In this thesis I investigate intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in heterosexual relationships by analysing the accounts of women and men in the Anglophone Caribbean country of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Since IPV occurs in the context of a range of abusive practices (Dobash and Dobash 2004) participants' talk on the use and experiences of violent acts, violent threats, as well as other controlling and coercive tactics are examined as part of this study. Analytically, I focus on the points at which discourses of gender converge with narratives of violence. In other words, the current work examines the ways in which participants construct, (re)produce, disturb and/or negotiate gender in their accounts of IPV, and the kinds of power dynamics that are implicated in these verbal performances. I apply a feminist poststructuralist framework to the study of IPV against women. Synthesising feminist theories of gender and power, and poststructuralist insights on language, subjectivity, social processes and institutions, feminist poststructuralism holds that hegemonic discourses of gender are used to subjugate women (Weedon 1997; Gavey 1990). The points at which individuals complicate dominant discursive practices will also be assessed as part of this approach. In-depth interviews conducted with 34 participants - 19 women and 15 men - between 2007 and 2008 are analysed by using a version of discourse analysis (DA) compatible with the feminist poststructuralist framework outlined in the thesis. My analysis begins by highlighting the ways in which narratives of gender inscribe asymmetrical relations of power. The focus then shifts to a comparison of women's and men's accounts on a range of abusive acts. Traditional scripts on gender are often used to police the boundaries of femininities and masculinities, tying these to female and male bodies respectively. This is the context in which control, coercion, violence and violent threats are discussed in these accounts. Understandings of manhood and womanhood also emerge in the analysis of the strategies used to explain violence. I conclude with a summary and discussion of the analysis, and I suggest possible areas for further research on IPV in the Anglophone Caribbean.

This thesis explores different geographies of tourism, gender, work and liveli­hood in post-socialist Latvia. The study puts focus on the overall transforma­tion process and the reshaping of the tourism sector, in how Latvia is reimag­ined both as a nation state and as a tourism destination. One central aim is to analyse the transformation process as genderised, and how existing gender identi­ties in general and femininities more specifically are being transformed and mirrored within tourism. The thesis first contain an analysis of how Latvian tourism-mar­ket­ing carries genderised meanings and identities, based on three interrelated ‘geog­raphies’ as part of the transforming ‘national common space’: geogra­phies of neo-nationalism, geographies of Euro­peanisation and geographies of relic-communism. These hold certain imaginations and conceptions of space and place, and in­clude aims and priorities of the transition process. Secondly, focus is placed on the chang­ing conditions for women’s livelihood within rural tourism in the Cēsis district, and spa/health tourism in Jūrmala. The thesis has mainly a quali­tative approach, including semi-structured interviews and text analysis, but the case studies also comprise a survey. The thesis illustrates how tourism becomes an arena for reclaiming a Latvian national identity rooted in a pre-Soviet past, while also manifesting a Western European identity, and negotiating the remains of the controversial Soviet heritage. This process reveals, for example, traditional feminised features of the nation state, portraying women as the ‘mothers’ of the nation. Two case studies of female employees and entrepreneurs within rural tourism and spa/health tourism also show how women negotiate different ideals of femininities, in­cluding ‘traditional’, ‘Western’ and ‘socialist’ ideals, through their everyday live­lihood practices within both the public and the private sphere. Their negotia­tions for a more independent liveli­hood are also affected by structural factors, such as wages and taxes, but also by the local socio-cultural context and related gender identities, including class, family structure, age and ethnicity.

