Actor-observer bias är tendensen där människan som aktörer tillskriver sitt beteende till yttre omständigheter medan observatörer tenderar till att tillskriva aktörens beteende till personliga faktorer. Syftet med denna studie var att få en klarare bild av hur människor i sin roll som aktör eller observatör attribuerar ett riskabelt bilkörningsbeteende. Deltagarna bestod av 101 svenska studenter från en högskola i Mellansverige varav 77 stycken var kvinnor och 24 stycken var män. Deltagarna fick svara på en enkät angående actor-observer bias och riskfullt bilkörningsbeteende. Resultaten visade att andras beteende förklaras mer av personliga egenskaper än då personen själv kör riskfullt medan yttre omständigheter inte gav skillnad för vare sig andra eller en själv. Betydelsen av detta och implikationer för framtida forskning diskuterades.

Purpose: To explore and reveal specific factors that affect consumers’ environmental concern, attitude and intention to use carsharing. Background: Due to the current environmental problems especially air pollution, the consumption of sustainable products has developed to be an upcoming trend. Consumers are increasingly concerned of the environmental issues and are more willing to act on those concerns. However, this willingness is not always translated into sustainable consumer behavior due to different reasons such as availability, affordability, convenience, product performance, skepticism and force of habit. One of the examples of sustainable consumption is carsharing which is often referred to as an alternative to owning a car. The service is eco labeled and all the cars in the fleet are driven on alternative and environmentally friendly fuel. Carsharing in Sweden is not so developed as in other European countries and companies which provide this service predominantly turns to business companies and municipalities. There is quite little research conducted when it comes to carsharing use by private households. The main focus of this study is to look at carsharing as a part of the sustainable consumption, studying consumers’ environmental concern, attitude and intention to use carsharing. Method: In order to answer the purpose a deductive approach has been applied where the data was collected through the questionnaires. Theories and previous research has been used in order to form the hypothesis which later has been tested. The data retrieved through the research has been processed and analyzed using SPSS software. Conclusion: The results show that personal environmental concern has an influence on attitude and intention to use carsharing. Control beliefs and behavioral beliefs have a stronger impact on formation of attitude and intention compare to normative beliefs which has a low impact. Perceived consumer effectiveness has a strong impact on intention to sustainable behavior where respondents believe that carsharing can contribute to a better environment. Government regulations and information about the service are strong triggering factors for intention to use carsharing. The study showed that consumers have insufficient amount of information about carsharing service and indicate that local authorities and government should provide incentives in order to facilitate usage of this service.

