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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Experimental and modelling studies of corrosion fatigue damage in a linepipe steel

Fatoba, Olusegun Oludare January 2016 (has links)
The work is concerned with the development of a multi-stage corrosion fatigue lifetime model, with emphasis on pitting as a precursor to cracking. The model is based upon the quantitative evaluation of damage during the overall corrosion fatigue process. The fatigue response of as-received API 5L X65 linepipe steel has been investigated in terms of the evolution of damage during pit development, pit-to-crack transition and crack propagation. Micro-potentiostatic polarisation was conducted to evaluate role of stress on pit development. Crack growth rate measurements were conducted on pre-pitted specimens, which were tested in air and brine, to evaluate the initiation and propagation behaviour of cracks emanating from artificial pits. Finite element analysis was undertaken to evaluate the stress and strain distribution associated with the pits. A cellular automata finite element model was also developed for predicting corrosion fatigue damage. Pit growth rate was enhanced under stress. It was considered that the strain localisation effect of the pit facilitated strain-assisted dissolution. In air, cracks initiated predominantly from the pit mouth. FEA results indicated that this was due to localisation of strain towards the pit mouth. In corrosion fatigue, cracks tended to initiate at the pit base at low stress and at the pit mouth at higher stresses. Crack initiation lifetimes were shorter in the aggressive environment compared to air and the effect of the environment on crack initiation lifetime was lower at higher stress levels. Crack initiation lifetime for double pits generally decreased with decreasing pit-to-pit separation distance. The microstructure was observed to influence crack growth behaviour in air particularly in the early stages when cracks were short. The acceleration and retardation in crack growth were attributed to the resistance of grain boundaries to crack advance. Cracks sometimes arrested at these barriers and became non-propagating. Introduction of the environment for a short period appear to eliminate the resistance of the microstructural barriers thus promoting re-propagation of the previously arrested crack. The continued crack propagation after the removal of the environment suggests that the influence of the environment is more important in the early stages of crack growth. Crack growth rates were higher in the aggressive environment than in air. The degree of environmental enhancement of crack growth was found to be greater at lower stress levels and at short crack lengths. Oxide-induced crack closure and crack coalescence were two mechanisms that also affected crack growth behaviour.2-D cellular automata finite element simulation results, with and without stress, show good agreement agreed with experiments i.e. pit depth and pit aspect ratio increase with time. Results from 3-D cellular automata simulations of pits are also consistent with experiments. Fatigue lifetimes were significantly shorter (i) in the brine environment than in air and (ii) for specimens with double pits compared to single pits of similar depth. Fatigue strength in air was found to decrease with increasing pit depth. Corrosion fatigue lifetimes predicted based upon the developed model showed good agreement with the experimental lifetimes.
122

Prediction Of The Mechanical Behaviour Of A Closed Cell Aluminium Foam Using Advanced Nonlinear Finite Element Modelling

Mahesh, C 07 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Cellular materials like aluminum foam which is the subject of interest here are generally characterized by high energy absorption capacity per unit weight. Materials of this category can be ideal for applications such as packaging and vehicle body structures for enhanced impact safety. A particularly well-known variety of closed-cell aluminum foam is designated as Alporas, which is studied here. From a viewpoint of mechanical behavior, the foam being considered can be represented using either a detailed cellular approach capturing the voids present in foam structure or a phenomenological approach in which experimental stress-strain response is assigned a-priori to solid elements filling up the space occupied by a foam geometry. Both modeling approaches are studied in the present work. It has been shown for the first time that stress-strain behavior under compression including densification can be predicted well with a Kelvin cell-based model, although scope for further improvement exists. Based on a novel combination of compression tests at low strain rates in a UTM and medium strain rates in low velocity impact tests, a relation between foam strength and strain rate has been proposed. This effect of strain rate on strength is captured in a finite element model for analysis using an explicit code with contact simulation capabilities and the predictions for projectile impact tests at higher strain rates using a gas gun-based device have been found to match commendably with results obtained from the said tests.
123

Analyse du comportement au feu des planchers mixtes acier-béton constitutés de poutres cellulaires / Analysis of the fire behaviour of steel and concrete composite floors made of cellular beams

