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Ministério da Educação, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia / Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a very important agricultural crop as a source of vegetable oil worldwide. Although it is still not very expressive in the country, Brazil has a gigantic growth potential of this culture, mainly in the Amazon region, without the need for deforestation of new areas. However, one of the main phytosanitary harriers to its development in the region has been Fatal Yellowing (FY), a disease still unknown but has devastated many plantations. In this way, this work aimed to study the spread ofthe disease in the field, through the study of the spatial and temporal dispersion of FA and its spatial autocorrelation, in oil palm plants of different ages and genetic material, in an organic production system. in the municipality of Acará / PA. The genetic materiais studied were Avros, Deli x Lamé and Deli x Lamé (EMBRAPA). The plants were monitored monthly for the purpose of identifying plants attacked by FY. Using the centroid of the plots, the study of the space-time distribution of the number of diseased plants per plot was done. Through the Moran index, it was possible to observe the presence of positive spatial autocorrelation in the arca, identifying areas of high and low incidence of disease clusters, as well as outliers. The index has proved to be a promising tool in epidemiological research, assisting in the study and management of the disease. Then a study was done isolating each genetic material. For the three materiais, the distribution model that fitted the most was Gaussian, followed by the Spherical and finally the Exponential. This reinforces the concept of FA, has a biotic cause. The Spatial Dependence Index for the Avros material was predominantly moderate, whereas for the materiais Deli x Lamé and Deli x Lamé (EMBRAPA) were strong. The range varied between the materiais, presenting a higher average value for Avros (2,939 meters), followed by Deli-Lamé (2,169 meters) and, finally, 853 meters for Deli-Lamé (EMBRAPA). The three genetic materiais tested showed different spatial distribution, statistical and geostatistical parameters, and were considered susceptible to fatal yellowing. / A palma-de-óleo (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) é uma cultura agrícola muito importante como fonte de óleo vegetal mundial. Apesar de ainda ser pouco expressiva no país, o Brasil tem um potencial gigantesco de crescimento desta cultura, principalmente na região Amazônica, sem haver a necessidade de desmatamento de novas áreas. Entretanto um dos principais entraves fitossanitários para seu desenvolvimento na região tem sido o Amarelecimento Fatal (AF), doença de causa ainda desconhecida, mas que tem devastado muitas plantações. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou estudar a evolução da doença em campo, por meio do estudo da dispersão espacial e temporal do AF e da sua autocorrelação espacial, em plantas de palma-de-óleo de diferentes idades e materiais genéticos, em sistema de produção orgânica, no município de Acará/PA. Os materiais genéticos estudados foram Avros, Deli x Lamé e Deli x Lamé (EMBRAPA). As plantas foram monitoradas mensalmente com a finalidade de identificar as atacadas pelo AF. Utilizando o centroide das parcelas foi feito o estudo da distribuição espaço-temporal da variável número de plantas doentes por parcela. Através do índice de Moran foi possível observar a presença de autocorrelação espacial positiva para esta variável, identificando as áreas de clusters de alta e baixa incidência da doença, além de outliers. O índice demonstrou ser uma ferramenta promissora nas pesquisas epidemiológicas, auxiliando no estudo e no manejo da doença. Em seguida foi feita uma análise isolando cada material genético. Para os três materiais o modelo de semivariograma que melhor se ajustou foi o Gaussiano, seguido do Esférico e por fim o Exponencial. Isto reforça o conceito do AF apresentar uma causa biótica. O índice de Dependência Espacial para o material Avros foi predominantemente moderado, enquanto que para os materiais Deli x Lamé e Deli x Lamé (EMBRAPA) foram fortes. O alcance variou entre os materiais, apresentando maior valor médio para o Avros (2.939 metros), seguido pelo Deli-Lamé (2.169 metros) e por fim, 853 metros para Deli-Lamé (Embrapa). Os três materiais genéticos testados, apresentaram distribuição espacial, parâmetros estatísticos e geoestatísticos distintos entre si, sendo considerados susceptíveis ao amarelecimento fatal.

