Name: Daniel Janoško Title: Capacity for Suicide and its Consequences for the Conception of Human Nature Abstract The aim of the thesis is, first, to analyze the ability to deliberately end one's own life, which, assuming its human exclusivity within the animal kingdom as well as its universality within the human species, should provide a rich source for revealing some already known and some potentially entirely novel aspects of human nature and condition. The capacity for suicide is therefore analysed not from the dominating position of moral philosophy, but rather from the perspective of philosophical anthropology. Based on both the philosophical (Scheler, Heidegger, Landsberg, Jaspers, etc.) and empirical anthropological literature, we attempt to answer the question of human exclusivity of the capacity for suicide. The intention of this analysis is, then, to find the essential aspects of this exclusivity from which practical consequences can be drawn for further philosophical conceptualizations of human nature. The most crucial of these appears to be the awareness of one's finality. A detailed examination of such awareness then reveals other aspects of human nature and condition, such as the specifically human communal way of living, the human's effort to endure, both materially and spiritually, in the...

Traditionally, systems of constitutional democracy fell into two categories: parliamentary sovereignty, characterized by the omnipotence of Parliament and the absence of any substantive limitations on its power; and judicial supremacy, characterized by the presence of restrictions on legislative power in the form of a judicially enforced, written constitution containing a bill of rights. Recently, scholars have noted that Canada’s Charter regime includes elements of both traditional systems and have proposed new ways of understanding the apparent “sharing” of legal authority between courts and legislatures in Canada. These “new models” incorporate several key features of the traditional models but purport to be distinctive, and more accurate, accounts of how legal authority is allocated. Key features of the new models include a bill of rights, judicial review of legislation, and the preservation of legislative finality over the bill of rights through an “override” mechanism. However, these new models fail to capture the division of lawmaking power that is formally entrenched in section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In addition, they do not provide an adequate account of how the legislative finality provided through the “override” mechanism distinguishes the new models from legislative supremacy. A proposed “hybrid” model accommodates the formal division of legal power in the Charter and raises new questions about the extent of legislative finality in Canadian constitutionalism. The hybrid model also explains Canada’s supposed lapse into de facto judicial supremacy as an indication of a nuanced and compartmentalized form of legislative supremacy. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / Democratic governance was traditionally thought to require a choice between parliamentary sovereignty, with no restrictions on legislative power, and judicial supremacy, with restrictions on legislative power in the form of a judicially enforced, written constitution containing a bill of rights. Recently, scholars noting that Canada’s legal system includes elements of both traditional systems have proposed new ways of understanding the “sharing” of legal authority between courts and legislatures. These “new models” incorporate a bill of rights but allow legislatures to ignore or override these rights, thus preserving an element of parliamentary sovereignty. However, these new models fail to capture the division of lawmaking power that is formally entrenched in section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A new “hybrid” model accurately reflects this formal division of legal power and raises new challenges to the other new models of constitutionalism.

