Introdução: A sepse grave é responsável por 20% das admissões em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (CTI) sendo a maior causa de morte não cardíaca nas CTIs. Pacientes sépticos frequentemente requerem ventilação mecânica e a falha de desmame está associada ao aumento da mortalidade. Entretanto, não estão bem estabelecidas as diferenças entre sepse e não sepse quanto à ventilação mecânica, nem tampouco quanto à falha de extubação. Objetivo: Comparar a incidência de falha de extubação entre indivíduos admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva com ou sem o diagnóstico de sepse. Design: Estudo clínico prospectivo observacional. Pacientes: Pacientes de três CTIs de Porto Alegre, Brasil foram arrolados no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2008. Os pacientes deveriam ter idade igual ou maior a 17 anos e terem permanecido em ventilação mecânica por tempo maior que 24hs. Gestantes, traqueostomizados e pacientes que falharam no teste de ventilação espontânea (SBT) ou que não fossem extubados após seis horas do SBT foram excluídos do estudo. Material e Métodos: Pacientes com sucesso no SBT foram extubados e acompanhados por 48hs. Os dados coletados incluem parâmetros ventilatórios, gasometria arterial, radiografia de tórax e índices preditivos de desmame (f/VT, MIP, MEP, PaO2/FiO2, f, e VT) durante a VM e no 1o e 30º minutos do SBT. Resultados: 474 pacientes foram arrolados ao total. A média de idade foi de 57.9 ± 19.1 e a maioria eram homens (52.32%). A falha de extubação (FE) ocorreu em 105 pacientes (22.2%). Pacientes com sepse tiveram maior taxa de falha de extubação (27% vs 18.7%; p = 0.009) e maior tempo de permanência na CTI (16.0 ± 16.7 vs. 12.0 ± 25.0 dias; p = 0.02). Conclusão: Indivíduos internados em CTI em Ventilação Mecânica devido à sepse apresentam maior risco de falha de extubação e maior tempo de permanência na CTI que pacientes não sépticos. Estes achados justificam a realização de estudos visando a identificação de fatores associados a falha de extubação na sepse. / Introduction: Severe sepsis accounts for 20% of all admissions to intensive care unit (ICU) and is the leading cause of death in non-cardiac ICU. Septic patients often require mechanical ventilation and failure of weaning is associated with increased mortality. Nevertheless, it is not well established if there are differences between sepsis or no sepsis reasons for mechanical ventilation (MV) nor chances of extubation. Objective: To compare the influence of the diagnosis of sepsis on the incidence of extubation failure in patients admitted to intensive care units with or without the diagnosis of sepsis. Design: prospective observational clinical study. Patients: Patients were consecutively enrolled at three ICU from Porto Alegre, Brazil from January, 2004 till December, 2008 if they were 17 years or older, on mechanical ventilation for a period greater than 24 hours and. Pregnant, tracheostomized and patients who failed spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) or who were not extubated after six hours of SBT were excluded from the study. Methods and measurements: Patients with successful SBT were followed for 48 hours. Data collection included ventilation parameters, arterial blood gas examination, thorax radiograph and the weaning indexes (f/VT, MIP, MEP, PaO2/FiO2, f, and VT) during MV in the 1st and 30th minutes of SBT. Results: A total of 474 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 57.9 ± 19.15 and most was men (52.32%). Overall, Extubation Failure (EF) occurred in 105 (22.2%). Patients with sepsis had a higher rate of extubation failure (27% vs 18.7%, p = 0.009) and stayed longer at the ICU (16.0 ± 16.7 vs. 12.0 ± 25.0 days, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Individuals at ICU on Mechanical Ventilation due to sepsis are at higher risk of failure of extubation than no septic individuals. These findings justify conducting studies aimed at identifying factors associated with extubation failure in sepsis.

