The purpose of the thesis is to write out a strategic analysis of a particular enterprise, make external and internal analysis and give recommendations for future development of the enterprise.

Este trabajo de investigación trata de la evaluación del entorno externo e interno de la empresa, su análisis y la propuesta de estrategias específicas para aumentar el crecimiento de la participación de mercado en el segmento de llantas de consumo para vehículos SUV, para una planta fabricante de llantas en el Perú, a la que llamaremos “Fabricante de Llantas S.A”. El estudio se inicia con el análisis del entorno externo donde opera esta empresa, el análisis de su estructura interna, para luego en base a estos análisis realizar una evaluación estratégica de la misma, identificando sus fortalezas, amenazas, debilidades y oportunidades con el fin de determinar las mejores estrategias a adoptar para mantener en el tiempo una ventaja competitiva sobre sus competidores, que la lleve a incrementar su participación de mercado. En esta evaluación se realizaron los análisis FODA, PEYEA, BCG, IE y GE, así como también se utilizaron otros criterios que afectan al sector, con el fin de proponer las estrategias necesarias para su implementación, donde se incluyen los lineamientos estratégicos y los objetivos a ser alcanzados, que lleven a la organización a incrementar su participación en el segmento de mercado de llantas de consumo para vehículos SUV. Finalmente se proponen algunas recomendaciones que le pueden permitir alcanzar estos objetivos y seguir manteniéndose competitivos en el mercado de llantas en el Perú y Latinoamérica. / This research work consists of the evaluation of the external and internal environment of the company, its analysis and the proposal of specific strategies to increase the growth of the market share in the segment of consumer tires for SUV vehicles, for a manufacturing plant of tires in Peru, which it will be called "Tires Manufacturer S.A.”. The study begins with the analysis of the external environment where this company operates, the analysis of its internal structure, and then on the basis of these analyzes perform a strategic evaluation of it, identifying its strengths, threats, weaknesses and opportunities with the aim of determining the best strategies to adopt in order to maintain throughout the years a competitive advantage over its competitors, which will lead it to increase its market share. In this evaluation the SWOT, PEYEA, BCG, IE and GE analyzes were carried out, as well as other criteria that affect the sector, so as to propose the necessary strategies for its implementation, which include the strategic guidelines and objectives to be achieved, which will lead the organization to increase its participation in the market segment of consumer tires for SUV vehicles. Finally, some recommendations are proposed that will allow you to achieve these objectives and continue to remain competitive in the tire market in Peru and Latin America. / Tesis

Aproximadamente 5,6% da população mundial, entre 15 e 64 anos de idade, usaram algum tipo de droga pelo menos uma vez, no ano de 2016. Estimativas indicam que no ano de 2015 aproximadamente 450 mil pessoas morreram em todo o mundo por motivos diversos, porém todos relacionados de alguma forma às drogas. Além disso, o consumo de cannabis e cocaína estão entre os mais associados aos prejuízos advindos dos transtornos relacionados ao uso de drogas ilícitas na América Latina. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a prevalência do consumo de cannabis e cocaína por vítimas de causas externas (acidentes e violências), necropsiadas no Instituto Médico Legal de São Paulo (IML-SP). Além disso, foi proposto também o desenvolvimento e validação de um método em Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas sequencial (UHPLC-MS/MS) para quantificação de cocaína, benzoilecgonina, cocaetileno e anidroecgonina metil éster (AEME) em sangue, empregando-se a técnica de extração líquido-líquido com solventes não clorados, que permite a distinção das diferentes vias de administração da cocaína. Foi utilizado um método de amostragem probabilística para a coleta das amostras de sangue postmortem, entre os meses de junho de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. A etapa de triagem das análises toxicológicas foi feita por Ensaio de Imunoabsorção Enzimática e as amostras positivas foram confirmadas pelas técnicas de Cromatografia Líquida acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas sequencial e Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas. Ao longo de 19 meses consecutivos, foram coletadas 365 amostras de sangue postmortem, as quais apresentaram positividade de quase um terço para cannabis e/ou cocaína. Indivíduos do sexo masculino, jovens (<= 30 anos de idade) e que apresentavam algum registro de antecedentes criminais foram os mais prováveis (P <= 0,05) de terem feito uso de alguma substância pesquisada. Entre as causas do óbito estudadas, o uso de cannabis foi mais prevalente entre as vítimas de acidentes de trânsito, enquanto