Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera lärares upplevelser av socialt arbete med fokus på barn i utsatta livssituationer. Följande frågeställningar har formulerats; Hur ser lärare på sin roll i arbetet med elever i utsatta livssituationer eller livsmiljöer? Vilket utrymme upplever lärare att dessa frågor får och har i skolan? Vilka framgångsfaktorer och hinder upplever lärare i sitt arbete med elever i utsatta lägen? Studien bygger på en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer som metod. Elva lärare har intervjuats om sina upplevelser av sitt arbete. Lärarnas berättelser om deras upplevelser av arbetet handlar om komplexitet i arbetet med förväntningar från olika håll, relationsskapande, stöd av kollegor och medarbetare, tidsbrist, otillräckliga resurser, krav på att eleverna ska ha full måluppfyllelse, krävande eller oengagerade vårdnadshavare, skillnader mellan skolor och stadsdelar, gränssättning, prioriteringar och ett tidskrävande dokumentationsarbete. I diskussionen lyfts tids och resursbristerna fram som dominerande aspekter av skolans verklighet, där skolan har svårt att lyckas med sitt kompensatoriska uppdrag. / The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze teacher’s experience of social work with a focus on children in vulnerable situations. The following questions have been formulated: How do teachers see their role in dealing with students in vulnerable situations or environments? What scope do the teachers perceive this question have in school? What are the success factors and barriers that teachers experience in their work with children in vulnerable situations? This study is based on a qualitative approach with semi-structured qualitative interviews as a method. Eleven teachers were interviewed about their work related experiences.The teachers' accounts of their experiences of work depict complexity with expectations from different directions, relationship-building, the support of colleagues and co-workers, lack of time, lack of resources, demands of students on required grade achievements, demanding or uninvolved guardians, differences between schools and neighborhoods, setting limits, priorities and a time-consuming documentation work. The discussion highlights time and resource deficiencies as dominant aspects of the school's reality, where the school has difficulties to succeed with their compensatory duties.

The purpose of this essay has been to understand the conditions for parents who are victims of domestic violence to deal with legal demands in custody disputes, and thereby understand how authorities risk reproducing vulnerability. Our qualitative research has been conducted by analyzing life stories through autobiographical literature and podcastinterviews. The results of the study show that the perpetrator, social networks and the authorities are important for understanding aggravating and enabling circumstances in custody disputes for victimized parents. Furthermore, the results show that parents who have experienced violence manage paradoxical demands from authorities in custody disputes through both adaptation and resistance. Yet, regardless of the strategy, they still need to adapt to the authorities. This leads to the lack of power for parents trying to protect their children from an abusive parent and authority decisions that put their lives, safety and health at risk. Consequently, authorities risk unintentionally reproducing the vulnerability for parents and children who are victims of domestic violence.