Introdução: A sepse grave é responsável por 20% das admissões em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (CTI) sendo a maior causa de morte não cardíaca nas CTIs. Pacientes sépticos frequentemente requerem ventilação mecânica e a falha de desmame está associada ao aumento da mortalidade. Entretanto, não estão bem estabelecidas as diferenças entre sepse e não sepse quanto à ventilação mecânica, nem tampouco quanto à falha de extubação. Objetivo: Comparar a incidência de falha de extubação entre indivíduos admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva com ou sem o diagnóstico de sepse. Design: Estudo clínico prospectivo observacional. Pacientes: Pacientes de três CTIs de Porto Alegre, Brasil foram arrolados no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2008. Os pacientes deveriam ter idade igual ou maior a 17 anos e terem permanecido em ventilação mecânica por tempo maior que 24hs. Gestantes, traqueostomizados e pacientes que falharam no teste de ventilação espontânea (SBT) ou que não fossem extubados após seis horas do SBT foram excluídos do estudo. Material e Métodos: Pacientes com sucesso no SBT foram extubados e acompanhados por 48hs. Os dados coletados incluem parâmetros ventilatórios, gasometria arterial, radiografia de tórax e índices preditivos de desmame (f/VT, MIP, MEP, PaO2/FiO2, f, e VT) durante a VM e no 1o e 30º minutos do SBT. Resultados: 474 pacientes foram arrolados ao total. A média de idade foi de 57.9 ± 19.1 e a maioria eram homens (52.32%). A falha de extubação (FE) ocorreu em 105 pacientes (22.2%). Pacientes com sepse tiveram maior taxa de falha de extubação (27% vs 18.7%; p = 0.009) e maior tempo de permanência na CTI (16.0 ± 16.7 vs. 12.0 ± 25.0 dias; p = 0.02). Conclusão: Indivíduos internados em CTI em Ventilação Mecânica devido à sepse apresentam maior risco de falha de extubação e maior tempo de permanência na CTI que pacientes não sépticos. Estes achados justificam a realização de estudos visando a identificação de fatores associados a falha de extubação na sepse. / Introduction: Severe sepsis accounts for 20% of all admissions to intensive care unit (ICU) and is the leading cause of death in non-cardiac ICU. Septic patients often require mechanical ventilation and failure of weaning is associated with increased mortality. Nevertheless, it is not well established if there are differences between sepsis or no sepsis reasons for mechanical ventilation (MV) nor chances of extubation. Objective: To compare the influence of the diagnosis of sepsis on the incidence of extubation failure in patients admitted to intensive care units with or without the diagnosis of sepsis. Design: prospective observational clinical study. Patients: Patients were consecutively enrolled at three ICU from Porto Alegre, Brazil from January, 2004 till December, 2008 if they were 17 years or older, on mechanical ventilation for a period greater than 24 hours and. Pregnant, tracheostomized and patients who failed spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) or who were not extubated after six hours of SBT were excluded from the study. Methods and measurements: Patients with successful SBT were followed for 48 hours. Data collection included ventilation parameters, arterial blood gas examination, thorax radiograph and the weaning indexes (f/VT, MIP, MEP, PaO2/FiO2, f, and VT) during MV in the 1st and 30th minutes of SBT. Results: A total of 474 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 57.9 ± 19.15 and most was men (52.32%). Overall, Extubation Failure (EF) occurred in 105 (22.2%). Patients with sepsis had a higher rate of extubation failure (27% vs 18.7%, p = 0.009) and stayed longer at the ICU (16.0 ± 16.7 vs. 12.0 ± 25.0 days, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Individuals at ICU on Mechanical Ventilation due to sepsis are at higher risk of failure of extubation than no septic individuals. These findings justify conducting studies aimed at identifying factors associated with extubation failure in sepsis.