Southeastern states have about 26 percent of the nations total fatalities, and are about 24 percent above the national mean over recent years. Descriptive statistics, graphs, and figures are used to illustrate and quantify the crash trends, which depict a comprehensive picture of status and trends of the fatal crashes in southeastern states. The severity of crashes is studied as a function of characteristics of the person involved in the crash, vehicle, traffic condition, physical road geometry, and environmental factors. Detailed geometric feature data were collected for this study, which makes it possible to investigate the relationship between geometric features and crash severity. This study identifies causal factors contributing to the high fatality rate in southeastern states, and sheds light on the differences and similarities among these states for reducing the severity of fatal crashes, by developing multinomial logit models to explain the severity and type of fatal crashes.

ABSTRACT

With increasing levels of motor vehicle ownership, automobile crashes have become a serious public issue in the U.S. and around the world. Knowing when, where, and how traffic accidents happen is critical in order to ensure road safety and to plan for adequate road infrastructure. There is a rich body of literature pertaining to time-related fatal crashes, most of which focuses on non-spatial factors such as a driver’s visibility at night, drinking and drug use, and road conditions. These studies provide a theoretical basis for understanding the causes of crashes from a non-spatial perspective, and a number of traffic laws and policies consequently have been enacted to minimize the impacts of non-spatial factors. Over the past few years, advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have greatly enhanced our ability to analyze traffic accidents from a spatial perspective. This study aims to fill a void in traffic safety studies by comparing and analyzing the differences in the spatial distribution of fatal crashes based on temporal factors, specifically in three periods: 1) day and night; 2) A.M. rush hours and P.M. rush hours; and 3) weekdays and weekends. With the Nashville Metropolitan Area as the study area, the research utilized a number of spatial point-pattern analysis (SPPA) methods, including planar KDE, planar global auto K function, network global cross K functions, and network local cross K functions. All fatal crashes in the Nashville area were found to be clustered and generally follow the patterns of average daily traffic flow. All time-based subtypes of fatal crashes also were found to be concentrated within the central urban area of Nashville, mostly along major roads, and especially near major road intersections and highway interchanges. No notable spatial differences were detected among the subtypes of fatal crashes when applying network global cross K function. However, with the help of the network local cross K function, some localized spatial differences were identified. Some specific locations of hotspots of nighttime and P.M. rush hour fatal crashes were found not to be at the same locations as those at of daytime and A.M. rush hour fatal crashes, respectively. The approach adopted in this study not only provides a new way to analyze spatial distribution of spatial point events such as fatal crashes, but it also can be applied readily to real-world applications. A good understanding of where these spatial differences are should help various agencies practice effective measures and policies in order to improve road conditions, reduce traffic accidents, and ensure road safety.

This thesis deals with the reception of the works of Michail Bugakov by the Czech community from the 1920s to 1980s. This time frame is set by the publishing of two translations of Bulgakov's novella Fatal Eggs. Using the two translations, published over fifty years apart, this thesis attempts to demonstrate how were Bulgakov's works received by the Czech community and in what context were they understood. The thesis focuses mainly on the impact of the novel in the life and work of Michail Bulgakov. Following that, a picture of the author created by the Czech journalism and commentaries accompanying his works is shown. Through the analysis of these texts the thesis focuses on the influence of ideology on the interpretation of author's works and fate. Further focus is given to the differences of translation styles of both translators. The translatological analysis of selected samples of both translations has been conducted and upon it the methods used by each of the translators have been synthesized. Key words: Michail Bulgakov, Fatal Eggs, Kamila Značkovská-Neumannová, Alena Morávková, the picture of the author, translation method, translatological analysis