Orientador: Antônio Donozeti Pires / Banca: Márcia Valéria Zamboni Gobbi / Banca: Tânia Pellegrini / Resumo: Nossa pesquisa de mestrado procura apontar as relações entre a literatura e o seu condicionamento social em À sombra do cipreste (1999) e A coleira no pescoço (2006), livros de contos de Menalton Braff, autor brasileiro contemporâneo. A análise de orientação sociológica surgiu porque os contos de Menalton, ao mesmo tempo em que proporcionam uma leitura de cunho intimista pelas crises das personagens, linguagem poética, fluxo de consciência, emprego da técnica impressionista e expressionista, entre outros aspectos, integram em sua estrutura as formas com que as relações sociais, valores e orientações ideológicas interferem nas personagens e contribuem para a economia do texto. Para mostrar as imbricações entre texto e contexto, recorremos ao método analítico de Antonio Candido, a crítica sociológica, baseado nas obras Literatura e Sociedade (1965) e Formação da literatura brasileira (1997). Além disso, nosso embasamento teórico está centrado em outros autores que dialogam, direta ou indiretamente, com a crítica sociológica de Candido, como João Alexandre Barbosa, (A leitura do intervalo. Ensaios de crítica, 1990, e Alguma crítica, 2002), René Wellek e Austin Warren, (Teoria da literatura, 1965), Luiz Costa Lima (Teoria da literatura em suas fontes, 2002) e Octavio Paz, (O arco e a lira, 1982). Propusemos uma divisão do corpus em quatro frentes temáticas, Morte/Memória, Relações familiares, Abandono/Solidão e Embate social como método que auxiliasse a leitura dos contos analisados (treze no total). Essa divisão, contudo, buscou apontar o tema sobressalente em cada conto e não propor uma leitura estanque das temáticas, uma vez que, de modo geral, cada narrativa transita entre os quatro grupos. Para essa divisão utilizamos Tomachevski ("Temática", 1973) e o Dicionário de termos literários, de Massaud Moisés, 1974... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Our research tries to indicate the relationship between literature and society in the short stories of À sombra do cipreste (1999) and A coleira no pescoço (2006) by Menalton Braff, contemporary Brazilian author. The sociological reading arose because Menalton's short stories, while providing an intimate reading because of the characters' crises, poetic language, stream of consciousness, use of impressionist and expressionist technique in writing, among others characteristics, also make implicit the ways in which social relations, values and ideological orientations interfere with the characters and contribute to the economy of the text. To show the connections between text and context, we've used the analytical method of Antonio Candido, the sociological critic, based on the books Literatura e sociedade (1965) and Formação da literature brasileira (1997). Our theoretical framework also focuses on other authors that interact, directly or indirectly, with Candido's sociological critic, as João Alexandre Barbosa (A leitura do intervalo. Ensaios de crítica, 1990, e Alguma crítica, 2002), René Wellek and Austin Warren, (Teoria da literatura, 1965), Luiz Costa Lima (Teoria da literatura em suas fontes, 2002) and Octavio Paz, (O arco e a lira, 1982). We have also proposed a division of the corpus into four thematic fronts, Death/Memory, Family Relationship, Abandonment/Loneliness and Social strike, as method which would help the reading of the short stories (thirteen in total). This division, however, sought to point the main theme in each story, but did not propose a reading of each theme tight, because each narrative moves among the four groups. To accomplish this division we've used Tomachevski ("Temática", 1973) and the Dicionário de termos literários, by Massaud Moisés, 1974. From these theoretical assumptions, we sought to ascertain which social... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Since the first peacekeeping operation in 1948, the global security environment has changed and the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali - MINUSMA - established in 2013, has come to represent the emerging practice of deploying peacekeeping operations to asymmetric conflicts. Where there are on-going counter-terrorist operations, and no peace to keep. In 2014, the Swedish parliament passed a decision, that Sweden was to contribute with troops to MINUSMA, and nowadays, there is a political ambition for a long-term participation. Thus, the objective of this research is to examine the experiences of Swedish peacekeeping soldiers’ who have served in Mali by conducting a qualitative interview study. To better understand how they perceive and experience their service period and how the factors outlined in the ‘model of UN soldiers’ experience of their daily service’ influence it. The results from the interviews indicate that even though all soldiers’ has their own perception and experience of their service period, there are also many similarities, thus, a number of patterns were possible to discover. Further, all comments could somehow be linked to the service environment, which indicate that how the soldiers’ experience their service environment is dependent on the other factors outlined in the model. Due to Swedens long and well-established experience with peacekeeping operations, future studies could look at other peacekeeping missions.

The aim of diploma thesis is detailed processing of a business plan for setting up a limited company, which will be operating in grown distillery (production of fruit spirit for growers). The theoretical part of thesis deals with creation, composition and structure of the business plan. The first step of the practical part is the market analysis that the creation of business plan will be based on. Based on the evaluation of financial costs and risks analysis I will propose company long-term strategy.

This master´s thesis deals with evaluation of a financial situation of the company Pivovar Chotěboř s.r.o. The theoretical part of this thesis focuses on the description of basic terms and methodological procedures, which are used for company performance evaluation. Based on the first part the partical part will be workded out. The company is introduced in the second part. This part of the work deals with the characteristic of chosen company, the description of the development of industry and calculation of financial ratios based on findings. Recommendations for improvement of company´s economical situation, based on the analysis and corporate benchmarking, are presented in the last part.