o consumo de cocaína ou de pelo menos uma das drogas foi maior entre as vítimas de homicídio. Utilizou-se uma mistura de éter metil terc-butílico e 2-propanol como solventes orgânicos para a extração da cocaína e produtos de biotransformação e detecção por UHPLC-MS/MS, método que se mostrou preciso, exato, robusto e sensível para a determinação dos analitos de interesse. Acredita-se que o estudo dos resultados toxicológicos em ocorrências com desfechos fatais é de grande importância pois fornece informações que podem auxiliar políticas de prevenção e o combate ao uso de substâncias psicoativas / Approximately 5.6% of the world\'s population aged 15-64 years used some type of drug at least once in 2016. Estimates indicate that in 2015 approximately 450,000 people died worldwide for different reasons, but all of them related in some way to drugs. In addition, the consumption of cannabis and cocaine are among the most associated with the damages resulting from illicit drug use disorders in Latin America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of consumption of cannabis and cocaine by victims of external causes (accidents and violence), necropsied at the Legal Medical Institute in the city of Sao Paulo (IML/SP). In addition, the aim of this study was to develop and validate an Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for quantification of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene and anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME) in blood, using Liquid-Liquid Extraction with non-chlorinated solvents, which allows distinguishing among different routes of administration of cocaine. A probabilistic sampling method was used to collect postmortem blood samples from June 2014 to December 2015. The screening step of the toxicological analyzes was done by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and the positive samples were confirmed by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Over a period of 19 consecutive months, 365 postmortem blood samples were collected, which were positive for almost one third for cannabis and / or cocaine. Males, young (<= 30 years old) and those who had some criminal history record were the most likely (P <= 0.05) to have used any substance searched. Among the causes of death, the use of cannabis was more prevalent among victims of traffic accidents, while cocaine use or the consumption of at least one of the drugs was higher among homicide victims. A mixture of methyl tert-butyl ether and 2-propanol as organic solvents for the extraction of cocaine and metabolites and detection by UHPLC-MS/MS was used and the developed method was precise, accurate, robust and sensitive for the determination of analytes of interest. The study of toxicological results in occurrences with fatal outcomes is of great importance because it provides information that can aid in prevention policies and in the fight against the use of psychoactive substance

Direcionar a atenção do aprendiz para diferentes fontes de informação pode afetar a aprendizagem de habilidades motoras. Estudos sugerem que o foco de atenção externo produz melhores efeitos sobre a aprendizagem motora que o foco interno. Este estudo investigou como os diferentes focos de atenção afetam a aprendizagem motora de crianças com autismo. Crianças com diagnóstico de transtorno do espectro do autismo de gravidade leve e moderada (idade média = 11,8 anos), pareadas por idade e massa corporal, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais para realizar uma tarefa de equilíbrio dinâmico sobre uma plataforma de estabilidade sob instruções de foco externo (N=12) ou interno (N=12). Cada participante realizou seis blocos de cinco tentativas de 20 segundos na fase de aquisição. O desempenho foi avaliado através de medidas de tempo em equilíbrio e número de oscilações da plataforma e a aprendizagem aferida por testes de transferência e retenção. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas de desempenho entre os grupos de foco externo e interno na fase de aquisição e no teste de transferência (p > 0,05). O desempenho do grupo de foco interno foi marginalmente superior ao grupo de foco externo no teste de retenção (p = 0,087, &#951;² = 0,12). Os resultados demonstraram ainda que os dois grupos aumentaram as respectivas medidas de tempo em equilíbrio, reduziram o número de oscilações e apresentaram menor variabilidade de desempenho ao longo dos blocos de tentativas da fase de aquisição e retiveram as melhorias de desempenho adquiridas no teste de retenção. Essas evidências indicaram que as crianças com autismo foram capazes de aprender a tarefa de equilíbrio dinâmico nas duas condições experimentais propostas e que não é possível afirmar que os efeitos benéficos da adoção do foco de atenção externo em relação ao foco interno na aprendizagem motora sejam generalizáveis para essa população / Directing the learner´s attention to different sources of information can affect the learning of motor skills. Studies suggest that the external focus of attention produces better effects on motor learning than internal focus. This study investigated how different foci of attention affect the motor learning of children with autism. Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder of mild to moderate severity (mean age = 11.8 years) matched for age and body mass were randomly assigned to two experimental groups to perform a dynamic equilibrium task on a stability platform under instructions of external (N = 12) or internal (N = 12) focus. Each participant performed six blocks of five 20-second attempts in the acquisition phase. The performance was evaluated through measures of time in equilibrium and number of oscillations of the platform and the learning measured by transfer and retention tests. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in performance between the external and internal focus groups in the acquisition phase and in the transfer test (p> 0.05). The performance of the internal focus group was marginally higher than the external focus group in the retention test (p = 0.087, &#951;² = 0.12). The results also demonstrated that the two groups increased their respective time measures in equilibrium, reduced the number of oscillations and presented lower variability of performance throughout the blocks of the acquisition phase and retained the performance improvements obtained in the retention test. These evidences indicated that children with autism were able to learn the task of dynamic balance in the two experimental conditions proposed and that it is not possible to affirm that the beneficial effects of adopting the external attention focus in relation to the internal focus in motor learning are generalizable to population

[pt] As transições ocorridas no sul europeu durante a década de 1970 originaram inúmeras investigações sobre suas origens, causas, desenvolvimento e possíveis efeitos sobre as estruturas e práticas políticas vigentes ao final do processo. Ao mesmo tempo, a transformação dos regimes português, grego e espanhol, revelaram uma importante dimensão internacional que incentivou diversas análises sobre este aspecto freqüentemente ignorado pelos estudos referentes a processos de transição democrática. O presente trabalho objetiva contrapor as teses de Laurence Whitehead e Philippe Schmitter à luz do caso espanhol, procurando demonstrar que a proposta analítica apresentada por Schmitter é a mais adequada para o entendimento da influência internacional no processo de democratização ocorrido na Espanha na década de 1970. / [en] The democratic transitions in the European South during the decade of 1970 has originated innumerable inquiries on its origins, causes, development and possible efects on the structures and pratical effective politics to the end of the process. At the same time, the transformation of Portuguese, Greek and Spanish regimes has disclosed an important international dimension tha stimulated diverse analyses on this aspect frequently ignored by the studies concerning the procecss of democratic transition. This works seeks to contrapose the thesis of Laurence Whitehead and Philippe Schmitter in view of the Spanish case, having in view to demonstrate that the analitical proposal of Schmitter is the most appropriate to understand the international influences in the democratizations process happened in Spain in the 1970 decade.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in Ful llment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics 15 July, 2015 / The thesis focuses on the sources of macroeconomic uctuations in ten (10) selected African economies over the period 1990-2011. Data for the study were obtained from the International Financial statistics (IFS), the World Bank, and Central Bank database of the selected countries. We formulate a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model for the thesis. We estimate the model using quarterly time series data. Due to data availability, the sample size di¤ers from one country to the other. First, we investigate the relative contributions of internal and external shocks to economic uc- tuations in African economies. Second, we evaluate the signi cance of the balance sheet channel in African economies. Third, we investigate the ef- fectiveness of sovereign wealth funds in reducing macroeconomic volatility caused by commodity price shocks. The thesis has 5 chapters. Chapter 1 is the general introduction. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are stand-alone related papers on macroeconomic uctuations. Chapter 5 is the conclusion. Chapter 1 introduces the study. We discuss the research problem, the moti- vation, the objectives, and the research questions. We also explain both our theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature. Moreover, we high- light the signi cance and the key ndings of the study. Finally, we conclude the chapter with a brief outline on the organisation of the study. Chapter 2 investigates the relative contributions of internal and external shocks to macroeconomic uctuations in African economies. We formulate and estimate a monetary DSGE model to examine the sources of economic uctuations in ten African countries. The model is estimated with the Bayesian technique using twelve macroeconomic variables. Generally, the ndings indicate that both the internal and external shocks signi cantly in- uence output uctuations in African countries. Over a four quarter horizon, internal shocks are dominant while over eight to sixteen quarter horizons, the external shocks are dominant. Among the external shocks, external debt, ex- change rate, foreign interest rate and commodity price shocks account for a large part of output variations in African economies. Money supply and productivity shocks are the most important internal shocks contributing to output uctuations in African countries. To ensure macroeconomic stability, African countries need to formulate appropriate exchange rate and exter- nal debt management policies, diversify the economies, and create sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) or use hedging instruments. Chapter 3 evaluates the quantitative signi cance of the balance sheet chan- nel in African economies. We construct an open economy monetary DSGE model where entrepreneurs nance investment by issuing foreign currency- denominated debt. The model is estimated with Bayesian technique. The evidence suggests that the balance sheet e¤ects are empirically important in African economies. The marginal likelihood results clearly favour the model with nancial frictions. Moreover, the ndings indicate that the balance sheet e¤ect reduces the e¤ectiveness of monetary policy, raises the sensitiv- ity of the risk premium to external debt, and contracts output. This indi- cates that exchange rate depreciation is contractionary in African economies. We conclude that African countries should reduce their exposure to foreign currency-denominated debt and also deepen their domestic bond markets. Chapter 4 investigates the e¤ectiveness of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in reducing macroeconomic volatility in commodity exporting African countries. We formulate and simulate a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model that features SWFs. The simulation results suggest that the creation of SWFs can reduce macroeconomic volatility in commodity exporting coun- tries. Particularly, SWFs can reduce government expenditure, real exchange rate, and external debt volatility. Since these are the channels through which commodity price shocks are transmitted to the African economies, we rec- ommend that African countries should create SWFs to sterilize the in ow of commodity revenue and to prevent the resource curse problem. Chapter 5 concludes the study. We summarize the key ndings in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. We highlight the policy implications of our ndings. Finally, we suggest areas for further research.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics / This thesis focuses on sectoral growth composition, foreign debt and social welfare in selected African economies. Data for the study were obtained from International Financial Statistics (IFS), the World Bank (WB), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) annual reports, and the Penn World Table (PWT). The thesis has 5 chapters. Chapter 1 is the general introduction. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are stand-alone related papers on social welfare, external debt, and real exchange rate. Chapter 5 is the conclusion of the study. Chapter 1 presents the background to the study, the motivating problems, the research objectives and questions, the significance of the study, the literature gaps, and contributions. The chapter ends with an outline on the organization of the study. Chapter 2 examines the impact of the composition of growth on poverty and inequality in 36 African countries. Specifically, the study demonstrates how changes in the composition of growth can affect the welfare of the segments of the population that are socially and economically deprived. While previous studies have presented different results for different continents, much of the findings show that in Africa, the primary sector is the most effective sector that improves the levels of poverty and inequality. This study re-examines this claim based on the belief that previous findings suffer from measurement bias in the estimation of parameters. This study employed a measurement approach that corrected for the observed differences. The generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique was adopted, and the findings were robust, showing that rather than the much-touted primary sector, the secondary and tertiary sectors are actually the main drivers of welfare improvement in the African continent. It is therefore recommended that for a sustained welfare improvement strategy, policy-making institutions in Africa should as a matter of urgency adopt appropriate industrial policy targets on the secondary and tertiary sectors with specific focus on the construction, manufacturing, mining, wholesale, retail, and hotel sectors. vii Chapter 3 investigates the impact