La majorité des infections par le VIH sont acquises hétérosexuellement surtout chez les femmes en Afrique subsaharienne. Le tractus génital féminin (TGF) est la principale porte d’entrée pour le VIH et joue un rôle important dans la défense de l’organisme. De concert avec les cellules épithéliales, les cellules dendritiques (DC) aident à maintenir une balance immunitaire entre tolérance et inflammation. Dans un groupe de travailleuses du sexe (CSW) à Cotonou, au Bénin, des femmes (CSW ≥ 8 ans) ont été identifiées comme hautement exposées séronégatives (HESN). La fréquence de populations cellulaires myéloïdes de type Monocytes-Derived Dendritic Cells (MoDC) présentant un potentiel antiviral et « tolérogénique/régulateur » est augmentée au niveau du TGF des HESNs et les monocytes pourraient être impliqués dans leur génération. Les résultats de RNA-seq sur les monocytes totaux permettent de constater une augmentation de gènes associés à des fonctions effectrices, de protection/contrôle de l’infection et de régulation chez les HESNs comparé aux contrôles (2,5-5 années CSWs HIV- « early HESN », CSWs HIV+ et des femmes de la population générale Non CSWs HIV-). Les résultats de cytométrie en flux (FACS) démontrent une proportion élevée de non-classiques comparé aux autres sous-populations de monocytes sanguins, exprimant davantage de molécules effectrices et régulatrices, suggérant un lien avec les MoDCs tolérogéniques observées. Cinq individus ont séroconverti et ont présenté des modifications bien avant la séroconversion, soit une diminution de β-chimiokines et des IgG anti-gp41 dans le compartiment sanguin et mucosal du TGF. Un bris du profil « tolérogénique/régulateur » pourrait donc favoriser la séroconversion. / Most HIV infection are acquired through heterosexual intercourse, mostly in women in subsaharian Africa. The female genital tract (FGT) is the principal portal of entry for HIV and plays a critical role in host defense. Together, epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DC) help maintain immunological balance between inflammation and tolerance. In a group of commercial sex worker (CSW) from Cotonou, in Benin, women (CSW 8 ≥ years) have been identified as HIV-1 highly exposed seronegative (HESN). The frequency of myeloid cell populations alike to Monocytes-Derived Dendritic Cells (MoDC) presenting an antiviral potential and a tolerogenic/regulating profile were increased in FGT of HESNs and their monocytes could be implied in their generation. The RNA-seq results on total blood monocytes show an increase expression of genes associated with effector, protection/control of HIV infection and regulation functions in HESNs compared with control groups (2,5-5 years CSWs HIV- « early HESN », CSWs HIV+ and women from general population Non CSWs HIV-). Our flow cytometry (FACS) results show an elevated frequency of non-classical compared with other sub-populations in blood monocytes, expressing more effector and regulator molecules, suggesting a link with observed tolerogenic MoDCs. Moreover, five individuals have seroconverted and presented modifications before seroconversion such as lower levels of β-chemokines and anti-gp41 IgG in blood and mucosal compartments in the FGT. A break of this “tolerogenic/regulating” profile could favor seroconversion.

The aim of the current study was to highlight the social service work with domestic violence against women. In this study, we examined whether there was a difference in the way the social service works and if their effort differ in terms of domestic violence. Moreover, this study investigated how social workers work to prevent future violence against victims also what method they use to find out the causes behind men’s violence against women. A total of four administrative officers were interviewed from two different municipalities. All four officers were actively working with questions concerning domestic violence against women. The content analysis methodology was used as a basis for our questioner which contained twenty questions. This method was chosen because of violence is the basis of social service work. In conclusion, social services in the two municipalities that were studied in this study offer abused women different types of contributions. The type of effort provided depends on women’s individual situations. There are however, no major differences between the ways social services are dealing with domestic violence compared with honor-related violence. In those cases that were received to the two social offices, the underlying causes of violence against women varied. This may possibly include alcohol-related violence and mental illness. Future actions concerns the need of social assistance to work more on developing new methods to mainly protect women from domestic violence also to provide information to women about the social service interventions.