La plupart des philosophes s’entendent aujourd’hui pour affirmer qu’il y a une crise de sens en Occident. J.-F. Mattéi l’a démontré sans équivoque dans son ouvrage intitulé La crise de sens (2006). Selon lui, la crise se traduirait par cinq aspects: crise spirituelle, crise religieuse, crise de l’art, crise économique et finalement, crise de la culture. À notre avis, cela est exact, mais incomplet, car Mattéi néglige d’évoquer la crise la plus importante : la crise écologique. L’argument qui nous amène à en postuler la plus haute importance est simple : s’il n’y a plus d’environnement favorable au maintien de la vie humaine, c’est la fin de l’humanité. L’aspect environnemental de la crise ne peut donc pas être occulté de la réflexion concernant son ensemble, car pour nous, elle est l’occasion d’un questionnement philosophique appelé à répondre à cette crise. Dans un livre intitulé Écologie, éthique et création (1994), Dominique Jacquemin nous oriente en ce sens en y posant les trois questions suivantes : 1. Est-il possible de qualifier éthiquement ce à quoi nous convie aujourd’hui la préoccupation écologique? 2. Quel rapport au monde et à l’avenir la préoccupation écologique est-elle à même d’instaurer? 3. Quelles sont les possibilités pour que la démarche écologique devienne un lieu éthique à même d’instaurer un rapport homme-nature dans le présent et l’avenir? Ainsi, le questionnement que soulève la crise écologique amène à réfléchir sur le sens et la finalité de la vie humaine et sur la conception même de l’être humain dans son rapport au monde. Le propos de ce mémoire est de répondre à ces dernières questions en nous inspirant des principes éthiques mis en avant dans Le Principe Responsabilité (1990) de Hans Jonas, et cela, dans le but d’en faire ressortir sa pertinence face au défi environnemental actuel. En d’autres termes, nous tâcherons de répondre à la question suivante : Pour la société actuelle et son prolongement, quels sont les aspects les plus pertinents de la thèse de Hans Jonas (1903 – 1993) dans son Principe Responsabilité (1990) concernant la résolution de la crise de sens? À cette fin, le mémoire comporte deux chapitres dont le premier, qui forme le cœur du mémoire, comporte trois parties principales liées aux trois questions posées précédemment. Le deuxième et dernier chapitre comporte premièrement une analyse critique du Principe responsabilité et par la suite son appréciation critique. Méthodologiquement, nous entendons éclairer la nécessité de la responsabilité éthique face à la crise écologique en mettant l’accent sur les thèmes de l’altérité et de la solidarité. C’est de cette manière que nous espérons montrer que la crise écologique actuelle ouvre des avenues possibles à la résolution, au moins partielle, de la crise de sens à laquelle nous sommes actuellement confrontés. / Most philosophers agree today that there is a crisis of meaning in the Western world. J.-F. Mattei, for example, in La crise de sens (2006), unequivocally demonstrates this. According to him, this crisis has five dimensions: spiritual, religious, artistic, economic, and finally, cultural. This is true in my view, although incomplete, because Mattéi does not address the most important crisis: the ecological crisis. The argument that leads me to postulate the utmost importance of this ecological crisis is simple: if the environment is no longer able to sustain human life, humans cease to exist. The environmental aspect of the crisis can thus not be subtracted from a reflection on the overall crisis since, in my view, it offers an opportunity for a philosophical questioning to address this crisis. In the book entitled Écologie, éthique et création (1994), Dominique Jacquemin orients us in this direction by raising the following three questions : 1. Is it possible to frame our ecological concerns in ethical terms? 2. How can ecological concerns affect our relationship with the world and with the future? 3. How can the present ecological reflection establish an ethically viable link between man and nature, both now and in the future? The questions raised by the environmental crisis thus lead us to think about the meaning and the finality of human life and also about the concept of human beings in their relationship to the world. The purpose of this memoir is to address these questions by finding inspiration in the ethical principles outlined in The Imperative of Responsibility (1979, English 1984) by Hans Jonas (1903 – 1993), in order to bring out their relevance for the current environmental challenge. In other words, I will answer the following question: In today's society and for the future, what are the most important aspects in Hans Jonas' book on “The Imperative of Responsibility” with regards to the resolution of the crisis of meaning? To accomplish this, the memoir is divided in two chapters. The first is the body of the memoir which contains three main parts related to the three questions raised above. The second and final chapter contains an initial critical analysis of The Imperative of Responsibility followed by an appreciation by Hans Jonas. Methodologically, I intend to shed light on the need for ethical responsibility in face of the ecological crisis by focusing on the themes of otherness and solidarity. In this way, I hope to show that the ecological crisis opens up possible avenues for the resolution, at least in part, of the crisis in meaning we are now facing.

The thesis deals with the struggle for the Eternal and the Infinite in the works of Kierkegaard and Patočka. It starts with their respective concepts of existence. Based on them, positive and negative aspects of the relation of existence and transcendence are described. The main guiding principle of the description is the movement of the infinite resignation and the movement of the faith in Fear and Trembling, which is compared with the de-objectifying and all-founding force of the Idea in Negative platonism. It turns out that in the relation between existence and transcendence, one can discern the two basic meanings of the transcendent reality. These meanings, together with the positive and negative aspects of the relation of existence to transcendence, form the dialectic of positive and negative, in which the struggle for the Eternal nad the Infinite is set, as well as the struggle for an authentic human existence.

