Graad R verwys volgens die nuutste Afrikaanse beleidsdokumente na die voorskoolse opleiding wat tans in die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolstelsel ingefaseer word, alhoewel die Departement van Basiese Onderwys beoog dat alle leerders eers in 2019 toegang sal hê tot formele graad R-programme. Uitdagings vir onderrig in vroeë kinderontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika is onder meer ʼn tekort aan gekwalifiseerde onderwysers, asook leer- en ondersteuningsmateriaal van ʼn hoë gehalte. Die Kurrikulum- en Assesseringsbeleidsverklaring (KABV) vir graad R bestaan uit drie vakke: Huistaal, Wiskunde en Lewensvaardighede. Lewensvaardighede bestaan uit vier studie-areas, naamlik Aanvangskennis, Skeppende kunste, Liggaamsopvoeding, asook Persoonlike en Sosiale Welsyn. Slegs dertig minute per week word as deel van Skeppende kunste toegestaan aan formele musiekonderrig. Wanneer musiek in die dagprogram met ander aspekte van graad R-onderrig en -leer integreer word, word die holistiese ontwikkeling van die leerder bevorder. Graad R-onderwysers het egter selde in musiek gespesialiseer en is onseker oor die implementering daarvan in hul onderrigprogramme. Uitvoerbare moontlikhede word in hierdie proefskrif ondersoek om musiek in die graad R-dagprogram te integreer ten einde ʼn bydrae te lewer tot die sosiale, fisiese, emosionele, intellektuele en geestelike ontwikkeling van graad R-leerders. Die hoofnavorsingsvraag wat hieruit ontstaan, is watter teoretiese raamwerk verduidelik hoe musiek in graad R geïntegreer kan word. Die navorsingsbenadering wat gevolg is om hierdie vraag te ondersoek, is ʼn kwalitatiewe, veelvoudige gevallestudie vanuit ʼn interpretatiewe perspektief. Aanvanklik is ʼn literatuurstudie gedoen om huidige tendense ten opsigte van die integrasie van musiek in graad R te beskryf. Daarna is die onderrig en leer in vyf multikulturele graad R-klasse in die Potchefstroom-omgewing waargeneem met die doel om die maniere waarop musiek in die praktyk geïntegreer word, in te samel. Die data is toe met behulp van Atlas.ti 7.1.6 georganiseer en gekategoriseer, waarna ʼn oorkruis gevalle-analise gedoen is. Die bevindinge is geverifieer deur langtermyn-waarneming en deelnemer-kontrole. ʼn Teoretiese raamwerk is ontwikkel deur die ses temas wat uit die data-analise gegenereer is in verband te bring met ʼn geïntegreerde literatuuroorsig. Hierdie aspekte vir die integrasie van musiek in graad R waardeur onderrig en leer kan plaasvind, is geïdentifiseer as oor musiek, uit musiek, op musiek, met musiek, in musiek en deur musiek. In die raamwerk word elke aspek van integrasie verbind met aktiwiteite wat gebaseer is op die leerbeginsels vir graad R, naamlik spel, ontdekking en praktiese ervarings, ten einde die ontwikkeling van die graad R-leerder te bevorder. Alhoewel die bevindinge spesifiek is tot die Potchefstroom-omgewing, hou die teoretiese raamwerk verskeie moontlikhede in vir nasionale en internasionale toepassing in voorskoolse onderrig. Dit impliseer dat musiek suksesvol in die graad R-dagprogram geïntegreer kan word deur musiekspesialiste sowel as onderwysers wat nie in musiek gespesialiseer het nie. / PhD (Music), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Graad R verwys volgens die nuutste Afrikaanse beleidsdokumente na die voorskoolse opleiding wat tans in die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolstelsel ingefaseer word, alhoewel die Departement van Basiese Onderwys beoog dat alle leerders eers in 2019 toegang sal hê tot formele graad R-programme. Uitdagings vir onderrig in vroeë kinderontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika is onder meer ʼn tekort aan gekwalifiseerde onderwysers, asook leer- en ondersteuningsmateriaal van ʼn hoë gehalte. Die Kurrikulum- en Assesseringsbeleidsverklaring (KABV) vir graad R bestaan uit drie vakke: Huistaal, Wiskunde en Lewensvaardighede. Lewensvaardighede bestaan uit vier studie-areas, naamlik Aanvangskennis, Skeppende kunste, Liggaamsopvoeding, asook Persoonlike en Sosiale Welsyn. Slegs dertig minute per week word as deel van Skeppende kunste toegestaan aan formele musiekonderrig. Wanneer musiek in die dagprogram met ander aspekte van graad R-onderrig en -leer integreer word, word die holistiese ontwikkeling van die leerder bevorder. Graad R-onderwysers het egter selde in musiek gespesialiseer en is onseker oor die implementering daarvan in hul onderrigprogramme. Uitvoerbare moontlikhede word in hierdie proefskrif ondersoek om musiek in die graad R-dagprogram te integreer ten einde ʼn bydrae te lewer tot die sosiale, fisiese, emosionele, intellektuele