SAMMANFATTNINGBakgrund: Specialistsjuksköterskor anser att extubation är svårare och mer komplext än intubation. Extubation kräver mycket fokus på patientens fysiska behov vilket kan försvåra för vårdpersonal att uppfylla patientens psykosociala behov. Forskning visar att patienter har obehagliga minnen från att vara intuberade och bli extuberade. Syftet: Syftet var att undersöka hur patienten görs delaktig vid extubation på intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Designen var en fokuserad etnografiskt observationsstudie med deduktiv ansats. Urvalet var patienter som opererades elektivt och vårdades postoperativt på Thoraxintensivvårdsavdelning vid ett universitetssjukhus. Tio patienter observerades när de blev extuberade av intensivvårdspersonalen. Sedan utfördes en semistrukturerad intervju om patientens erfarenhet av att bli extuberad och om de kände sig delaktiga.  Resultat: För att göra patienten delaktig gav personalen information, var stöttande, närvarande och respekterade patientens värdighet och integritet. Detta gjorde personalen genom fysisk beröring, att benämna patienten med namn, samt att utföra extubation avskilt. Resultatet kan inte säkerställa att det går att etablera en vårdrelation under extubation då en vårdrelation endast etablerades vid två av tio tillfällen. Majoriteten av patienterna hade inga minnen av att bli extuberade. Slutsats: Personalen gjorde patienterna delaktiga under extubation genom att ge information, vara närvarande och stöttande samt genom att visa patienten värdighet och respekt. Patienterna kunde göras delaktiga utan att en vårdrelation etablerades, detta tyder på att begreppet vårdrelation behöver en tydligare definition. Trots att majoriteten av deltagarna inte hade minnen från extubationen bör de göras delaktiga. / ABSTRACT. Background: Specialist nurses consider extubation more difficult and complext than intubation. Extubation requires a lot of focus on the patient's physical needs, which can prove it difficult for specialist nurses to fulfill the patient's psychosocial needs. Research shows that patients have unpleasant memories of being intubated and being extubated. Aim: The aim was to investigate how patient participation was fulfilled during extubation in a intensive care unit. Method: The design was a focused ethnographic observational study with a deductive approach. The sample was patients who underwent elective surgery and received postoperative care in the thoracic intensive care unit in a university hospital. Ten patients were observed as they were extubated by the intensive care personnel. A semi-structured interview was then conducted about the patient's experience of being extubated and whether they felt involved. Main result: To increase the patience participation, the staff were informative and supportive, present and respected the patient's dignity and privacy. Staff did this through physical touch, calling the patient by name, and performing extubation separately. The results cannot ensure that it is possible to establish a care relationship during extubation as a care relationship was only established on two out of ten occasions. The majority of patients had no memory of being extubated.  Conclusion: Patient participation during extubation can be achieved through information, staff presence and support. It’s possible to achieve patientparticipant without establishing a caring relationship. The majority of participants did not have memories of extubation, however, patient participation should still be achieved.

Bakgrund: Det ställs höga krav på anestesisjuksköterskor i samband med extubation, de ska klara av att ge en säker vård, kommunicera med sitt team samt bedöma patientens alla mätvärden och riskfaktorer. Att extubera innebär alltid en risk och kan leda till komplikationer för patienten.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskans erfarenheter vid svårigheter av extubation.  Metod: En kvalitativ metod användes och tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys baserat på Graneheim och Lundman.  Resultat: I analysen framkom sex subkategorier som resulterade i tre kategorier. Dessa var praktisk och mental handlingsberedskap som innefattade hur anestesisjuksköterskan förberedde sig inför extubationsmomentet. Andra kategorin upplevelse av svår extubation beskriver hur anestesisjuksköterskan kände trygghet i erfarna kollegor samt hur de med tiden utvecklade ett professionellt lugn. Sista kategorin teamarbete belyste att rak och tydlig kommunikation främjade ett bra samarbete. Som övergripande tema framträdde att vara beredd på det oväntade, plötsligt händer det. Slutsats: Svårigheter med extubation är relativt ovanligt, därför behövs tydligare riktlinjer som anestesisjuksköterskan kan vända sig till vid extubationssvårigheter. Simuleringsövningar kan vara ett hjälpmedel för att tryggare kunna hantera komplexa extubationer. För att upprätthålla patientsäkerheten samt få hjälp vid kritiska moment beskrevs att en rak och tydlig kommunikation behövdes på sal vilket även främjade ett gott samarbete. / Background: High demands are placed on the nurse anesthetists during extubation, they must be able to provide safe care, communicate with the team and assess all the patient's measurement, readings and risk factors. Extubation always involves a risk and can lead to complications for the patient.  Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe the nurse anesthetists experiences with difficulties of extubation.  Method: A qualitative method was used and twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted. The collected data material were analyzed with qualitative content analysis based on Graneheim and Lundman.  Results: In the analysis, eight subcategories emerged which resulted in three categories. These were ability to take action practically and mentally which included how the nurse anesthetist prepared for the extubation moment. The second category, experience of difficult extubation, describes how the nurse anesthetist felt safe in the company of experienced colleagues and how they developed a professional calm over time. The last category teamwork highlighted that straight and clear communication promoted good cooperation. As a theme to be prepared for the unexpected, suddenly it happens emerged.  Conclusion: Difficulties with extubation are relatively uncommon, therefore clearer guidelines are needed to which the nurse anesthetists can turn to in the event of extubation difficulties. Simulation exercises can prepare the nurse in being able to handle complex extubations more safely. In order to maintain patient safety and get help at critical moments, it was described that straight and clear communication was needed in the room, which also promoted good cooperation.