The subject matter for this research is the representation of femininities and masculinities in Roman art with particular reference to that of Roman Britain. The study focuses on the visual presentation of gender for specific deities, personifications and figural images in funerary art; this includes concepts of sexuality that in some cases become entwined with the study of gender. I have endeavoured to demonstrate how socially constructed values add to the understandings of gender and Roman art. The first chapter concentrates on Roman concepts relating to masculinities and femininities, detailing how these are portrayed in visual culture. This entails the identification of gender markers in various forms including clothing (for example the toga and stola), jewellery (such as the bulla) and distinct objects (for instance, military paraphernalia, weaving combs and spinning equipment). Following this broad introduction to gender in Roman art, the study then centres on specific deities, commencing with Venus and Mars, then Diana and Apollo, and Minerva and Hercules - each one has a particular gender ascription. I examine these in terms of visual representation and how their specific femininities and masculinities were presented. Personifications and figural funerary art, respectively, are the following and final chapters of the research. The former deals with the use of personifications in Roman art and the latter with patronage and presentation of figural tombstones and inscriptions. Both chapters observe these issues with preference towards the demonstration of gender allocation and any undertones implicated.

Com base na etnografia realizada entre 2011 e 2013 – incluindo observação participante, entrevistas, registro fotográfico e enquete – esta tese analisa o significado do futebol de mulheres em Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil) e Amherst (MA, Estados Unidos). Ao invés de utilizar o termo futebol feminino, corrente tanto no espaço esportivo quanto acadêmico, proponho o conceito de futebol de mulheres, objetivando, com isso, a desindexação do pensamento normativo de gênero, refém do binômio “masculino/feminino”. O futebol de mulheres, no Brasil, é um espaço marcado pela expressão de múltiplas perspectivas de gênero, além de se caracterizar por performances corporais improvisadas e criativas, revelando-se um espaço de disputas, mas também de convivialidade, como outros espaços sociais quaisquer. Trata-se, portanto, de afirmar este espaço de relações multifacetadas, deixando de lado o discurso das ausências, da precariedade e da invisibilidade, a partir dos quais este futebol tem sido caracterizado. Em Porto Alegre, podem-se destacar as marcações sociais e econômicas que influenciam na dinâmica dos grupos, enquanto, nos Estados Unidos, acentuam-se as marcações etárias. Com a proposta de ampliar mais do que esgotar as reflexões sobre o tema, reflito sobre a heterogeneidade dos agentes sociais que compõem o mundo futebolístico de mulheres de Porto Alegre e de Amherst, tais como jogadoras, comissões técnicas, organizadores, arbitragem, público e mídia. A tese, no seu conjunto, busca tensionar a necessidade de associação do futebol de mulheres à estrutura futebolística instituída pela lógica do espetáculo midiático e mercadológico, como se esta fosse a única possibilidade de reconhecimento, afirmação de identidades e sociabilidade. / Based on ethnographic practices carried out between 2011 and 2013 - including interviews, photographic documentation and polls - this thesis analyzes the meaning of women's soccer in Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil) and Amherst (MA, United States). Instead of using the term “feminine soccer” commonly used both in sports and academic spaces, I propose the concept of “women's soccer”, aiming thereby to disassociate it from normative gender thinking, still hostage to the binomial “masculine/feminine”. Brazilian women's soccer is a space marked by the expression of multiple perspectives of gender. It is characterized by improvised and creative body performances, revealing itself as a space of disputes, but also conviviality, similar to other social spaces. It's, therefore, necessary to state this space as one of multifaceted relations, leaving aside the “discourse of absence”, precariousness and invisibility from which this space has been characterized. In Porto Alegre, one can highlight the social and economical markers that influence the dynamics of groups, while in United States one can highlight age markings. With the proposal to extend more than exhaust the reflections on the subject, I think on the heterogeneity of social actors that make up the world of “women's soccer” in Porto Alegre and Amherst, such as: players, technical commissions, organizers, referees, public and media. The thesis, as a whole, reflects on the need to associate “women's soccer” to the soccer structure established by the logic of media and marketing spectacles as if this were the only possibility of recognition, affirmation of identities and sociability.

