rec?m-nascidas abandonadas, denominadas na ?poca de expostos, a partir da inexist?ncia de uma Roda dos expostos na regi?o, como tamb?m a omiss?o dos membros da C?mara de vereadores no processo de amparo. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram utilizados os seguintes documentos: os Livros de batismo, casamento e ?bito da freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Apresenta??o, o Primeiro Livro de Tombo da igreja matriz da mesma freguesia, e os Termos de verea??o da C?mara da cidade do Natal. Todo este conjunto comp?e o corpus de documentos manuscritos. Seguido destes, tamb?m foram analisados alguns documentos impressos, como, as Ordena??es Filipinas, as Constitui??es Primeiras do Arcebispado da Bahia de 1707, incluindo o conte?do do Lun?rio, os textos de Andr? Jo?o Antonil e Henry Koster. No desenvolvimento da an?lise utilizamos referenciais ligados ? Hist?ria Social. Assim, constatamos a constru??o por parte dos colonos da freguesia de lugares socialmente aceitos para os expostos da regi?o

Em uma operação mineira, a quantidade e a qualidade do minério disponível para alimentação na usina são essenciais para a continuidade e flexibilidade das operações. A quantidade de minério liberado não é considerada em softwares especialistas de sequenciamento de lavra. Geralmente quando o minério liberado é utilizado em rotinas de planejamento, a tonelagem mínima de minério liberado é definida a partir de métodos empíricos. Este estudo desenvolve uma metodologia que auxilia na definição da quantidade de minério liberado a ser considerada nos planos de lavra. Por meio da análise de um estudo de caso, usando krigagem ordinária como método de estimativa e simulação geoestatística para acesso à incerteza, foi avaliado o potencial da metodologia proposta. Foram gerados planos de lavra de cinco anos como referência a partir de cada um dos dois modelos de blocos. Os sequenciamentos de referência foram usados para gerar novos sequenciamentos, com quantidades variáveis de minério liberado (a saber, um, três, cinco e oito meses) para homogeneização na lavra, com posterior alimentação de usina com pilhas de homogeneização. Usando estas possíveis configurações, observou-se o impacto no valor presente líquido de cada um dos cenários e os efeitos do uso de minério liberado na variação de teores para composição de pilhas de homogeneização. A convergência desses critérios é capaz de fornecer diretrizes para a definição da quantidade adequada de minério liberado, a ser usada nos planos de lavra, que permita um balanço entre despesas com antecipação de descobertura para liberação de minério e, também, propicie uma atenuação da variância de teores na formação de pilhas de homogeneização para alimentação da usina. / In a mining operation the quantity and quality of the exposed ore available for plant feeding are essential for the continuity and flexibility of the operations. The quantity of exposed ore it is not considered in the mine sequencing specialist softwares. Generally when esposed ore is considered in mine planning routines, the minimum tonnage of exposed ore is defined by empirical methods. This study develops a methodology that helps in the definition of the quantity of exposed ore to be considered in the mine planning. Trough analyzing a case study, using ordinary kriging and geoestatistical simulation to access the uncertainty, it was evaluated the proposed methodology potential. It was generated five year mine planning as a reference for each one of the two block models. The reference mine plans were used to generate new scenarios with variable quantities of exposed ore (namely one, three, five and eight months) to mining blend, with posterior plant feed with homogenization piles. Using these possible configurations, it was observed the impact on the net present value of each scenario and the effects of using exposed ore on the grade variability while composing homogenization piles. The convergence of these criteria is able to give drivers for the definition of the quantity of exposed ore, to be used in the mine plans, which balances the expenses with stripping anticipation for ore exposure and give lower grade variability in the homogenization pile formation for plant feed.