Unplanned extubation is premature removal of endotracheal tube, is an adverse event; which can either, be accidental during a nursing procedure or self deliberate by the patient. The AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care was used as conceptual model for this study. A retrospective descriptive design revealed that over a period of two years, 327 patients admitted to the intensive care unit require intubation of which 40.4% were self-deliberate extubation and 59.4% accidental extubation. Of the accidental extubated patients, 29.8% had physical restrains, 57.6% received sedation, 43.9% had analgesic infusion and 38.9% were on neuromuscular blockade. A means Glasco Coma Scale was 9.4 and 56% of the patients were reported as being. Most patients (89.9%) required re-intubation. The findings also revealed that 49.1% of the nurses who cared for the patients when the extubation occured had one patient at the time. Also, 84.2% of nurses had 0-6 years of nursing experience and 74% of nurses had less than five years of ICU experience. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Unplanned extubation is premature removal of endotracheal tube, is an adverse event; which can either, be accidental during a nursing procedure or self deliberate by the patient. The AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care was used as conceptual model for this study. A retrospective descriptive design revealed that over a period of two years, 327 patients admitted to the intensive care unit require intubation of which 40.4% were self-deliberate extubation and 59.4% accidental extubation. Of the accidental extubated patients, 29.8% had physical restrains, 57.6% received sedation, 43.9% had analgesic infusion and 38.9% were on neuromuscular blockade. A means Glasco Coma Scale was 9.4 and 56% of the patients were reported as being. Most patients (89.9%) required re-intubation. The findings also revealed that 49.1% of the nurses who cared for the patients when the extubation occured had one patient at the time. Also, 84.2% of nurses had 0-6 years of nursing experience and 74% of nurses had less than five years of ICU experience. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Os prematuros frequentemente necessitam de ajuda para iniciar a respiração, pois líquido amniótico residual e deficiência de surfactante podem impedir o estabelecimento da CRF. A necessidade de intubação e do uso de ventilação com pressão positiva está relacionada à chamada lesão pulmonar induzida pela ventilação. A intubação endotraqueal é uma ocorrência comum na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. A extubação acidental (EA) ou o deslocamento acidental do tubo endotraqueal é um evento inseguro e adverso. Um estudo norteamericano relatou que a EA é o quarto evento adverso mais comum na UTIN. Isso coloca o neonato em risco de morbidade significativa. As hipóteses iniciais para este estudo considerando as características locais do serviço, são que a taxa de extubação acidental deste serviço seria superior ou igual à encontrada na literatura e que as consequências da perda de volume pulmonar causada pela EA geraria uma necessidade de aumento de parâmetros ventilatórios, expondo esses pacientes a um maior risco de desenvolvimento de lesão pulmonar induzida pela ventilação mecânica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a densidade de extubação acidental para cada 100 pacientes-dia e os fatores de risco e as consequências associadas à extubação acidental em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. A coleta de dados ocorreu o período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2016. Foram elegíveis todos os recém-nascidos intubados com necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva e selecionados, para o estudo, os recém-nascidos em assistência ventilatória há pelo menos 12 horas. Nos 10 meses e meio de estudo (318 dias), observou-se uma média de 9,04 pacientes intubados por dia, sendo analisados 2875 pacientes-dia com via aérea artificial. Nos 318 dias de observação ocorreram 45 extubações acidentais, com taxa de EA de 1,57 para cada 100 dias intubação. Os recém-nascidos tinham em média 26,55±35,35 dias de vida na EA, mínimo de 3 dias e máximo de 