Under drygt två månader har produktionen vid JM Entreprenads projekt Kv. Solägget följts för att med utgångspunkt i projektets produktionstidplan, aktuell verklig position, diverse dokument samt i intervjuer avgöra varför fortskridandet eventuellt avviker från det planerade, där främst förseningar var intressanta. Kv. Solägget genomförs på generalentreprenad åt JM AB och följer således de arbetsmetoder som används inom JM AB. En väsentlig skillnad mellan JM AB och JM Entreprenad är att JM Entreprenad inte är lika väl inkörda på gällande enhetstider och rutiner som JM AB:s hantverkare är. Genom att i tidigt skede sätta in ytterligare resurser än vad som var planerat i kalkylen undvek man att under tiden för min fältstudie uppnå en avvikelse som motsvarar en försening och snarare lyckades arbeta in ett försprång på upp till två veckor. För att möjliggöra en produktion utan förseningar behandlar rapporten hårda, mjuka och yttre faktorer med en betydelsefull utgångspunkt i vikten av att åstadkomma en väl utarbetad planering inför produktionsstart och på så sätt i ett tidigt skede ta ställning till möjliga faktorer som kan komma att påverka avstämningarna mot produktionstidplanen på ett negativt sätt. / During around two months the production of the project of JM Entreprenad named the block Solägget has been followed contraining to the basis of the production schedule, the current actual position, documents of the project and also interviews to determine why the progression may be different from the planned, why the mainly interesting were to analyze the delays. The block Solägget is implemented on a general contractor for JM AB and therefore the project follows the practices of JM AB. One significant difference between JM AB and JM Entreprenad is that JM Entreprenad isn´t as used to the current unit times and routines as JM AB are. By the early deployment of additional resources than what were planned in advance the delays were avoided during the period of my field study and instead JM Entreprenad managed to work up a lead of up to two weeks. To enable a production without any delays this report treats hard, soft and external factors with an important basis of the importance of achieving a well-established planning before starting any production and in that way consider possible factors that may affect the reconciliation of the production schedule in a negative way. / 2010:12

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate how companies in third-party logistics operate within customized warehouse solutions to identify which factors affect the work processes.  Method – To fulfil the purpose of the study, a literature study was conducted to create a theoretical framework to obtain an understanding of the subject TPL. Furthermore, to fulfil the purpose, a case study was conducted at a TPL company. The case study consisted of interviews and observations in which generated the empirical data for the analysis. The outcome of the data was interpreted and analysed by triangulation in order to detect patterns from different perspectives.  Findings – It can be stated that the work conducted in TPL-companies with customized warehousing solutions varies, due to the fact that different customers, with different products are handled in different ways. Furthermore, it emerged that there are at least 11 factors, both external and internal, that are estimated to have a direct impact on the work process in TPL- companies with customized warehousing solutions.  Implications – The results of the study have contributed to increasing the understanding of how TPL-companies work with customized warehousing solutions and also contributed to identify a number of factors that affect the work processes. With the result obtained, the study has contributed to supplementing the lack of research concerning TPL from a TPL perspective.  By visualizing the work process in TPL companies with customized warehouse solutions and highlighting factors that affect the work process in customized warehouses, this study can contribute to support the internal work in TPL companies. Furthermore, the improvement measures presented for seven of the factors can be used as a tool for TPL companies.  Limitations – The limitations of the study are that only one TPL company was included in the case study and three of the case company’s employees participated in the empirical collection. If multiple TPL companies and respondents with different areas of responsibility, one could assume that more factors than the 11 found in this study, could have been identified. Thus, the generalizability is limited for the study.