en geestelike ontwikkeling van graad R-leerders. Die hoofnavorsingsvraag wat hieruit ontstaan, is watter teoretiese raamwerk verduidelik hoe musiek in graad R geïntegreer kan word. Die navorsingsbenadering wat gevolg is om hierdie vraag te ondersoek, is ʼn kwalitatiewe, veelvoudige gevallestudie vanuit ʼn interpretatiewe perspektief. Aanvanklik is ʼn literatuurstudie gedoen om huidige tendense ten opsigte van die integrasie van musiek in graad R te beskryf. Daarna is die onderrig en leer in vyf multikulturele graad R-klasse in die Potchefstroom-omgewing waargeneem met die doel om die maniere waarop musiek in die praktyk geïntegreer word, in te samel. Die data is toe met behulp van Atlas.ti 7.1.6 georganiseer en gekategoriseer, waarna ʼn oorkruis gevalle-analise gedoen is. Die bevindinge is geverifieer deur langtermyn-waarneming en deelnemer-kontrole. ʼn Teoretiese raamwerk is ontwikkel deur die ses temas wat uit die data-analise gegenereer is in verband te bring met ʼn geïntegreerde literatuuroorsig. Hierdie aspekte vir die integrasie van musiek in graad R waardeur onderrig en leer kan plaasvind, is geïdentifiseer as oor musiek, uit musiek, op musiek, met musiek, in musiek en deur musiek. In die raamwerk word elke aspek van integrasie verbind met aktiwiteite wat gebaseer is op die leerbeginsels vir graad R, naamlik spel, ontdekking en praktiese ervarings, ten einde die ontwikkeling van die graad R-leerder te bevorder. Alhoewel die bevindinge spesifiek is tot die Potchefstroom-omgewing, hou die teoretiese raamwerk verskeie moontlikhede in vir nasionale en internasionale toepassing in voorskoolse onderrig. Dit impliseer dat musiek suksesvol in die graad R-dagprogram geïntegreer kan word deur musiekspesialiste sowel as onderwysers wat nie in musiek gespesialiseer het nie. / PhD (Music), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The challenge to create learning environments that could promote learning is an aspect which currently enjoys much attention in the higher education environment. According to the outcomes based approach, learners are required to be equipped with relevant and applicable skills when entering the workforce on completion of their studies. With this as background, this study investigated the applicability of experiential learning as an approach that could enable learners to make optimal use of changing learning environments. Experiential learning mainly takes place through learners’ exposure to concrete experiences which are then critically reflected upon. The concept of action learning is often used as synonym for experiential learning, as the principles underlying these concepts and the philosophical assumptions are the same. Service learning is an application field of experiential learning that differs from the traditional learning approach. Learners learn from their exposure to learning experiences, whereas service rendering takes place simultaneously. In this study attention will be paid to the importance of reflection in the learning process. On completion of the learning experience learners critically investigate their own values, preconceptions, insights they have gained in the process and actions. The reflective learning process gives learners the opportunity to monitor their own learning objectives, to enhance insight and understanding and observe the interaction between theory and practice. In addition to this the process allows them to optimise human potential by applying what they have learned. According to the process followed in this study, learners have developed and implemented certain psycho-social interventions in collaboration with a specific community. At the start of the process learners were requested to keep their dairies up to date and use these to reflect on any aspect of their learning experience. With the consent of the learners a quantitative analysis was done of the content of their dairies and certain themes have manifested. The main themes that have been identified refer to the experiences during the development and implementation of the intervention and these relate mainly to the learning facilitator. Initially learners were quite dependent on familiar structures but once they became more at ease with the process, they were able to observe and manage the process with greater freedom. One aspect that is prominent in this study is the significance of group processes - not only for the individual learner, but also as part of the greater environment. Learners were specifically challenged to manage the unpredictability of the various processes – something which has required greater