182 dias. Na amostra estudada, todos os recém-nascidos necessitaram de reintubação após o evento de EA. As características clínicas foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. Assim, os dados apresentados evidenciam que os grupos estudados se apresentaram bastante homogêneos. Foram associados como fatores de risco para EA a utilização de material inadequado para a fixação da cânula orotraqueal (esparadrapo), a carência de pessoal para os cuidados diários (mais de 2 pacientes por funcionário), e mostrou-se ainda a grande importância dos alarmes de saturação sanguínea já que foram responsáveis por 60% diagnóstico da ocorrência do evento. A EA acarretou piora das condições respiratórias com necessidade de aumento do suporte ventilatório ( maior necessidade de oxigênio, pressão inspiratória e PEEP) e recuperação lenta às condições pré- acidente em média 5,7 dias. Concomitante com o aumento da necessidade de suporte respiratório houve maior ocorrência de hiperóxia após o acidente, levantando o temor de efeitos deletérios sinérgicos sobre o pulmão já anteriormente debilitado dos prematuros. É necessária a conscientização da administração e das equipes de profissionais da saúde das UTINs unidades, da enorme importância de se prevenir e diagnosticar precocemente a extubação acidental. / Premature infants often require help in initiating breathing, since residual amniotic fluid and surfactant deficiency may prevent the establishment of functional residual capacity. The need for intubation and the use of positive pressure ventilation is related with ventilator-induced lung injury. Endotracheal intubation is a common occurrence in the neonatal intensive care unit. Accidental extubation (AE) or accidental displacement of the endotracheal tube is an unsafe and adverse event. An American study has reported that EA is the fourth most common adverse event in the NICU. This puts the neonate at risk of significant morbidity. The initial hypotheses for this study considering the local characteristics of the service are that the rate of accidental extubation of this service would be higher than or equal to that found in the literature and that the consequences of loss of lung volume caused by the AE would generate a need for increased ventilatory parameters , exposing these patients to a higher risk of lung injury induced by mechanical ventilation. The present study aimed to establish the accidental extubation density for each 100 patients per day and the risk factors and consequences associated with accidental extubation in a neonatal intensive care unit. Data were collected from February to December 2016. All intubated newborns requiring invasive mechanical ventilation were eligible and the newborns in ventilatory assistance were selected for at least 12 hours for the study. In the 10 and a half months of study (318 days), an average of 9.04 intubated patients per day was observed, with 2875 day-patients with artificial airway being analyzed. In the 318 days of observation, there were 45 accidental extubations, with an AE rate of 1.57 for every 100 days of intubation. The newborns had a mean of 26.55±35.35 days of life in AE, a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 182 days. In the studied sample, all newborns required reintubation after the AE event. As constitutional aspects were seem in the two groups. Thus, the presented data evidences that the studied groups are quite homogeneous. Risk factors for the use of materials for the fixation of the orotracheal waist (tape), a shortage of personnel for the longest care, and the greater importance of the alarms were included. of blood saturation that was responsible for 60% of the occurrence of the event. AE is one of the largest public health service companies in the world, inspiratory pressure and PEEP, and average recurring expenses an average of 5.7 days. Concomitant with the increased risk of respiratory accident for most cases following the occurrence of an accident, raising the risk of fire and synergy over the previous exercise already weakened of the premature. Immigration is an awareness of NICU management and staff of health professionals, which is important in preventing and early diagnosis of accidental extubation.