of growth composition on external debt (ED) in selected African countries. Precisely, the study examines how each of the three productive sectors (agriculture, industry, and services) impacts on the level of ED in Africa. While many development studies have relied on aggregate output growth to investigate debt-growth dynamics, received literature shows that studies which examine the impact of growth on ED are scarce. Relying on two frameworks – “perfect capital mobility” of the Neoclassicals, and the “Dualism” theory, this study investigates the composition of the growth-debt relationship in Africa. The study applies the dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique to conduct its analysis. The results show that the composition of growth has significant effect on the levels of ED a country can maintain. Although, the results were lagged at different periods, the outcome suggests that the industrial (construction and manufacturing) and services sectors (wholesale, retail, and hotels ‒ WRH) are the leading sectors that drive the growth-ED relationship. The result shows more robustness when a country’s institutional quality, real interest rate, and current account balance were controlled for. Chapter 4 examines the effectiveness of real exchange rate (RER) as a policy tool for industrial diversification. Economic experts have emphasized the need for industrial diversification, especially for developing countries. However, in spite of the numerous socio-economic gains associated with industrial diversification, little effort has been made in Africa to identify and develop the sectors that achieve higher output growth for the region. The effective management of real exchange rate (RER) has provided economies with the needed tool for achieving these growth objectives. Recent empirical literature finds that undervalued RERs help countries to achieve faster economic growth, while overvaluation of the RER slows economic growth. Furthermore, recent growth studies have shown that different sectors respond differently to changes in RER. This study shows that even though many of the previous works have drawn up policy recommendations from these researches, the findings may be driven by inappropriate estimation assumptions, which inevitably results in biased findings. When these assumptions are re-specified, the empirical findings for a sample of 36 countries suggest that in Africa, sectors such as agriculture, construction, mining and utility lead to appreciation of the RER, while the manufacturing, transport and communications, “WRH” sectors, and “other” lead to depreciation of RER among countries. Although the coefficients for manufacturing, and transport and communications are not significant, this is probably due to the levels of development of the sectors within the African continent. Improving the level of development in these sectors therefore through appropriate economic policy framework will certainly impact on the strength of the coefficients of the three sectors, thereby leading to industrial revolution. Chapter 5 concludes the study with a summary of the key findings from Chapters 2, 3, and 4 with highlights of the policy implications of the findings. The highlights include: (1) the need for policy frameworks that discourage continual channelling of resources into sectors other than the industrial and services sectors. (2) A policy thrust in favour of improving domestic sources of revenue through targeting specific subsectors of the industrial and services sectors with appropriate policy instruments. This will provide the needed resources that will reduce the high debt stock per aggregate national income of African countries. (3) A policy thrust that reverses the undermining of development in the manufacturing, and transport and communications sectors. The reversal will stimulate exports and aggregate economic growth through the policy of undervaluation of the RER. Concluding the chapter, the study suggests areas for further research. / MT2017

A growing body of research is drawing attention to the importance of open innovation and the reasons firms should progressively switch to this paradigm. However, there is still some reluctance to embrace such approach to innovation. This study investigates the main factors impacting the selection of internal and external new product development in a US multinational company belonging to the semiconductor industry. The main factor found to impact the choice of internal and external innovation is the degree of radicalness of NPD projects. Hence, this is used as additional variable to the internal and external nature of projects to build a matrix, capable of describing the main factors managers take into account when deciding on the projects to undertake. Combining the internal or external and incremental or radical nature of NPD projects, for each category, it was possible to highlight the main dimensions determining the projects selection, namely the expected output and profitability, the purpose of the NPD process, the attention received by managers and the risk involved.