Submitted by Juliane Camila Chatagnier null (ju.chatagnier@gmail.com) on 2018-03-09T15:18:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE JULIANE CAMILA CHATAGNIER.pdf: 1517550 bytes, checksum: 0f619d1b031428befe6918444044f2af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-03-09T18:13:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 chatagnier_jc_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1517550 bytes, checksum: 0f619d1b031428befe6918444044f2af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T18:13:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 chatagnier_jc_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1517550 bytes, checksum: 0f619d1b031428befe6918444044f2af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A contemporaneidade tem colaborado com as mudanças na forma como as questões de gênero e sexualidade são vistas na sociedade. Padrões tradicionais vêm sendo quebrados e algumas formas de preconceito não se encaixam mais na comunidade. Hoje, muitos homens e mulheres não têm mais uma identidade única e fixa, e não configuram um par dual, e essa fragmentação das identidades de gênero possibilita a criação de ouras nomenclaturas. Com base nesse contexto de mudanças, as personagens de nosso corpus formam-se mulheres, homens, gays, lésbicas, e a construção do gênero é vista, então, como estratégia narrativa, na qual as escritoras procuram mostrar que há possibilidades para formação de gênero distinta dos padrões impostos pela matriz heteronormativa. Assim, realizamos uma análise de como essas configurações de gênero, masculinos ou femininos, são representadas na literatura, partindo da premissa de que as identidades de gênero sofrem rupturas com os modelos tradicionais e estão deslocadas, devido às diversas orientações sexuais presentes na contemporaneidade. Como corpus deste trabalho, escolhemos cinco obras, de escritoras norte-americanas, brasileiras e inglesas, a partir da década de 1970, a saber: Rubyfruit Jungle (1973), de Rita Mae Brown; The Front Runner (1974), de Patricia Nell Warren; Hotel Dulac (1984), de Anita Brookner; Duas iguais (1996), de Cíntia Moscovich e Sapato de salto (2006), de Lygia Bojunga. A configuração da identidade de gênero das personagens é analisada sob a luz da teoria da performatividade, de Judith Butler (1993; 2003; 2004; 2015), segundo a qual o gênero é constituído por meio da repetição de atos estilizados que se tornam inerentes ao indivíduo. Butler, juntamente à Rubin (1975), Wittig (1982; 1993) e Connell (2000), embasa, também, as questões relativas à construção da masculinidade e/ou feminilidade e Laclau (1990; 2004), Ortiz (1998; 2006) e Santos (1993; 2001), dentre outros, fundamentam o estudo a respeito das modificações ocorridas na sociedade, bem como essas interferem na construção da identidade de gênero. / Contemporaneity has contributed to changes in the way gender and sexuality issues are seen in society. Traditional patterns have been broken and some forms of prejudice do not fit into current society anymore. Today, some men and women have no longer a single, fixed identity, and no longer form a dual pair, and this fragmentation of gender identities makes it possible to create nomenclatures. Based on this context of change, the characters of our corpus are women, men, gays, lesbians, and the construction of gender is seen, therefore, as a narrative strategy, in which women writers try to show that there are possibilities for gender formation which differs from the patterns imposed by the heteronormative matrix. Thus, we perform an analysis of how these configurations of gender, male or female, are represented in literature, starting from a premise that gender identities suffer ruptures from traditional models and are displaced, due to diverse sexual orientations present in contemporary times. As a corpus of this work, we chose five works by American, Brazilian and English writers, beginning in the 1970s: Rubyfruit Jungle (1973) by Rita Mae Brown; The Front Runner (1974), by Patricia Nell Warren; Hotel Dulac (1984), by Anita Brookner; Duas iguais (1996), by Cíntia Moscovich and Sapato de salto (2006), by Lygia Bojunga. The configuration of the characters gender identity is analyzed in the light of Judith Butler's theory of performativity (1993, 2003, 2004, 2015), according to which gender is constituted through the repetition of stylized acts that become inherent to individual. Butler, along with Rubin (1975), Wittig (1982, 1993) and Connell (2000), also addresses issues related to the construction of masculinities and/or femininities, and Laclau (1990, 2004), Ortiz (1998, 2006) and Santos (1993), among others, ground the study on the changes that occurred in society, as well as these interfere in the construction of the gender identity.