Bakgrund: I anestesisjuksköterskans ansvar ingår att extubera patienten på ett säkert sätt. I anestesisjuksköterskans arbete fodras ett tvärprofessionellt omhändertagande av patienten inom ett team. Det är ett varierande arbetstempo i en komplex och högteknologisk miljö. Extuberingsprocessen kan medföra många komplikationer som kan ge obehag för patienten som har varit sövd i generell anestesi med endotrachealtub. Extubation ställer därmed höga krav på anestesisjuksköterskan som skall ha fördjupande medicinska och omvårdnadskunskaper vid omhändertagandet av patient. Det saknas forskning kring extubationsprocessen ur en anestesisjuksköterskas perspektiv även om det är ett riskfyllt moment. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av svårigheter i samband med extubation av patient. Metod: Studien innefattade semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio anestesisjuksköterskor från två sjukhus i Västra Götalandsregionen i Sverige. Datamaterialet analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visade betydande trygghet i att ha utbildning, erfarenhet och kunskap om extubationsprocessen då arbetssättet bygger på erfarenhet. Förmåga att förhålla sig till utmaningar bygger på att anestesisjuksköterskorna upplever en stor respekt för extubationsprocessen eftersom det kan innefatta många risker. Trygghet av att se patientens individuella behov var en betydande faktor för ett komplikationsfritt omhändertagande av patienter. För att främja ett systematiskt och patientsäkert sätt kring patienten, beskrev anestesisjuksköterskorna vikten av utbildning inom extubationsprocessen. Diskussion: I diskussionen jämförs det aktuella resultatet med tidigare forskning. Vidare diskuteras kunskapsbristen och forskning kring fenomenet. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskornas arbete kring extubationsprocessen kräver god kunskap och erfarenhet inom anestesisjukvård. Förmåga till kommunikation och teamarbete är viktiga faktorer för en lyckad extubation.

Apesar de ser terapêutica fundamental no paciente com insuficiência respiratória, a ventilação mecânica (VM) é um procedimento invasivo e está associado a uma série de complicações (1). Aproximadamente 90% dos pacientes críticos necessitam de VM (2). A maioria destes pacientes requer alguma forma de desmame para a retirada do suporte ventilatório, cujo processo consome mais de 40% do tempo de VM (2-3). O momento de extubação continua sendo um dos aspectos mais desafiadores da equipe de terapia intensiva (4). O reconhecimento oportuno para o retorno à ventilação espontânea é essencial para reduzir custos e morbimortalidade (5). Vários índices preditivos estão sendo estudados na tentativa de avaliar o desfecho da retirada do suporte ventilatório. Nenhum deles apresentou bons resultados na discriminação do desfecho da extubação, mesmo os mais utilizados na prática clínica, como capacidade vital (CV), volume corrente (Vt), pressão inspiratória máxima (PiMáx), pressão de oclusão das vias aéreas (P0.1) e índice de respiração rápida superficial (IRRS) (6). Recentemente foi criado um novo índice, denominado Integrative weaning índex, índice integrativo de desmame (IWI), mostrando uma acurácia surpreendente na falha de desmame, sendo superior a outros índices. Os autores sugerem que esse índice poderia ser utilizado também na predição do desfecho de extubação (7). O objetivo do estudo é avaliar o potencial do IWI no desfecho da extubação Trata-se de um estudo transversal desenvolvido em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de um hospital público de Porto alegre, Brasil, que possui 59 leitos adultos clínico-cirúrgicos. A população final do estudo foi constituída por 153 pacientes com VM há mais de 48 horas e que foram extubados, no período de fevereiro a novembro de 2011. Foram coletados dados demográficos e parâmetros clínicos, além de índices de desmame e extubação, como complacência estática do sistema respiratório (Cst,rs), IRRS, P0.1 e IWI. A falha de extubação foi observada em 23 (15%) pacientes. Os pacientes que falharam a extubação, em comparação com os que não falharam, apresentaram mais balanço hídrico positivo (803,2ml/24hs vs 106,4ml/24hs; p 0,04) , maior grau de anemia (hemoglobina 8,1g/dL vs 9,2g/dL; p 0,013) e de acidose metabólica (bicarbonato 23,9mmol/L vs 26,7mmol/L; p 0,017). Os três resultados do IWI (imediatamente antes e 30 minutos após o teste de respiração espontânea e a diferença entre ambos), não apresentaram boa acurácia na discriminação do desfecho da extubação, com áreas sob as curvas receiver operating characteristic (ROC) de 0,49, 0,57 e 0,63 respectivamente. Os demais parâmetros ventilatórios e índices preditivos também não mostraram associação com tal desfecho. Nós concluímos que o IWI, assim como outros índices preditivos, não apresenta adequada capacidade para prever falha de extubação. / Although mechanical ventilation (MV) is an essential therapy for patients with respiratory failure, it is an invasive procedure and is associated with a number of complications (1). Approximately 90% of the critically ill patients require MV (2). Most of these patients require some form of weaning to remove the ventilatory support, and this