adaptability and leniency of learners. Learners’ reflections on the achievement of learning outcomes centre on opportunities to practically apply their theoretical knowledge. In many learners the interaction between theory and practice has resulted in the expansion of their cognitive content. Many references were also made to the improvement of life skills which relate specifically to the group processes and personal enrichment. A reflective attitude in a learning environment facilitates opportunities for learners to build on their current knowledge and develop a greater emotive conscience of the various processes and people involved in the learning environment. In addition to this individual life skills can also become more prominent. Reflection on learning experiences is a critical component by which learners could make sense of their experiences and apply their knowledge, emphasise the greater environment and support the interaction between people and the self as part of the learning process. / Dissertation (MA (Research Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

After the democratic election of 1994, a new and integrated education system was developed in South Africa in accordance with international trends and the stipulations of the South African Bill of Rights with regard to equality, human dignity, basic education and equal access to education. According to the inclusive education system, learners with learning and developmental barriers should be accommodated within the mainstream of education. In order for inclusive education to succeed, a network of support was developed on departmental, provincial, district and school level. At school level, the school-based support team is directly responsible for supporting learners with learning and developmental barriers, educators and parents/caregivers. The effectiveness of these school-based support teams will, eventually, determine the quality of this inclusive education approach. The question which guided this research, is: How effectively does the school-based support team fullfil its function in the teaching and learning of learners with learning and developmental barriers within the framework of inclusive education? A qualitative research design was chosen which is exploratory, descriptive and explanatory. After an initial literature study in which international and national trends in this field were investigated, five primary mainstream schools were selected in the Western Cape according to certain criteria. A pilot study was conducted in another school to refine data collection strategies. Information was then gathered in the five schools by means of structured questionnaires, individual and focus group interviews, field notes and the study of appropriate documents. In order to evaluate these teams, eleven criteria were designed to serve collectively as an evaluation instrument. The effectiveness of the school-based support teams in the five schools were subsequently assessed and placed in various categories according to a conceptual framework. It was found that the school-based support teams function relatively effectively in most areas. The composition of the teams is effective. However, the teams function ineffectively with regard to the orientation and training of their members, as well as of the teachers and parents/caregivers of learners with learning and developmental barriers / Thesis (PhD (Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / In die studie is daar gepoog om aan te toon waarom die ondervindingsmod~l vir taalleer die aangewese model vir effektiewe tweedetaalleer is. Die kommunikatiewe onderrigbenaderingswyse, onderhandeling in die klaskamer en die belangrikheid van die prosessillabus in tweedetaalverwerwing is bespreek. Die taalonderwyser se rot as fasiliteerder van leer in kommunikatiewe FAfrikaanstaalonderrig in die interaktiewe klaskamer met klem op leerdergesentreerde onderrig is uiteengesit. Daar is verder aangetoon dat daar ten opsigte van die rot van die onderwyser 'n paradigmatiese verskuiwing moet plaasvind, veral noudat beginsels van uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig wat deel van kurrikulum 2005 vorm, in 1998/1999 in aile Suid-Afrikaanse skole ingestel is. Die onderwyser is nou 'n fasiliteerder van kennis, nie 'n oordraer daarvan nie. Belangrike aspekte van leer wat leerders se tweedetaalleer be'invloed, is bespreek, byvoorbeeld klaskamerkommunikasie, fasilitering, suggestopedia, faktore wat begrip van leerstof be'invloed, onderwyser - en leerdergedragswyses, positiewe /eeratmosfeer, behandeling van leerderfoute, Jeerderpersepsies, kommunikatiewe strategiee en evalueringsmetodes. 