ABSTRAKT Titel: Sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av mötet med kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer är idag ett globalt folkhälsoproblem. En tredjedel av världens kvinnor har någon gång utsatts för fysiskt eller sexuellt våld i en nära relation och det är stor sannolikhet att man som sjuksköterska kommer möta dessa våldsutsatta kvinnor. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i mötet med utsatta kvinnor och befinner sig i en unik position när det gäller att identifiera våld i nära relation och för att ge en adekvat omvårdnad.                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av mötet med kvinnor utsatta för våld i nära relationer.                                                                                                                                                                                Metod: Studien var en litteraturstudie som baserades på en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med 10 artiklar som låg till grund för resultatet.                                                                                                                                                                         Resultat: Tre domäner och nio underkategorier identifierades. Domänerna innefattade: Förhållningssätt i mötet, Känslor som uppstår i mötet och Behov av kunskap och stöd.                                                                                                                                                   Konklusion: Behovet av utbildning tydliggjordes då mer kunskap möjliggör för ett bättre bemötande och bättre hantering av de känslorna som sjuksköterskorna upplevde i mötet med de utsatta kvinnorna och kan därmed möjliggöra för en adekvat vård.  Nyckelord: Våld i nära relationer, Sjuksköterskans erfarenheter, Våldsutsatta kvinnor

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para o avanço nos estudos de parâmetros e procedimentos objetivos para avaliação estética de superfícies de concreto aparente e de materiais para preenchimento de lacunas neste material, de forma a atender requisitos especificados em projetos de conservação de edifícios modernos. Como objeto de estudo foi escolhido o Edifício Vilanova Artigas, sede da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo, obra arquitetônica que apresenta as características que motivaram o assunto abordado. Pautada pelas diretrizes de conservação do patrimônio construído defendidas por entidades como o Conselho Internacional de Monumentos e Sítios, a reparação dos danos dessas superfícies deve manter a unidade estética da obra, reconhecida por sua cor, textura e forma. O trabalho experimental possibilitou a comparação entre as superfícies do concreto original e de amostras de argamassas cimentícias, elaboradas com diferentes traços, pigmentos, aditivos e proteção superficial. As avaliações de aparência se basearam em métodos comparativos de dados colorimétricos no sistema CIE L*a*b* e por método perceptual com base em escala tonal. As investigações de textura foram feitas com materiais aplicados sobre as superfícies das argamassas frescas e as de geometria por estudo analítico para reparos nas empenas do edifício estudado. / This work intends to contribute to the advancement in the study of objective parameters and procedures for aesthetic evaluation of apparent concrete surfaces and materials to fill gaps in this material, in order to meet the requirements specified in conservation projects of modern buildings. The object of study was the Vilanova Artigas Building, headquarters of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, an architectural work that presents the characteristics that motivated the subject. Guided by the guidelines of conservation of the built heritage defended by entities like International Council of Monuments and Sites, the repair of the damages of these surfaces must maintain the aesthetic unity of the work, recognized by its color, texture and shape. The surfaces of the original concrete and samples of cement mortars, elaborated with different mix design, pigments, additives and surface protection were evaluated. The appearance evaluations were based on comparative methods of colorimetric data in the CIE system L * a * b * and by perceptual method based on tonal scale. The texture investigations were made with materials applied on the surfaces of the fresh mortars and those of geometry by analytical study for the conservation of the studied building.

A simple high pressure liquid chromatography procedure was used to determine 2,4-D and pronamide exposure in spraymen and their dermal absorption and excretion in guinea pigs. Results of dermal application of these herbicides to guinea pigs demonstrated a strong correlation between the applied dermal dose and the urinary residue excretion over the dosage range tested. As the dosage was increased, the urinary excretion of residues was also increased. However, the excretion of 2,4-D amine mixture following dermal treatment of guinea pigs was prolonged as compared to that of pronamide. Residue levels of these compounds were also determined to estimate skin contamination after sampling by filter pads attached to the clothing and arms of agricultural spraymen. Residues in the workers' urine before and after exposure were also determined. Average exposure values of 44.93 mg/hr/man for 2,40D and 0.83 mg/hr/man for pronamide were extrapolated from residue values obtained from analyzing the pads. Little correlation was found between the measured residues from exposed subjects and residues quantified in their urine samples.