Ce mémoire propose une analyse de l'expérience de la terreur au sein de la franchise Fatal Frame, et plus particulièrement dans Fatal Frame III : The Tormented (TECMO, 2005). Dans un premier temps, nous resituons ce jeu vidéo dans le genre du survival terror en nous penchant essentiellement sur les émotions qu'il engendre, soit la peur et la terreur. Nous employons une approche qui s'intéresse aux émotions du joueur dans son rapport avec l'image, le son, et la jouabilité. C'est en abordant les tactiques de l'épouvante relevées par le groupe de recherche du LUDOV que nous dressons un portrait de l'expérience et analysons les éléments constitutifs instiguant les émotions recherchées. Puis, il est question du rapport entre le joueur et les ressources offensives disponibles. Dans un second temps, nous examinons l'environnement du jeu tant dans sa construction que dans sa présentation. Afin de mieux comprendre ses influences sur les émotions du joueur, nous décomposons le récit tout en nous référant aux légendes urbaines et à la religion shintoïste. Finalement, nous développons au sujet de la figure du fantôme avec sa représentation horrifique et surtout, de la façon dont le joueur peut agir face à cette menace. La thématique de la hantise est examinée de plus près. Il est d'abord question de la hantise transmédiatique. Puis, la hantise transvidéoludique est abordée en tenant compte des liens entre les jeux de la franchise. / This thesis proposes an analysis of the terror experience within the Fatal Frame franchise, more specificly in Fatal Frame III : The Tormented (TECMO, 2005). First of all, we situate the game within the survival terror genre and examine the emotions it generates, such as fear and terror. We employ an approach based on the player's emotions in relation to the image, sound and gameplay. Then we dress a portrait of the experience by applying the scare tactics underlined by LUDOV research group and we analyse the game elements that create the seeked emotions. We then consider the link between the player and the available offensive ressources. Secondly, we observe the game environment in its construction and presentation. To better understand its influences on the player's emotions, we break down the plot and refer ourselves to urban legends and the shintoïst religion. Finally, we develop on the figure of the ghost and its horrific representation and, mostly, the way the player can act towards this threat. The thematic of the haunting is then more closely examined. We first look at transmediatic haunting. Then, we approach transvideoludic haunting while considering the links between the games of the franchise.

Gender representation in the horror genre has many interesting discussions surrounding it through multiple perspectives such as psychoanalysis and culture. This article intends to expand the investigation of how female characters are portrayed in horror games. The research on female representation will investigate the potential connections between horror cinema and horror games in the survival horror game Fatal Frame (2001, Koei Tecmo), the first title of a series that is iconic f0r drawing inspiration from Japanese mythology and horror tropes while simultaneously using a large cast of female characters. To gather information about the audience to support the game analysis, an online survey will be released targeting players of the games. Thereafter, recorded, non-commentary footage of the first game, Fatal Frame (2001), will be observed and textually analysed through a framework with data points, based on the background of psychoanalysis, horror cinema, culture, and game theory.

En el gen de la proteïna priònica, o PRNP, hem observat que el particular patró de variació que hem trobat basant-nos en dades de seqüenciació en humans es deu a selecció positiva, i que el mètode utilitzat per detectar selecció és crític. Utilitzant dades basades en SNPs es pot introduir un biaix al aplicar tests de neutralitat basats en diversitat de seqüències, i això pot portar a conclusions errònies. A més, hem vist que els polimorfismes en els codons 129 i 219 presenten gran diferències de freqüència en diferents poblacions humanes i també hem vist que aquestes posicions estan fixades en ximpanzés. La variació trobada en controls ha estat comparada amb el patró de variació existent en pacients per la mateixa regió. La reseqüenciació del gen PRNP en un gran nombre de mostres humanes i de ximpanzés ens ha permès obtenir un gran nombre d´informació d´aquest gen. / In the prion gene or PRNP, we have observed that the particular pattern of variation that we have found in this gene based on sequencing data in humans is due to positive selection, and that the method and the approach used to detect this selection critical. Ascertainment bias can be introduced by using SNP data and applying neutrality tests based on sequence diversity, therefore leading to anomalous conclusions being drawn. Moreover, we have seen that polymorphisms in codon 129 and 219 have big differences in frequency in different human populations and we have also seen that these positions are fixed in chimpanzees. The normal variation that we found in controls have been then compared with patients for the same region. The resequencing of PRNP in a very large sample of humans and chimpanzees has provided a great deal of information on this gene.