'n Verskeidenheid taallesse wat op T2-Afrikaans en die T2-taalklaskamer betrekking het, en wat verskillende onderrigteoriee, uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig en die ses taalvaardighede integreer, word in hoofstuk 5 ge'illustreer. / In this study it is shown why the discovery model of language learning is the appropriate model for effective language learning. The communicative teaching approach, classroom-negotiation and the importance of the process syllabus in second language acquisition is discussed. The language teacher's role as facilitator of learning, in communicative L2 - Afrikaans language teaching in the interactive classroom with a learner-centered focus is explained. It is further shown that the role of the teacher must undergo a paradigm shift especially now that principles of outcomes based education which forms part of curriculum 2005 has been introduced into all schools in South Africa in 1998/1999. The teacher is now a facilitator of knowledge and not a transmitter thereof. Important aspects of learning that influence learners' second language learning are discussed, for example classroom communication, facilitation, suggestopedia, factors that influence the understanding of subject matter, teacher and learner behaviours, positive learning atmosphere, treatment of Ieamer errors, learner perceptions, communicative strategies and methods of evaluation. A variety of language lessons which integrate various teaching theories, outcomes based education and the six language learning skills which are related to L 2-Afrikaans and the L 2-classroom are illustrated in Chapter 5. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / In die studie is daar gepoog om aan te toon waarom die ondervindingsmod~l vir taalleer die aangewese model vir effektiewe tweedetaalleer is. Die kommunikatiewe onderrigbenaderingswyse, onderhandeling in die klaskamer en die belangrikheid van die prosessillabus in tweedetaalverwerwing is bespreek. Die taalonderwyser se rot as fasiliteerder van leer in kommunikatiewe FAfrikaanstaalonderrig in die interaktiewe klaskamer met klem op leerdergesentreerde onderrig is uiteengesit. Daar is verder aangetoon dat daar ten opsigte van die rot van die onderwyser 'n paradigmatiese verskuiwing moet plaasvind, veral noudat beginsels van uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig wat deel van kurrikulum 2005 vorm, in 1998/1999 in aile Suid-Afrikaanse skole ingestel is. Die onderwyser is nou 'n fasiliteerder van kennis, nie 'n oordraer daarvan nie. Belangrike aspekte van leer wat leerders se tweedetaalleer be'invloed, is bespreek, byvoorbeeld klaskamerkommunikasie, fasilitering, suggestopedia, faktore wat begrip van leerstof be'invloed, onderwyser - en leerdergedragswyses, positiewe /eeratmosfeer, behandeling van leerderfoute, Jeerderpersepsies, kommunikatiewe strategiee en evalueringsmetodes. 'n Verskeidenheid taallesse wat op T2-Afrikaans en die T2-taalklaskamer betrekking het, en wat verskillende onderrigteoriee, uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig en die ses taalvaardighede integreer, word in hoofstuk 5 ge'illustreer. / In this study it is shown why the discovery model of language learning is the appropriate model for effective language learning. The communicative teaching approach, classroom-negotiation and the importance of the process syllabus in second language acquisition is discussed. The language teacher's role as facilitator of learning, in communicative L2 - Afrikaans language teaching in the interactive classroom with a learner-centered focus is explained. It is further shown that the role of the teacher must undergo a paradigm shift especially now that principles of outcomes based education which forms part of curriculum 2005 has been introduced into all schools in South Africa in 1998/1999. The teacher is now a facilitator of knowledge and not a transmitter thereof. Important aspects of learning that influence learners' second language learning are discussed, for example classroom communication, facilitation, suggestopedia, factors that influence the understanding of subject matter, teacher and learner behaviours, positive learning atmosphere, treatment of Ieamer errors, learner perceptions, communicative strategies and methods of evaluation. A variety of language lessons which integrate various teaching theories, outcomes based education and the six language learning skills which are related to L 2-Afrikaans and the L 2-classroom are illustrated in Chapter 5. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)