Com base na etnografia realizada entre 2011 e 2013 – incluindo observação participante, entrevistas, registro fotográfico e enquete – esta tese analisa o significado do futebol de mulheres em Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil) e Amherst (MA, Estados Unidos). Ao invés de utilizar o termo futebol feminino, corrente tanto no espaço esportivo quanto acadêmico, proponho o conceito de futebol de mulheres, objetivando, com isso, a desindexação do pensamento normativo de gênero, refém do binômio “masculino/feminino”. O futebol de mulheres, no Brasil, é um espaço marcado pela expressão de múltiplas perspectivas de gênero, além de se caracterizar por performances corporais improvisadas e criativas, revelando-se um espaço de disputas, mas também de convivialidade, como outros espaços sociais quaisquer. Trata-se, portanto, de afirmar este espaço de relações multifacetadas, deixando de lado o discurso das ausências, da precariedade e da invisibilidade, a partir dos quais este futebol tem sido caracterizado. Em Porto Alegre, podem-se destacar as marcações sociais e econômicas que influenciam na dinâmica dos grupos, enquanto, nos Estados Unidos, acentuam-se as marcações etárias. Com a proposta de ampliar mais do que esgotar as reflexões sobre o tema, reflito sobre a heterogeneidade dos agentes sociais que compõem o mundo futebolístico de mulheres de Porto Alegre e de Amherst, tais como jogadoras, comissões técnicas, organizadores, arbitragem, público e mídia. A tese, no seu conjunto, busca tensionar a necessidade de associação do futebol de mulheres à estrutura futebolística instituída pela lógica do espetáculo midiático e mercadológico, como se esta fosse a única possibilidade de reconhecimento, afirmação de identidades e sociabilidade. / Based on ethnographic practices carried out between 2011 and 2013 - including interviews, photographic documentation and polls - this thesis analyzes the meaning of women's soccer in Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil) and Amherst (MA, United States). Instead of using the term “feminine soccer” commonly used both in sports and academic spaces, I propose the concept of “women's soccer”, aiming thereby to disassociate it from normative gender thinking, still hostage to the binomial “masculine/feminine”. Brazilian women's soccer is a space marked by the expression of multiple perspectives of gender. It is characterized by improvised and creative body performances, revealing itself as a space of disputes, but also conviviality, similar to other social spaces. It's, therefore, necessary to state this space as one of multifaceted relations, leaving aside the “discourse of absence”, precariousness and invisibility from which this space has been characterized. In Porto Alegre, one can highlight the social and economical markers that influence the dynamics of groups, while in United States one can highlight age markings. With the proposal to extend more than exhaust the reflections on the subject, I think on the heterogeneity of social actors that make up the world of “women's soccer” in Porto Alegre and Amherst, such as: players, technical commissions, organizers, referees, public and media. The thesis, as a whole, reflects on the need to associate “women's soccer” to the soccer structure established by the logic of media and marketing spectacles as if this were the only possibility of recognition, affirmation of identities and sociability.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os significados de gênero presentes nas relações entre as crianças e destas com as pessoas adultas nos diversos tempos escolares. Trata-se de uma etnografia educacional que priorizou como campo de pesquisa uma classe de quarto ano do ciclo I (antigo primário) da escola pública municipal Carlos Drummond, na cidade de São Paulo. Na dissertação, os significados de gênero são discutidos a partir do diálogo com diversos autores/as, entre eles Scott, Connell, Nicholson, Giroux, Apple, Enguita e Thorne. A análise dos tempos escolares, que pretende evidenciar como a organização escolar concorre para uma