The Swedish energy market consists of several different energy companies that possess different ownership structures. The strategical directions of the different energy companies are highly dependent on these ownership structures, due to the fact that the different owners decides the overall aim of the ownership which then is considered when creating a strategy. There are three dominant ownership structures for the energy companies within the Swedish energy market today which are; privately owned, governmentally owned and lastly energy companies owned by a municipality, often called regional energy companies. The strategical direction for the privately and governmentally owned energy companies are somewhat similar, where highprofitability often is prioritized combined with a sufficient sustainability. However, the strategical direction of the different regional energy companies differs greatly, depending on several different factors. The aim of this study is therefore to identify the strategical direction for 6 investigated regional energy companies, by examining different internal and external factors affecting this strategical direction.The study was based on 6 interviews with company representatives from each of the studied companies, where 5 of these representatives possessed the role as CEO and one possessed the role as senior advisor. These interviews was conducted in order to get a good understanding of the strategical direction of each company, and to identify the different internal and external factors affecting these.The results of this study identified several different external factors affecting the regional energy companies, which was then divided into 6 different categories; Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and lastly Legal. Different internal factors were also identified and categorized into five different areas, which were Politicians as owners, Aim of ownership, State of municipality, Risk management and Interpretation of municipal law. These factors was then used in order to identify the strategical directions of the studied regional energy companies, which differed substantially. However, there were areas within the different strategical directions that was similar to all investigatedcompanies. For example, all 6 investigated companies expressed the importance of aligning the energy companies and their offering with the changing customer demand that is highly connected to the increasing digitalization of the Swedish energy market.

I den dominerande samhällssynen ses kriminalitet som ett avvikande beteende eftersom det går emot den rådande lagstiftningen och normerna. Det finns alltid människor som inte följer normerna och ses därför som avvikare. Vad är det som får vissa personer att bryta mot lagen? Denna fråga är komplex eftersom alla individer påverkas av yttre faktorer på olika sätt. Författarna är intresserade av hur yttre faktorer kan påverka människor till att begå brottsliga handlingar. Det finns en del tidigare forskning om detta ämne, bland annat om betydelsen av att växa upp i dysfunktionella familjeförhållanden och hur vännerna och skolan påverkar den enskilde individens kriminella beteende. Teoridelen utgår från symbolisk Beckers stämplingsteori om avvikelse samt inlärningsteorin som bland annat berör observationens betydelse för individens inlärning. Utifrån studiens syfte har den kvalitativa metoden valts i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer för att få en djupare förståelse av intervjupersonernas egna upplevelser. Det utfördes åtta intervjuer med före detta kriminella personer vid tre Kris (Kriminellas revansch i samhället) föreningar i Skåne. Resultatet och analysen belyser intervjupersonernas egna upplevelser kring det avvikande beteendet. De nämner bland annat otryggheten och den kärlekslösa uppfostran som en bidragande faktor som lett dem till kriminalitet. I diskussionen förs främst en reflektion kring resultat och analysavsnittet där författarnas egna kritiska funderingar lyftas fram. Det är omgivningens syn som sätter stämpeln på individen som avvikare, därför är det viktigt att studera individens omgivning för att förstå sig på dennes avvikande handlande. / In the dominant society's view crime sees as a deviant behavior because it goes against the prevailing laws and norms. There are always people who do not follow the standards in society and is therefore seen as outliers. What is it that makes some people go against the law? This issue is complex because all individuals respond in different ways when external factors influence them. The authors are interested in how external factors can influence people to commit criminal actions. There is some previous research on this topic that includes the importance of understanding how it is for a child to grow up in a dysfunctional family and how friends and school influence the individual's criminal behavior. The theoretical part is based on symbolic interactionism, Howard Beckers labeling theory about the deviant behavior and the learning theory that includes how observation is relevant to the individual's learning. Based on the purpose of the study the qualitative method is chosen in the form of semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the interviewees' own experiences. Eight interviews were performed with former criminals at three different Kris (kriminellas revansch i samhället) organizations in Skåne. The results and analysis highlights the interviewees' own experiences about the deviant behavior. They mention, among other things, that the insecurity and unloving upbringing as a contributing factor that led them to crime. The discussion is primarily a reflection on the results and analysis section where the authors' own critical reflections is highlighted. It is the surrounding environment that put the divergent label on the individual, therefor it is important to study the individual's environment to understand his deviant behavior.