Geologic storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) by injection into underground porous sandstone reservoirs has been proposed as a method for the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Upwards migration and leakage of injected fluids along natural fault and fracture networks is a key risk factor for potential injection locations. We examine exposed natural analogs to evaluate the impacts of faulting and fracturing on reservoir and top-seal pairs and to evaluate evidence for paleomigration of fluids along the fault zone. We examine the Iron Wash fault, a 25-km long normal fault which cuts Jurassic sedimentary rocks and has throws that range from 20-120 m, to examine how a fault may affect seal integrity. Field mapping, kinematic analysis, petrographic analysis, characterization of the fault zone facies and fault architecture, analysis of altered and mineralized rocks in and around the fault zone, and modeling of fault seal capacity was conducted to provide an understanding of the Iron Wash fault zone. Field data and observations were combined with well log and borehole data to produce three types of models for the Iron Wash fault: 1) geometric model of the fault in the subsurface, 2) predictive models of fault zone behavior and fault seal analysis, and 3) predictive geomechanical models of the response of the fault zone to an imposed stress field and increasing the effective stress on the fault. We conclude that the Iron Wash fault zone has low sealing capacity and will likely not behave as a seal for fluids against the fault zone due primarily to modest throw on the fault and high frequency of fractures associated with the fault zone. Analysis of fluid alteration and mineralization around the fault zone indicates that the fault zone was conduit for paleo-fluids. We conclude that the fault is not likely to develop a sealing membrane and therefore will most likely fail as a seal to fluids moving through the reservoirs modeled here. Modeling results indicate that a reduction in the effective normal stress on fault surfaces may induce failure of faults resulting in earthquakes or increased hydraulic conductivity of fractures.

The aim of this study is to describe and analyze how adults who grew up in an exposed habitat experienced their upbringing and society's efforts and how it affected them in adult life. The method that we used was qualitative interviews. This method has given us a rich material, we believe. The results were analyzed by means of the theory we used and past research in the field. All of our respondents have in common that they were insecure in childhood.  And everyone has had negative consequences of their childhood into adulthood. All respondents noted that what has been significant in touch with society´s effords has been to feel seen and listen to. The results of our study and past research in this area shows that it is important to pay attention to children in distress early to avoid negative outcomes in adulthood and that preventative measures are important. Other result from our study was that children and their experiences need to be taken seriously and to strive for continuity in the work.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Apesar da importÃncia do saneamento ambiental para o bem-estar do homem e para a conservaÃÃo dos recursos naturais, uma grande parcela da populaÃÃo mundial nÃo tem acesso aos serviÃos bÃsicos de saneamento. Uma tÃcnica caseira que vem sendo estudada e aplicada em paÃses em desenvolvimento, como uma tecnologia segura para o tratamento microbiolÃgico de Ãgua à a desinfecÃÃo solar, SODIS. Este mÃtodo utiliza apenas o sol e garrafas PET como insumo. Atualmente, cerca de um milhÃo de pessoas utiliza regularmente o SODIS em 20 diferentes paÃses. O presente estudo avaliou a eficiÃncia de inativaÃÃo de coliformes termotolerantes segundo o efeito da aerobiose, por meio da agitaÃÃo manual das garrafas e da utilizaÃÃo de diferentes superfÃcies de exposiÃÃo sob as condiÃÃes climÃticas do Estado do CearÃ, bem como a viabilidade social deste mÃtodo em quatro comunidades inseridas em cenÃrios distintos (rural, litorÃno e urbano). Para tanto, compararam-se amostras agitadas e nÃo agitadas, e amostras expostas sobre superfÃcies distintas: concreto pintado de branco, concreto pintado de preto, telha de barro, telha de amianto e bacias de alumÃnio. Para o estudo da viabilidade social, foram aplicados questionÃrios aos usuÃrios do mÃtodo e analisadas amostras da Ãgua bruta e tratada pelo