La plupart des philosophes s’entendent aujourd’hui pour affirmer qu’il y a une crise de sens en Occident. J.-F. Mattéi l’a démontré sans équivoque dans son ouvrage intitulé La crise de sens (2006). Selon lui, la crise se traduirait par cinq aspects: crise spirituelle, crise religieuse, crise de l’art, crise économique et finalement, crise de la culture. À notre avis, cela est exact, mais incomplet, car Mattéi néglige d’évoquer la crise la plus importante : la crise écologique. L’argument qui nous amène à en postuler la plus haute importance est simple : s’il n’y a plus d’environnement favorable au maintien de la vie humaine, c’est la fin de l’humanité. L’aspect environnemental de la crise ne peut donc pas être occulté de la réflexion concernant son ensemble, car pour nous, elle est l’occasion d’un questionnement philosophique appelé à répondre à cette crise. Dans un livre intitulé Écologie, éthique et création (1994), Dominique Jacquemin nous oriente en ce sens en y posant les trois questions suivantes : 1. Est-il possible de qualifier éthiquement ce à quoi nous convie aujourd’hui la préoccupation écologique? 2. Quel rapport au monde et à l’avenir la préoccupation écologique est-elle à même d’instaurer? 3. Quelles sont les possibilités pour que la démarche écologique devienne un lieu éthique à même d’instaurer un rapport homme-nature dans le présent et l’avenir? Ainsi, le questionnement que soulève la crise écologique amène à réfléchir sur le sens et la finalité de la vie humaine et sur la conception même de l’être humain dans son rapport au monde. Le propos de ce mémoire est de répondre à ces dernières questions en nous inspirant des principes éthiques mis en avant dans Le Principe Responsabilité (1990) de Hans Jonas, et cela, dans le but d’en faire ressortir sa pertinence face au défi environnemental actuel. En d’autres termes, nous tâcherons de répondre à la question suivante : Pour la société actuelle et son prolongement, quels sont les aspects les plus pertinents de la thèse de Hans Jonas (1903 – 1993) dans son Principe Responsabilité (1990) concernant la résolution de la crise de sens? À cette fin, le mémoire comporte deux chapitres dont le premier, qui forme le cœur du mémoire, comporte trois parties principales liées aux trois questions posées précédemment. Le deuxième et dernier chapitre comporte premièrement une analyse critique du Principe responsabilité et par la suite son appréciation critique. Méthodologiquement, nous entendons éclairer la nécessité de la responsabilité éthique face à la crise écologique en mettant l’accent sur les thèmes de l’altérité et de la solidarité. C’est de cette manière que nous espérons montrer que la crise écologique actuelle ouvre des avenues possibles à la résolution, au moins partielle, de la crise de sens à laquelle nous sommes actuellement confrontés. / Most philosophers agree today that there is a crisis of meaning in the Western world. J.-F. Mattei, for example, in La crise de sens (2006), unequivocally demonstrates this. According to him, this crisis has five dimensions: spiritual, religious, artistic, economic, and finally, cultural. This is true in my view, although incomplete, because Mattéi does not address the most important crisis: the ecological crisis. The argument that leads me to postulate the utmost importance of this ecological crisis is simple: if the environment is no longer able to sustain human life, humans cease to exist. The environmental aspect of the crisis can thus not be subtracted from a reflection on the overall crisis since, in my view, it offers an opportunity for a philosophical questioning to address this crisis. In the book entitled Écologie, éthique et création (1994), Dominique Jacquemin orients us in this direction by raising the following three questions : 1. Is it possible to frame our ecological concerns in ethical terms? 2. How can ecological concerns affect our relationship with the world and with the future? 3. How can the present ecological reflection establish an ethically viable link between man and nature, both now and in the future? The questions raised by the environmental crisis thus lead us to think about the meaning and the finality of human life and also about the concept of human beings in their relationship to the world. The purpose of this memoir is to address these questions by finding inspiration in the ethical principles outlined in The Imperative of Responsibility (1979, English 1984) by Hans Jonas (1903 – 1993), in order to bring out their relevance for the current environmental challenge. In other words, I will answer the following question: In today's society and for the future, what are the most important aspects in Hans Jonas' book on “The Imperative of Responsibility” with regards to the resolution of the crisis of meaning? To accomplish this, the memoir is divided in two chapters. The first is the body of the memoir which contains three main parts related to the three questions raised above. The second and final chapter contains an initial critical analysis of The Imperative of Responsibility followed by an appreciation by Hans Jonas. Methodologically, I intend to shed light on the need for ethical responsibility in face of the ecological crisis by focusing on the themes of otherness and solidarity. In this way, I hope to show that the ecological crisis opens up possible avenues for the resolution, at least in part, of the crisis in meaning we are now facing.