Bakgrund: Patientmötet är en central del av sjuksköterskans yrkesutövning och dessa sker med människor i varierande livssituationer. I mötet ska omvårdnadsbehovet tillgodoses fysiskt, psykiskt, socialt, andligt och kulturellt. Våldsutsatta kvinnor uppsöker sjukvård i större utsträckning än andra och sjuksköterskan har en betydande roll i att identifiera dessa och ge de den omvårdnad de behöver. Syfte: Att belysa möjligheter och utmaningar uppstådda i mötet mellan våldsutsatta kvinnor och sjuksköterskor i vårdsituationen. Metod: En litteraturstudie med analys av nio vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Utbildning, arbetsmiljörelaterade faktorer, rutiner och ledningsstöd är aspekter på en organisatorisk nivå där både möjligheter och utmaningar kunde identifieras i mötet mellan sjuksköterskor och våldsutsatta kvinnor. På en individuell nivå kan attityd och kunskap visa på dito. Klinisk relevans: Litteraturstudien bidrar med en överskådlig bild av vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som uppstår i mötet mellan våldsutsatta kvinnor och sjuksköterskor. De möjligheter som framkom i det sammanställda resultatet visade sig vara återkommande under en majoritet av subkategorierna och kan användas i sjuksköterskans arbete för att åstadkomma ett gott möte för dessa kvinnor med hälso- ochförbättringsarbete både individuellt och på en organisatorisk nivå. / Background: The encounter with patients is a central part of the nurses’ occupation and these are held with people in a variety of life situations. In the meeting, the nursing needs must be addressed both physically, psychologically, socially and culturally. Women exposed to violence seek healthcare in greater extent than others and nurses have a significant role in identifying these and providing the nursing they need. Purpose: To shed light over possibilities and challenges occured in the meeting between women exposed to violence and nurses in the caring environment. Method: A literature review with analysis of nine scientific articles with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Results: Education, factors related to work environment, routines and management support are aspects of an organizational level where both opportunities and challenges could be identified in the meeting between nurses and women exposed to violence. On an individual level, attitudes and knowledge can present dito. Clinical relevance: The literature study provides a clear picture of the opportunities and challenges that arise in the encounter between women exposed to violence and nurses. The experiences found in the compiled result proved to be recurring in a majority of the subcategories and can be used in the nurse's work for reflection and the opportunity to establish a good meeting for these women with health care. Even the challenges raised can be important areas for improvement work both individually and at an organizational level

Dans le cadre d’une action préventive, la mesure de la dose interne pulmonaire est plus pertinenteque la mesure de l’exposition atmosphérique car la dose interne est la quantité de toxique pouvantinteragir avec les cellules de l’épithélium respiratoire. En santé-travail, le dosage urinaire est fréquemmentutilisé mais il ne représente que le résultat final de l’épuration de multiples organes. Lecondensat d’air exhalé (EBC) est le liquide obtenu de façon non invasive après refroidissement del’air expiré d’un sujet au repos. Ce liquide est constitué de l’aérosolisation du liquide recouvrantl’épithélium respiratoire du compartiment alvéolaire et aussi du compartiment trachéobronchique oubronchique. Nous proposons d’utiliser l’EBC comme une approche alternative pour la surveillancebiologique des salariés. Les modèles cinétiques d’épuration pulmonaire actuels montrent que lesparticules déposées dans le compartiment alvéolaire ont une épuration très lente. Nous avons doncvoulu savoir si l’EBC était une matrice reflétant l’exposition pulmonaire en particules inhalées.Objectifs : 1) évaluer la faisabilité de la détection de particules minérales ou métalliques dans l’EBCde salariés exposés, 2) corréler la concentration de ces particules dans l’EBC avec les concentrations atmosphériques de ces particules obtenues pendant le poste de travail et avec les dosages urinaires.Matériel et Méthode : Nous avons analysé les EBC de salariés issus de trois secteurs d’activité professionnelle. La 1ère étude concernait un salarié d’une unité de broyage de muscovite atteint d’une infiltration pulmonaire diffuse. La 2ème étude était une étude « exposé/non-exposé »concernant un groupe de soudeurs utilisant la technique « metal inert gaz » (MIG). La 3ème étudeétait une étude « exposé/non-exposé » de salariés exposés à des composés solubles de bérylliumdans le secteur de l’aluminerie dans 2 entreprises différentes.Résultats Etude n°1 : L’analyse minéralogique de l’EBC a retrouvé des particules ayant le même profil spectral en spectrométrie Raman que les particules prélevées dans l’atmosphère de l’entreprise. L’analyse