process occupies over 40% of the MV time (2- 3). The time of extubation continues to be one of the most challenging aspects for the intensive care team (4). Timely recognition of return to spontaneous ventiliation is essential to reduce costs and morbidity and mortality (5). Several predictive indices are being studied in an attempt to evalute the outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation . None of them presented good results in discriminating the extubation outcome, even those most used in clinical practices, such as vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (Vt), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), tracheal airway occlusion pressure (tracheal P0.1) and rapid shallow breatinh index (RSBI) (6). Recently a new index was created called IWI (integrative weaning index), showing surprising accuracy for weaning failure, and superior to all other indices. The authors suggest that this index could be used also to predict extubation outcome (7). The objective of the study is to evaluate the potential of integrative weaning index in extubation outcome This is a cross sectional study conducted in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a public hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil, wich has 59 adult medical-surgical beds. Final population was constituted by 153 patients ventilated for more than 48 hours and extubated, during the period between February and November 2011. We collected demographic data and clinical parameters, besides weaning and extubation indeces, such as respiratory static compliance, rapid shallow breathing index, tracheal airway occlusion pressure 0.1s and integrative weaning index. Extubation failure was verified in 23 (15%) patients. Patients with extubation failure, comparing to those with extubation success, presented more positive fluid balance (803.2ml/24h vs 106.4ml/24h; p = 0.04), higher degree of anemia (hemoglobin 8.1 g/dL vs 9.2 g/dL; p = 0.013) and of metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate 23.9 mmol/L vs 26.7 mmol/L; p = 0.017). The three results of IWI (immediately before and 30 minutes after spontaneous breathing trial and the difference between them) did not show accuracy in discriminating extubation outcome, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.49, 0.57 and 0.63, respectively. The others ventilatory parameters and predictive indeces did not present also an association with this outcome. We concluded that IWI, like others predictive indeces, do not show adequate capacity to predict extubation failure.

Bakgrund: Många av patienterna på en neurointensivvårdsavdelning (NIVA) vårdas med respirator under en längre eller kortare period av vårdtiden. Neurointensivvårdspatienterna bedöms ibland utifrån de kriterier för urträning och extubering som används på allmänna intensivvårdspatienter. Detta kan leda till för tidig extubation med reintubation som följd. Syfte: Redogöra för vilka kriterier som ska bedömas hos neurointensivvårdspatienter inför en extubering. Metod: Litteraturstudie. Resultat och slutsats: Neurointensivvårdspatienter behöver uppfylla en kombination av kriterier inför extubation. Hänsyn ska tas till de generella extubationskriterierna avseende andning och cirkulation. Dessutom ska patienten ha en tillräckligt hög medvetandegrad för att kunna följa någon form av uppmaning. Till sist ska patientens förmåga att hålla fri luftväg bedömas genom observation av hostkraft, sekretmängd/konsistens och svalgfunktion. Det behövs ytterligare forskning för att utröna i hur hög grad neurointensivvårdspatienterna behöver vara medvetna inför extubering och på vilket sätt detta bäst bedöms. Forskning behövs kring ett enhetligt tillvägagångssätt för bedömning av hostkraft, sekretmängd/konsistens och svalgfunktion. / Background: Many of the patients cared for in a neurocritical unit are treated with mechanical ventilation for a longer or shorter period of time during their stay in the unit. When weaning or extubating neurocritical patients, they are sometimes assessed according to the criteria for weaning and extubation used in general intensive care patients. This can cause premature extubation, resulting in re-intubation. Aim: Describe the criteria to be assessed in neurocritical patients prior to extubation. Method: Literature review. Results and conclusion: Neurocritical patients need to fulfil a combination of criteria prior to extubation. The general criteria in terms of respiration and circulation must be taken in to consideration, as well as the patient’s level of consciousness. The patient has to be conscious enough to be able to take directions. Lastly the patient’s ability to protect the airway must be assessed by observation of cough strength, the quantities and viscosity of the secretions and the patient’s swallowing function. Further research is required to ascertain the level of consciousness required in the neurocritical patients prior to extubation and in which way the assessment is best carried out. There is also need for further research considering a standardized measurement for assessing cough strength, the quantities and viscosity of secretions and swallowing function in these patients.