Prionkrankheiten sind übertragbare, tödliche neurodegenerative Erkrankungen beim Menschen und bei Tieren. Sie basieren auf der Konversion des zellulären Prion-Proteins (PrPC) in seine pathogene Form (PrPSc). Durch diese Konversion sind Prionkrankheiten pathogen und übertragbar. Bis heute ist weder der dem zugrunde liegende Mechanismus verstanden noch eine Behandlung gefunden worden. Die sichere Diagnose einer sporadischen Prionkrankheit ist ausschließlich mittels Gehirnbiopsie möglich, weswegen zu Lebzeiten des Patienten häufig nur die Diagnose einer wahrscheinlichen Prionkrankheit erfolgt. Zusammen mit der klinischen Heterogenität der Prionkrankheiten weisen neueste Erkenntnisse auf das Vorhandensein mehrerer humaner Prionstämme hin. Für die Suche nach Medikamenten fehlt ein geeigneter Wirkstoff-Suchtest, der auf der humanen Pathogenese basiert, für einen hohen Durchsatz geeignet und gut reproduzierbar ist. Die real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), eine neu entwickelte in vitro-Methode, erlaubt den Nachweis von bisher nicht messbaren Mengen an PrPSc in humanem Liquor cerebrospinalis (Liquor). Dazu werden die selbst-replizierenden Eigenschaften des PrPSc genutzt. Erste Untersuchungen weisen auf distinkte Eigenschaften humaner Prionkrankheiten in der RT-QuIC hin. Zum Einsatz in Diagnostik und Forschung bedarf es jedoch einer umfassenden Validierung der Methode für die Anwendung mit humanem Liquor. In dieser Arbeit beträgt die Sensitivität der RT-QuIC 85,5 % und die Spezifität 99,5 % für humane Prionkrankheiten. Die Reproduzierbarkeit im Ringversuch ist gut bis exzellent. Die Kurzzeitlagerungen der Liquorproben bei Raumtemperatur und +4°C sowie die Langzeitlagerung bei −80°C und das wiederholte Einfrieren und Auftauen haben keinen Einfluss auf die Testergebnisse. Jedoch führt die Kontamination mit Blut zu falsch-negativen Resultaten. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf eine Eignung der RT-QuIC zur sicheren Diagnose von Prionkrankheiten zu Lebzeiten der Patienten hin. Zur Charakterisierung des Reaktionspotentials möglicher humaner Prionstämme wurden Liquorproben von verschiedenen humanen Prionkrankheiten wie bspw. der sporadischen und der genetischen Form mittels RT-QuIC untersucht. Die Auswertung der Daten zeigt distinkte Eigenschaften des PrPSc im Liquor, die moduliert werden durch die Form der Prionkrankheit, den Prnp Codon 129-Genotyp und die Krankheitsdauer. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen das Potential der RT-QuIC, die selbst-replizierenden Eigenschaften des PrPSc im Liquor zu untersuchen, womit erstmals eine Methode zur Verfügung steht, um diese Effekte in Patienten während der symptomatischen Phase zu studieren. Zur Nutzung der RT-QuIC als neuartige Methode zur Wirkstoffsuche wurde die Wirkung mehrerer Stoffe auf die RT-QuIC-Reaktion untersucht. Doxyzyklin inhibiert diese Reaktion sowohl in Korrelation mit der Dosis als auch mit dem Zeitpunkt der Zugabe. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf eine Eignung der RT-QuIC zur Suche von Stoffen hin, die den PrP-Konversionsprozess inhibieren und zeigen die inhibierende Wirkung von Doxyzyklin auf die in-vitro-Amplifikation von PrPSc.