minéralogique du parenchyme pulmonaire a montré la présence d’une concentration élevée de particules compatibles avec des particules de muscovite.Etude n°2 : Les concentrations de manganèse et de nickel dans l’EBC (Mn-EBC, Ni-EBC) dosées par ICP-MS étaient significativement plus élevées chez les soudeurs que chez les témoins alors que cette différence n'était pas significative pour le Mn urinaire (Mn-U). Les concentrations de Mn-EBC et de Ni-EBC ne sont pas corrélées avec leur concentration respective dans l'urine. Les régressions linéaires ont trouvé des coefficients significativement positifs entre les concentrations de Mn-EBC,Ni-EBC, Ni-U et Cr-U et les indices d’exposition cumulée.Etude n°3 : Les concentrations de béryllium et d’aluminium dans l’EBC (Be-EBC, Al-EBC) étaient significativement plus élevées chez les sujets de l’entreprise n°1 que chez les témoins alors que leurs concentrations dans les urines ne l’étaient pas. Les régressions linéaires ont trouvé des coefficients significativement positifs entre les concentrations de Be-EBC et celle d’Al-EBC mais aussi entre les concentrations de Be-EBC et l’indice d’exposition cumulée. Les concentrations d’Al-EBC et Al-U étaient significativement plus élevées chez les sujets de l’entreprise n°2 que chez les témoins. [...] / Medical follow-up of employees in occupational medicine requires the use of biological exposure indices that are frequently measured in urine or blood and thus reflect the result of purification by multiple organs. It seems appropriate to evaluate the internal pulmonary dose of occupational toxins to detect their potential early impact. This internal dose could previously only be known after performing invasive techniques such as bronchoalveolar lavage. The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a liquid obtained non-invasively after cooling the exhaled air of a subject at rest. It consists of the aerosolization of the liquid that covers the respiratory epithelium of the alveolar compartment and the tracheobronchial or bronchial compartment. Many studies have investigated the markers of inflammation in this matrix but very few have studied the markers of exposure. The current clearance lung models show that the clearance of inhaled particles is variable depending on the region (tracheobronchial , bronchiolar or alveolar region) and a significant proportion of these particles has a slow clearance. Therefore, we hypothesize that EBC could be a matrix that should reflect the pulmonary exposure of inhaled particles during occupational exposure.AimsThe first aim of our study was to assess the feasibility to detect mineral or metallic particles in the EBC of exposed workers. The second objective was to correlate the EBC concentration of these particles with their atmospheric concentrations measured during work.We analyzed EBC from employees engaged in three occupational activities.The first study involved an employee of a milling unit of muscovite suffering from diffuse infiltrative lung disease who underwent a collection of condensate, a lung biopsy, and a dual-source, dual-energy computed tomography. A mineralogical analysis was performed on the EBC, lung tissue, and atmospheric dust collected at the plant.The second study was an exposed-unexposed study on a group of welders using a technique called "metal inert gas" (MIG) welding for assembling steel structures during the production of rail transport (in collaboration with the Association Santé Travail de l’Arrondissement de Valenciennes - ASTAV). Metals of interest in this study were manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and chromium (Cr). Air samples were performed at the plant in order to calculate a cumulative exposure index for the week and thence the welding history for each metal of interest.The third study was a national exposed-unexposed study of workers exposed to soluble beryllium compounds in an aluminum smelter (in collaboration with the Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité - INRS). The recruitment of exposed subjects was carried out in the electrolysis area production (Area “A”) and in the area of anodes repair (area “B”). Metals of interest in this study were the beryllium (Be), and aluminum (Al). A task-exposure matrix allowed us to calculate a cumulative exposure index of beryllium.Groups (exposed and control) of the second and third study underwent a collection of condensate, a urine collection (U), and pulmonary function tests (PFT) including measurement of exhaled NO. Cumulative exposure indices were correlated with metal concentrations in EBC.The use of new techniques was necessary for the determination of particles in the EBC as Raman spectroscopy for mineral muscovite particles (collaboration with EA 4490 Faculty of Dental Surgery) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP- MS) for the metal particles in the EBC (in collaboration with the Ultra Trace Analyse Aquitaine - UT2A ) and urine (in collaboration with the Centre Universitaire de Mesures et d’Analyses – CUMA, Lille 2 ). [...]