disicplinarização pautada na construção de corpos escolarizados, tem a perspectiva foucaultiana como base. Da investigação, que foi desenvolvida em campo no decorrer de todo um ano letivo, constaram: observações sistemáticas do cotidiano dos tempos escolares, entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com as crianças, questionários dirigidos às suas famílias e a sua professora, estudo de documentações acerca da escola. A análise de todo o material coletado nesse processo, em que as crianças foram vistas como personagens centrais e tiveram valorizadas suas experiências e opiniões, mostra como se produzem e reproduzem estereótipos de gênero pautados em relações de poder na escola. Demonstra, no entanto, que esse poder não é unilateral, que as crianças não necessariamente internalizam os estereótipos de que são vítimas em suas condições de gênero, raça/etnia, idade e classe social, reproduzindo-os em suas relações, mas opõem-se a eles, contestando-os e desenvolvendo formas de oposição. Foi possível destacar, ainda, que a organização dos tempos escolares, em sua extrema preocupação com o exercício do controle e da disciplinarização, não contempla a diversidade e a dinâmica dos diversos ritmos e significados vivenciados pelos alunos e pelas alunas na escola, avaliando-os/as com parâmetros distantes de sua realidade. Assim, ao contrário do desejado, tronou-se evidente também a ausência de um questionamento crítico sobre a organização dos tempos na escola, sobre gênero e poder, revelando que o pensamento educacional tem dificuldade para acompanhar as mudanças históricas e a dinâmica das relações sociais, bem como a transformação das mesmas, o que muitas vezes o impede de contribuir para a construção de uma sociedade mais democrática. / The purpose of this research was to investigate the meanings of gender as they emerge in the relationships among children and between children and adults in different school times. This is an educational ethnography that has prioritized as research field a forth grade classroom (former elementary school) at the municipal public school Carlos Drummond in the city of São Paulo. In the dissertation, the meanings of gender are discussed in the dialog with different authors, like Scott, Connell, Nicholson, Giroux, Apple, Enguita and Thorne. The analysis of school times, which aims at making evident how school organization contributes to promote disciplinarization based on the construction of schooled bodies, is founded on a foucaultian perspective. The investigation took place during a whole school year and comprised: systematic observations of the routine of school times, semi-structured interviews with children, questionnaire directed to children´s families and teacher, study of documentation about the school. The analysis of all the material collected in this process, in which children were regarded as main characters and had their experiences and opinions valued, show how gender stereotypes based on power relations in school are produced and reproduced. However, it gives evidence that this power is not unilateral, that children do not necessarily internalize the stereotypes they are victims of, in their condition of gender, race/ethnics, age and social class, reproducing them in their relations, but they offer resistance to them, refute them and develop opposition techniques. It was also possible to emphasize that the organization of school times, in its extreme concern about control and disciplinarization, does not contemplate the diversity and the dynamics if the different rhythms and meanings lived by the student at school, evaluating them according to parameters that are far from their reality. Thus, oppositely to what one might desire, it became evident also the absense of critical debate about the organization of school times, about gender and power, revealing that the educational thinking has difficulty to follow the historical changes and the dynamics of social relations, as well as their transformation, what a times prevent it from contributing to the construction of a democratic society.