The encounter with death and death anxiety are quite popular themes, which have been researched in the science of psychology for a long time. On the other hand, the research is criticized for frequent simplification of this phenomenon, lack of deeper analysis and understanding, while the concepts are not always used in an accurate manner. After operationalizing the definition of death anxiety, the concept of finality of life is used in research, which is grounded on unique philosophical position and enables to explore the interested phenomenon in a new way, as well as to look at its experiences in a different manner. The method of grounded theory (GT) was selected for research, which allows exploring the interested phenomenon in a comprehensive manner, identifying its essential points and features, and presenting a theoretical model that explains it. 17 healthy subjects of both genders of 22 – 45 year old and four additional subjects, who expanded the research field, participated in research. 2 in-depth interviews were conducted with each of them, they wrote a diary on the researched theme. The collected data were analyzed, according to the principles of classic GT, and the central component of theory – the core category – striving to live more valuably – was distinguished. It is revealed how this theory solves and explains the main concern – inevitability of death. Substantive categories were also revealed, for example: negotiating reality of life and negotiating changes in... [to full text] / Sandūra su mirtimi bei mirties nerimas psichologijos moksle yra pakankamai populiarios ir seniai tyrinėjamos temos. Kita vertus, tyrinėjimai susilaukia kritikos dėl to, kad dažnai šį reiškinį supaprastina, tyrimams trūksta gilesnės analizės bei supratimo, o sąvokos ne visuomet tiksliai vartojamos. Operacionalizavus mirties nerimo apibrėžimą, šiame tyrime naudojamas gyvenimo baigtinumo terminas, kuris grindžiamas savita filosofine pozicija ir leidžia naujai įvertinti dominantį fenomeną bei kitu kampu pažvelgti į jo patyrimą. Tyrinėjimui pasirinktas grindžiamosios teorijos (GT) metodas, kuris leidžia įvairiapusiškai ištirti dominantį reiškinį, išskirti jo esmines vietas ir savybes bei pateikti jį aiškinantį teorinį konstruktą. Tyrime dalyvavo 17 jaunų ir sveikų 22-45 metų abiejų lyčių tiriamųjų bei keturi papildomi tiriamieji, kurie praplėtė tyrimo lauką. Su kiekvienu jų buvo atlikti 2 giluminiai interviu, jie rašė dienoraštį tyrinėjama tema. Surinkti duomenys buvo analizuojamai pagal klasikinės GT principus ir išskirtas centrinis teorijos komponentas - esminė kategorija – siekis gyventi vertingiau. Atskleidžiama, kiek ši sukurta teorija išsprendžia ir paaiškina pagrindinį rūpestį - mirties neišvengiamumą. Atskleistos ir papildomos kategorijos, kaip: derėjimasis su mirties realybe ir derėjimasis su gyvenimo pokyčiais. Sukurta teorija, pristatoma tiek naratyvų, tiek grafinio paveikslėlio pavidalu, suteikia galimybę geriau suprasti, ką išgyvena jauni suaugusieji, patirdami... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Sandūra su mirtimi bei mirties nerimas psichologijos moksle yra pakankamai populiarios ir seniai tyrinėjamos temos. Kita vertus, tyrinėjimai susilaukia kritikos dėl to, kad dažnai šį reiškinį supaprastina, tyrimams trūksta gilesnės analizės bei supratimo, o sąvokos ne visuomet tiksliai vartojamos. Operacionalizavus mirties nerimo apibrėžimą, šiame tyrime naudojamas gyvenimo baigtinumo terminas, kuris grindžiamas savita filosofine pozicija ir leidžia naujai įvertinti dominantį fenomeną bei kitu kampu pažvelgti į jo patyrimą. Tyrinėjimui pasirinktas grindžiamosios teorijos (GT) metodas, kuris leidžia įvairiapusiškai ištirti dominantį reiškinį, išskirti jo esmines vietas ir savybes bei pateikti jį aiškinantį teorinį konstruktą. Tyrime dalyvavo 17 jaunų ir sveikų 22-45 metų abiejų lyčių tiriamųjų bei keturi papildomi tiriamieji, kurie praplėtė tyrimo lauką. Su kiekvienu jų buvo atlikti 2 giluminiai interviu, jie rašė dienoraštį tyrinėjama tema. Surinkti duomenys buvo analizuojamai pagal klasikinės GT principus ir išskirtas centrinis teorijos komponentas - esminė kategorija – siekis gyventi vertingiau. Atskleidžiama, kiek ši sukurta teorija išsprendžia ir paaiškina pagrindinį rūpestį - mirties neišvengiamumą. Atskleistos ir papildomos kategorijos, kaip: derėjimasis su mirties realybe ir derėjimasis su gyvenimo pokyčiais. Sukurta teorija, pristatoma tiek naratyvų, tiek grafinio paveikslėlio pavidalu, suteikia galimybę geriau suprasti, ką išgyvena jauni suaugusieji, patirdami... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The encounter with death and death anxiety are quite popular themes, which have been researched in the science of psychology for a long time. On the other hand, the research is criticized for frequent simplification of this phenomenon, lack of deeper analysis and understanding, while the concepts are not always used in an accurate manner. After operationalizing the definition of death anxiety, the concept of finality of life is used in research, which is grounded on unique philosophical position and enables to explore the interested phenomenon in a new way, as well as to look at its experiences in a different manner. The method of grounded theory (GT) was selected for research, which allows exploring the interested phenomenon in a comprehensive manner, identifying its essential points and features, and presenting a theoretical model that explains it. 17 healthy subjects of both genders of 22 – 45 year old and four additional subjects, who expanded the research field, participated in research. 2 in-depth interviews were conducted with each of them, they wrote a diary on the researched theme. The collected data were analyzed, according to the principles of classic GT, and the central component of theory – the core category – striving to live more valuably – was distinguished. It is revealed how this theory solves and explains the main concern – inevitability of death. Substantive categories were also revealed, for example: negotiating reality of life and negotiating changes in... [to full text]

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-11T16:30:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Agenor.pdf: 323477 bytes, checksum: dc3e666b355854295c9837ca2f0c0e2e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T18:13:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Agenor.pdf: 323477 bytes, checksum: dc3e666b355854295c9837ca2f0c0e2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T18:13:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agenor.pdf: 323477 bytes, checksum: dc3e666b355854295c9837ca2f0c0e2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A presente dissertação investiga o problema da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em tentar delinear considerações sobre a despersonalização da pessoa jurídica e o estado atual do tema a luz do código de defesa do consumidor (Lei 8078/90). Num primeiro momento reportamo-nos a gênese da pessoa física (o Homem como medida de todas as coisas) sob o ângulo da paleontologia humana estudando a fase da cerebralização do homem bem como a evolução do grupo comunitário (Gemeinschaft) para o grupo societário (Gesellschaft) concluindo que a pessoa jurídica decorre de uma necessidade socialmente sentida e como um constructo do Estado. Nessa linha só é possível compreender a pessoa jurídica partindo dessa história geológica da vida e enquanto uma pessoa analógica. A partir daí destacamos a natureza jurídica da desconsideração levantando se um ato aparente ato jurídico ou ato intelectual filiando-nos a primeira corrente. Definimos a disregard como um ato complexo visivelmente paralisante emanado do Poder Judiciário seja como faculdade do Julgador seja como com dever de natureza de dupla hélice. Demonstramos ainda a conexão da desconsideração com a economia esta enquanto matéria prima do direito contextualizando o tema na chamada “economia das fraudes inocentes” bem como na teoria da irrealidade como forma de desocultar o ato aparente (Dasein) sobre o qual se praticam milhares de atos jurídicos com eficácia e validade até que a dialética da supressão da irrealidade faça transparecer a fraude. Fizemos ainda considerações sobre o CDC28 inclusive no campo hermenêutico inclusive com o cotejo do NCC50 bem como análise crítica da jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça sobre a questão e a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre a teoria da finalidade. Por fim apresentamos nosso contribuição pessoal ao tema para compreender juridicamente a desconsideração como uma proteção(blindagem) dado aos consumidores acionistas e por conseguinte ao crédito este enquanto um capital invisível afigurando-se ainda a fraude que leva a desconsideração como um desvio de finalidade. / Salvador