L’objectif principal de l’étude était d’identifier les principaux médicaments associés aux hépatites aiguës (HA) associé aux médicaments (HAM) en France. Trois approches méthodologiques ont été définies. L’approche méthodologique principale est l’analyse cas-population. Les autres approches sont cas-propre témoin et cas témoins.Les cas ont été identifiés parmi les patients adultes présents dans le SNIIRAM, ayant une première hospitalisation entre 01/01/2010-31/12/2014 dont le diagnostic principal est une atteinte hépatique toxique (Classification Internationale des Maladies (CIM-10) K71.1, K71.2, K71.6, K71.9) ou une insuffisance hépatique(CIM-10 K72.0). La population de référence a été définie à partir de l’EGB. La date index (DI) considérée est la date de première hospitalisation pour HA. Les délivrances de l’ensemble des traitements précédant la DI ont été étudiées en considérant une exposition variant de 7 à 60 jours avant la DI. Les produits les plus fréquemment retrouvés sont classiques: antalgiques et en premier lieu le paracétamol, puis les produits à visée digestive symptomatique (inhibiteur de la pompe à protons, prokinétique, antispasmodique). Les suivants sont l’amoxicilline seule ou associée à l’acide clavulanique, l’ibuprofène, la codéine associée et le furosémide. L’ensemble de ces résultats pourra informer les autorités sanitaires, les praticiens et les patients sur le risque associé à chacune de ces molécules tant au plan individuel (risque absolu, risque attribuable), qu’au sein d’une famille de produits(risque relatif) ainsi que plus globalement pour la population et le système de santé(nombre absolu de cas attribuables). / The main objective of EPIHAM study is to identify the main drugs associated with drug induced liver injury leading to hospital admission (DILIH) in France and the event rates associated with DILIH. Three methodological approaches were defined. Principal approach is case-population. The others are case-crossover and case control analyses. Cases were identified among adult patients present in SNIIRAM database having a first hospitalization between 01/01/2010-2010/31/12/1204, the main diagnosis of which is toxic liver disease (diagnostic codes according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) K71.1, K71.2, K71.6, K71.9) orK72.0. Reference population was defined from the EGB. Index date (ID) was considered as the date of hospital admission for DILI. The dispensations of all treatments preceding the ID were studied by considering an exposure windowvarying from 7 to 60 days before ID. The most frequently found are classical: analgesics and firstly paracetamol, followed by drugs acting on digestive system (proton pump inhibitors, prokinetics, antispasmodics). The following were amoxicillinalone or combined with clavulanic acid, ibuprofen, codeine combinations, and furosemide. These results can inform health authorities, practitioners and patients about the acute hepatitis risk leading to hospitalisation associated with each of these molecules, both individually (absolute risk, attributable risk) and within a therapeutic drug family (relative risk) as well as more generally for the population and the health system (absolute number of attributable cases).

The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of the perceptions, among the inhabitants of socially vulnerable areas, of the various factors that make immigrant youth participate in criminal activities. The essay is a qualitative case study with semi-structured interviews, each respondent hailing from a particular vulnerable area of Sweden. The data was processed in a thematic analysis which was then divided into different themes. The study begins with an introduction informing the reader of what to expect ahead as well as background information on vulnerable areas, criminal activity, and newcomers. The collected data has been analyzed theoretically with the help of Hirschi's social bond theory, Becker's labeling theory and Merton's strain theory. The results show that young immigrants choose to participate in illegal activities due to various factors. According to the respondents, the factors can be anything from housing situation, living conditions, financial resources and others that empower them to commit crimes. The norms and values that immigrant youth have are unlike established social norms and for this reason they are regarded as deviants and feel excluded from the majority society. Immigrant young people experience strain from an early age as they attempt to establish themselves and enjoy a similar level and standing as other Swedes.