mÃtodo SODIS. Verificou-se que apesar da agitaÃÃo aferir uma concentraÃÃo de 0,75mg/L a mais de OD nas amostras agitadas, esse efeito nÃo foi capaz de aumentar significativamente a eficiÃncia de inativaÃÃo para essas amostras. O decaimento mÃdio bacteriano das amostras agitadas foi 1,10 vezes maior comparado Ãs amostras nÃo agitadas. Os dados obtidos na etapa de superfÃcie indicaram que tambÃm nÃo hà diferenÃa significativa (teste T de Student, nivel de confianÃa 0,05) de inativaÃÃo em expor as garrafas sobre qualquer uma das superfÃcies pesquisadas. O decaimento mÃdio bacteriano foi de: 0,3049h-1, 0,2624h-1, 0,3152h-1, 0,2747h-1, 0,2874h-1, respectivamente, para as amostras sobre o concreto pintado de branco, concreto pintado de preto, telha de amianto, telha de barro e bacia de alumÃnio. A mÃxima temperatura da Ãgua foi de 44ÂC e ainda assim obteve-se mais de 99,99% de remoÃÃo de coliformes termotolerantes em todos os ensaios. Em 67% dos ensaios, o SODIS foi capaz de inativar completamente concentraÃÃes de coliformes termotolerantes acima de 105 NMP.100mL-1 durante as seis horas de exposiÃÃo. O estudo de campo mostrou que o SODIS melhorou a qualidade microbiolÃgica da Ãgua das quatro comunidades pesquisadas. No entanto, a permanÃncia e em alguns casos a proliferaÃÃo do indicador foi verificado quando os usuÃrios expuseram as garrafas em locais sombreados. O SODIS foi bem aceito nas comunidades rurais e litorÃneas, atingindo nÃveis de aceitaÃÃo acima de 45%, se comparado aos da comunidade urbana, com apenas 8%. AlÃm da grande aceitaÃÃo do mÃtodo, mais de 80% dos usuÃrios responderam que iriam continuar a usar o SODIS. / Despite the importance of sanitation for well-being of the mankind and the natural resources conservation, still today a large number of people do not have access to wastewater system neither to public water supply. One technique which has being studied and applied in developing countries as a safe household water treatment method is solar disinfection, SODIS. The only two elements demanded to this method are PET bottles and the sun. Nowadays, around one million people use SODIS regularly in 20 different countries. This study evaluated the feacal coliform bacteria inactivation efficiency according to the effect of bottlesâ agitation and the use of differents exposition surfaces under of State of Cearà climatic conditions, as well as SODIS social viability in four communities at distinct geographical location (peri-urban, rural and coastal). To achieve this, agitated and non-agitated samples and five diferrents surfaces: concrete spotted in white color, concrete spotted in black color, abobe roofing tile, asbestos roofing tile and aluminum basins were investigated. To evaluate social acceptability, questionnaires had been applied to all users SODIS and raw water and treated water by SODIS were analyzed. It was verified that despite the agitation surveying a concentration more than 0,75mg/L of OD in the agitated samples, this effect was not capable to increase significantly the inactivation efficiency in these samples. The mean decay constant for bacterial population in agitated bottles was found to be a factor of 1.10 higher than in non-agitated bottles. The surface investigation indicated that no significant difference (paired StudentÂs T-test at P=0,05 significance level of log10 transformed data) in inactivating feacal coliforms by exposing the bottles over the five surfaces examined were observed. The mean decay constant for bacterial population was: 0,3049h-1, 0,2624h-1, 0,3152h-1, 0,2747h-1, 0,2874h-1, respectively for the sample exposed over concrete spotted in white color, concrete spotted in black color, abobe roofing tile, asbestos roofing tile and aluminum basins. The maximum water temperature reached was 44ÂC and still thus, it was obtained reduction more than 99.99% of feacal coliforms. In 67% of the assays, SODIS was capable to completely inactivate concentrations of feacal coliforms above 105 NMP.100mL-1 within six hours of exposition. The field study had shown that SODIS improved the microbiological water quality in the four communities. However, the permanence and in some cases the increase of feacal coliforms was verified when the users exposed the bottles in shaded areas. SODIS was well received in rural and coastal communities reaching acceptance levels over than 45%, compared to urban community, with only 8%. Beyond the great acceptance of the method, over 80% of the users answered that they would continue to use SODIS.