The common law right of the accused to be protected against double jeopardy recently acquired constitutional status in South Africa. Although South African courts previously applied this rule in various procedural contexts, there has been very little critical discussion of the values on which the rule is based. Nor have all contexts in which the rule should be applied been recognised. In the light of the new constitutional dispensation, it has become necessary to identify and analyse the values which determine the application of the rule. This thesis addresses the treatment of various aspects of double jeopardy in other constitutionally·grounded jurisdictions. Double jeopardy jurisprudence in the jurisdictions of England, Canada, India, Germany and the federal system of the United States of America is considered on a comparative basis. The historical origin and development of the rule are considered first. This is followed by an assessment of the current application of the rule in the various jurisdictions. The study demonstrates that South African courts have relied largely on outdated principles derived from English common law, rather than applying the rule by focusing on the values that underlie the rule. This approach has become unacceptable in the new constitutional dispensation, inter alia, because a teleological, value·orientated interpretative approach has been adopted by the Constitutional Court. This thesis indicates which of the principles that developed in foreign constitutional double jeopardy jurisprudence may be of value in developing an appropriate body of South African constitutional double jeopardy principles. Proposals are made for future implementation of the rule in various procedural contexts. These suggestions include constitutional interpretation, legislative amendment and re·evaluation of various common law principles of criminal procedure / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.D. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Dans la philosophie de Thomas d’Aquin, les puissances principales de l’âme, l’intelligence et la volonté, interagissent dans les activités humaines. Une des activités les plus importantes est identifiée par le docteur comme étant la recherche de la vérité. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la finalité ultime de l’homme. La vérité, en tant que bien de l’intelligence, est voulue par la volonté qui est un appétit rationnel. Ainsi, selon le Dominicain « la volonté veut que l’intelligence intellige ». Puisque la vérité n’est pas le seul bien proposé au libre arbitre, la volonté doit choisir de poursuivre cette fin au détriment d’autres biens concurrents. Elle doit pour se faire perfectionner les puissances de l’âme par le biais d’habitus et de vertus en plus d’éviter les vices qui conduisent à l’erreur. La recherche de la vérité est, selon Thomas d’Aquin, un acte moral. / According to the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, the main powers of the soul, the intellect and the will, interact in human activities. One of the most important activities is identified by the doctor as the search for truth. This research is part of the ultimate purpose of man. The truth, which is the good of the intelligence, is willed by the will which is a rational appetite. Thus, according to the Dominican “the will wants that the intelligence thinks.” Because the truth is not the only good proposed to the free will, the will must choose to pursue it to the detriment of other competing goods. To achieve this goal, the will must perfect the powers of the soul through habitus and virtues while avoiding the vices that lead to errors. The search for truth is, according to Thomas Aquinas, a moral act.