Com base na etnografia realizada entre 2011 e 2013 – incluindo observação participante, entrevistas, registro fotográfico e enquete – esta tese analisa o significado do futebol de mulheres em Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil) e Amherst (MA, Estados Unidos). Ao invés de utilizar o termo futebol feminino, corrente tanto no espaço esportivo quanto acadêmico, proponho o conceito de futebol de mulheres, objetivando, com isso, a desindexação do pensamento normativo de gênero, refém do binômio “masculino/feminino”. O futebol de mulheres, no Brasil, é um espaço marcado pela expressão de múltiplas perspectivas de gênero, além de se caracterizar por performances corporais improvisadas e criativas, revelando-se um espaço de disputas, mas também de convivialidade, como outros espaços sociais quaisquer. Trata-se, portanto, de afirmar este espaço de relações multifacetadas, deixando de lado o discurso das ausências, da precariedade e da invisibilidade, a partir dos quais este futebol tem sido caracterizado. Em Porto Alegre, podem-se destacar as marcações sociais e econômicas que influenciam na dinâmica dos grupos, enquanto, nos Estados Unidos, acentuam-se as marcações etárias. Com a proposta de ampliar mais do que esgotar as reflexões sobre o tema, reflito sobre a heterogeneidade dos agentes sociais que compõem o mundo futebolístico de mulheres de Porto Alegre e de Amherst, tais como jogadoras, comissões técnicas, organizadores, arbitragem, público e mídia. A tese, no seu conjunto, busca tensionar a necessidade de associação do futebol de mulheres à estrutura futebolística instituída pela lógica do espetáculo midiático e mercadológico, como se esta fosse a única possibilidade de reconhecimento, afirmação de identidades e sociabilidade. / Based on ethnographic practices carried out between 2011 and 2013 - including interviews, photographic documentation and polls - this thesis analyzes the meaning of women's soccer in Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil) and Amherst (MA, United States). Instead of using the term “feminine soccer” commonly used both in sports and academic spaces, I propose the concept of “women's soccer”, aiming thereby to disassociate it from normative gender thinking, still hostage to the binomial “masculine/feminine”. Brazilian women's soccer is a space marked by the expression of multiple perspectives of gender. It is characterized by improvised and creative body performances, revealing itself as a space of disputes, but also conviviality, similar to other social spaces. It's, therefore, necessary to state this space as one of multifaceted relations, leaving aside the “discourse of absence”, precariousness and invisibility from which this space has been characterized. In Porto Alegre, one can highlight the social and economical markers that influence the dynamics of groups, while in United States one can highlight age markings. With the proposal to extend more than exhaust the reflections on the subject, I think on the heterogeneity of social actors that make up the world of “women's soccer” in Porto Alegre and Amherst, such as: players, technical commissions, organizers, referees, public and media. The thesis, as a whole, reflects on the need to associate “women's soccer” to the soccer structure established by the logic of media and marketing spectacles as if this were the only possibility of recognition, affirmation of identities and sociability.

This article introduces the concept of badass femininity, a marginalized femininity captured in the performances of contemporary b-girls (women breakdancers) and blues women of the 1920s. The author uses the work of Hortense Spillers, Maria Lugones, Chela Sandoval, and Angela Davis to argue that non-normative gender performances from the fringes of society are necessary consequence of histories of enslavement, genocide, and exploitation. Badass femininity is a one version of a multiplicity of femininities. It re-signifies qualities typically associated with masculinity through women whose work in dance and music move these gender performances from the margins to center stage.

The focus of my research has been the reverberations of the 2001 Argentine economic crisis, as they affected and were responded to by women in social movements. This dissertation contributes to studies of globalization by highlighting the unintended consequences of neoliberalism in Argentina in the form of the collective empowerment of women in egalitarian social movements. The negative consequences of neoliberalism are well known, but I found that these policies produced more than misery. They also helped to stimulate a new kind of politics —a set of autonomous movements aimed at democratizing society as well as the state. In response to rapidly deteriorating living conditions, contemporary Argentine social movements organized their constituencies in what I have defined as the field of politics by other means. In the context of failed governmental programs and discourse designed to create docile, mobile subjects (governmentality), egalitarian social movements engaged in the creation of social movements whose democratic structures contrasted with the dispossessing nature of the neoliberal global power they confronted. In Argentina, this new political culture and methodology fostered, through street theater and pageants, 'other means' of making politics, including a concern for internal gender democracy in what has been called the “solidarity economy.” My research suggests that struggles against gender inequities have a synergistic relationship to democratic political structures. I found that receptivity to feminist discourses and opportunities for women’s participation were greater in antihierarchical opposition movements than in those with a more traditional leftist orientation. In these autonomous movements, women were able to challenge gender inequities, democratizing both the movements and their family relationships. Their struggle for democracy and freedom contrasts with the role of neoliberal policies and practices responsible for the weakening of democratic institutions in Argentina. In this way, my research not only broadens understanding of Argentina’s crisis and recovery, but it raises questions about the implications of the present worldwide economic and social crisis on struggles to transform gender relations.