This thesis seeks to understand the role of school timetables as an interface between policies that regulate or distribute forms of capital to schools, and their teaching and learning rhythms. By doing so, it proposes a mechanism for examining the reproduction of schooling practices, and how these are grounded in policy-regulated materiality. Two high schools with similar historic backgrounds, and operating under the same provincial government, were selected and closely studied for evidence of rhythms of practice and the correspondence of these rhythms to each school's timetable. The two schools now experience different access to resources, and have significant differences in teaching and learning rhythms, as well as school-leaving summative assessment results. The study develops an analytic framework for identifying policies that reach into schools through the timetable. Five key inputs are identified as necessary for constructing timetables, providing productive lines of inquiry as to which policies affect schooling rhythms and how. By asking who teaches whom, what, with what and where, systematic analysis is conducted on: how schools are staffed (who); who they enrol (whom); their interpretation of curriculum (what); what supplementary resources they can command (with what); and their infrastructural facilities and geographic (dis)advantages (where). The interaction between these different threads is examined as they tangle within each school's timetable. The enactment of the policies regulating each thread is then traced through the layers of governance of the South African education system: national, provincial and local (school-level). Timetables are conceptualised in this study as local representations of intended teaching and learning rhythm. Using Lefebvre's triad of timespace-conceived, timespace-perceived and timespace-lived, timetables (timespace-conceived) are brought into conversation with timespace-lived through daily teaching and learning activities. Bourdieu's theory of practice is used with Lefebvre to animate the ‘game' of schooling: what schools strive for, what forms of capital they can command to sustain or improve their field position, and how they reproduce their practices. Bourdieu and Lefebvre together generate a sociomaterial practice theory lens that foregrounds timetables and their legitimacy to govern rhythms of teaching and learning in timespace. Timetables emerge as a site of the production and reproduction of advantage (fortified schools) and/or disadvantage (exposed schools) in the game of schooling. In timetables, the policies that avail forms of capital interact in previously unconsidered ways, suggesting that collectively they potentially undergird inequality in the education system.

Magister Artium - MA / Introduction A high burden of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) constitutes a key global public health concern. In South Africa, it is estimated that 260 000 children aged 0-14 years had HIV infection and only 63% of them were reported to have received HIV treatment in 2018. Without antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection during infancy is associated with rapid disease progression where more than half of all infected children are expected to die before two years of age. Early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV is therefore essential for accessing timely HIV treatment. However, preanalytical errors within the EID diagnostic cascade prevent optimal access to HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and contributing factors of preanalytical errors resulting in missed diagnostic opportunities for HIV among children below 18 months of age in Thabo Mofutsanyana (TM) district. Methodology The study was conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional study design and data was collected in two phases. Phase 1 involved obtaining the routine HIV PCR testing data set from the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) for all samples collected at TM public health facilities in 2018 and registered by NHLS. Phase 2 included a facility assessment checklist and semi structured questionnaire administered to 36 health care workers (HCWs) from 10 purposively selected health facilities. Data collected in phase 2 was analyzed to describe health facilities and HCW factors that might be contributing to the HIV PCR preanalytical errors. Results Phase 1. Of the 9318 samples included in the analysis, 49.6% were birth HIV PCRs whilst 42.1% and 8.3% were from 10 weeks and above 12 weeks age categories, respectively. A total of 745 (8%) samples were rejected because of the following preanalytical errors: insufficient specimen (84.3%), unsuitable sample (9.9%) and clerical error (5.8%).By age, the preanalytical errors were: birth (534), 10 weeks (170) and the above 12 weeks age category (41). Hospitals had the highest proportion of total preanalytical errors (58.1%). For PHCs the errors were: insufficient specimen (90%), unsuitable sample (5.5%) and clerical (4.8%).