Syfte: Sambandet mellan CSR och företagets marknadsvärde har undersökts i ett flertal tidigare studier. Vår studie riktar istället fokus på hur företagets marknadsvärde förändras när externa och interna CSR-åtgärder separeras. Studiens syfte är att förklara hur företagets marknadsvärde förändras om gapet mellan externa och interna CSR-åtgärder ökar eller minskar.   Metod: Studien är en kvantitativ studie med utgångspunkt från den positivistiska filosofin med en hypotetisk-deduktiv ansats. Vi har utfört en studie med tvärsnittsdesign på 147 börsnoterade europeiska företag för åren 2008 till 2017. Sekundärdata från Thomson Reuters Datastream har använts för denna studie och den insamlade datan har sedan analyserats i statistikprogrammet SPSS.   Resultat &amp; slutsats: Studiens resultat ger en svag indikation att marknadsvärdet ökar när skillnaderna mellan extern och intern CSR ökar. Resultat antyder att på grund av institutionella skillnader mellan europeiska länder kan intressenternas makt variera över företagen.   Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till att fylla forskningsgapet som existerat för europeiska bolag om sambandet angående gapet mellan extern och intern CSR och dess påverkan på företagets marknadsvärde. Studien bidrar också med unik kombination av sex externa och sex interna CSR variabler för undersökning angående förhållandet mellan extern och intern CSR. Studiens praktiska bidrag är att förse information till företag om att ta hänsyn till intressenterna för att kunna bättre planera hur resurser fördelas mellan extern och intern CSR. Då intressenter i sin tur ger en positiv påverkan på företagets marknadsvärde.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det kan finnas kulturella skillnader mellan länder och världsdelar, varför det vore intressant att genomföra studien i olika världsdelar. / Aim: The relationship between CSR and the company’s market value has been studied in several previous studies. Our study focuses instead on how the company’s market value changes when external and internal CSR are separated. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the company’s market value changes if the gap between external and internal CSR increases or decreases.   Method: The study is a quantitative study with the starting point of the positivistic philosophy with a hypothetical-deductive approach. This study uses a cross-sectional design of 147 listed European companies for the years 2008 to 2017. Secondary data from the Thomson Reuters Datastream has been used for this study and the collected data has then been analyzed in the SPSS statistics program.   Result &amp; Conclusions: The result of the study shows a weak indication that the market value increases as the differences between external and internal CSR increase. The results suggest that because of institutional differences between European countries, the influence over the company may vary for different stakeholders.   Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to filling the gap of research that exists for European companies on the relationship of the gap between external and internal CSR and its impact on the company’s market value. The study also contributes with a unique combination of six external and six internal CSR variables for studies on the relationship between external and internal CSR. The practical contribution of the study is information for companies to take stakeholders into consideration in order for the company to better plan how to divide resources between external and internal CSR, so this in turn gives a positive impact on the company’s market value.   Suggestions for future research: There may be cultural differences between countries and continents, so it would be interesting to conduct the study in different continents.

O papel da polícia em uma sociedade democrática é auxiliar os cidadãos e fazer com que todos observem as leis. Por isso mesmo, a atividade policial não deve estar acima das leis. Como toda instituição republicana, a polícia deve prestar contas das suas atividades, ainda mais porque utiliza a força, podendo facilmente ultrapassar os limites da violência legítima. A experiência das ouvidorias de polícia mostra que a sua instalação faz diferença. As ouvidorias são instituições que incentivam a participação dos cidadãos. Trata-se de instituições recentes e inovadoras com grande potencial para ajudar a garantir os direitos humanos. / The role of the police in a democratic society is to help citizens and make them obey the law. For this reason, police activities should not be above the law. As with every institution of a republic, the police are expected to be accountable for their actions, even more so because they use force and may easily exceed the limits of justifiable violence. The experience of civilian oversight of the police shows that its existence makes a difference. Such oversight comes in the form of institutions that invite the involvement of citizens. These institutions are recent and innovative with great potential for helping and guaranteeing human rights.