Bihina, Gisèle 05 July 2011 (has links)
En situation d’incendie, la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques des matériaux constitutifs d’une structure peut sensiblement en modifier le comportement global. Ainsi, lors d’essais au feu ou de sinistres réels, des flèches significatives sont observées sans ruine globale du plancher. Ceci traduit l’activation d’un mécanisme basé sur une borne supérieure de plasticité en grands déplacements et appelé effet membrane. Ainsi, malgré la perte des propriétés du béton, de l’acier d’armatures et de l’acier de construction des poutres connectées à une dalle en béton armé ou mixte acier-béton, la capacité portante de cette dalle se définit comme une fonction croissante de sa flèche. En pratique, le comportement complexe des planchers mixtes acier-béton peut être appréhendé par des modèles dits simplifiés ou avancés, suivant le niveau de précision souhaité. La méthode analytique FRACOF permet par exemple d’étudier un plancher global à température élevée, en se basant sur les modèles de comportement simplifiés des matériaux, acier et béton, définis dans les Eurocodes. Par cette méthode, la capacité portante d’une dalle peut alors être déterminée en tenant compte des profilés métalliques connectés à la dalle, et de l’activation d’un effet membrane en grands déplacements. Cette méthode analytique a été validée par une comparaison à des modèles éléments finis, ainsi qu’à des résultats d’essais au feu en grandeur nature. Elle est applicable à des profilés en acier laminé à chaud avec des portées pouvant atteindre 20 m. Or le franchissement de ces portées nécessite des sections de poutre à forte inertie, afin de limiter les flèches du plancher en service. Pour limiter la quantité d’acier que requerraient de telles poutres, le recours à des poutres cellulaires est une solution pratique et esthétique. Un modèle élément finis de poutres cellulaires en acier seul et mixtes est proposé dans le cadre de la thèse de doctorat. Le comportement thermo-mécanique des poutres cellulaires en acier seul est modélisé sous le code Cast3M. Les poutres mixtes sont modélisées en combinant un calcul de transfert thermique sous Cast3M et une analyse mécanique sous ANSYS. Les poutres en acier et la dalle en béton ou mixte sont représentées par des éléments de type coque. Les connecteurs sont représentés par des éléments de type poutre. Ce modèle tridimensionnel tient par ailleurs compte des non-linéarités matérielle et géométrique. Il est confronté à des résultats d’essais à températures normale et élevée. La validation du modèle est suivie d’une comparaison à une méthode analytique existante pour en vérifier la précision et le degré de conservatisme. Les poutres cellulaires sont ensuite étudiées en tant que partie intégrante de planchers mixtes acier-béton sous incendie. Un essai en grandeur nature sous feu réel met en évidence l’activation d’un effet membrane en présence de poutres cellulaires non-protégées, sans ruine du plancher. Les résultats de l’essai sont utilisés pour calibrer un modèle élément fini tridimensionnel. La calibration est effectuée en s’appuyant sur la distribution des températures dans les différents composants du plancher, la durée de résistance au feu, la forme des déformées et les modes de ruine. Ensuite, le modèle, qui peut reproduire le comportement thermo-mécanique d’un plancher mixte, est utilisé pour évaluer une proposition d’extension de la méthode FRACOF à des planchers mixtes comportant des poutres cellulaires. / In a fire situation, the decrease of the material properties of a structure can significantly modify its overall behaviour. Hence, during fire tests or real fires, very large deflections can be observed on a floor without any global collapse. This highlights the activation of a large-displacement plastic upper bound mechanism called membrane action. Thus, in spite of the property loss of concrete, reinforcement steel and constructional steel of the beams connected to a reinforced concrete or composite slab, the load bearing capacity of this slab is defined as an increasing function of its vertical deflection. In practice, the behaviour of composite steel and concrete floors can be assessed with simplified or advanced models, depending on the expected level of precision. For instance, the analytical method named FRACOF enables to study a whole floor at elevated temperatures, on the basis of the Eurocodes simplified models for the behaviour of steel and concrete. With this method, the load bearing capacity of a slab can then be estimated taking account of steel profiles connected to the slab and tensile membrane action in large displacements. This analytical method has been validated against finite elements models as well as results from full scale fire tests. It applies to hot-rolled steel profiles spanning up to 20 m. However, such spans require sections with a great moment of area to limit the floor deflection in serviceability state. In order to limit the amount of steel required, cellular beams can be utilized as a practical and aesthetical solution. A finite element model for steel and composite steel and concrete cellular beams is proposed in the scope of the PhD thesis. The thermo-mechanical behaviour of steel cellular beams is modelled under Cast3M code. Composite beams are modelled combining a heat transfer calculation under Cast3M to a mechanical analysis under ANSYS. The steel beams and the reinforced or composite slab are modelled with shell elements. The shear studs are modelled with beam elements. Besides, this 3D model takes into account both material and geometrical nonlinearities. It is compared with tests results at both normal and elevated temperatures. Once validated, the model is compared to an existing analytical method in order to check the precision and the level of conservatism of the latter. Then, cellular beams are studied as part of composite steel and concrete floors in a fire situation. A full-scale natural fire test puts into evidence tensile membrane action with unprotected cellular beams, without any overall collapse. The test results are used for calibrating a 3D finite element model. This calibration relies on the temperature distribution in the different parts of the floor components, the fire resistance degree, the deformed shape and the failure modes. The model, which can reproduce the thermo-mechanical behaviour of a composite floor, is then utilized for assessing an extension proposal of the FRACOF method to composite floors made of cellular beams.
124

Etude des inhomogénéités de déformation dans les films minces polycristallins par diffraction X cohérente / Strain heterogenities in polycristalline thin films as probed by X-ray coherent diffraction

Vaxelaire, Nicolas 02 May 2011 (has links)
Les comportements mécaniques des films minces polycristallins sont encore mal compris à l'échelle sub-micronique. En particulier des hétérogénéités locales de déformation importantes sont attendues, mais elles restent difficile à quantifier expérimentalement. Les nouvelles possibilités offertes par les micro-faisceaux synchrotron de rayons X ont donc été utilisées dans ce travail pour éclairer cette problématique.Une réflexion de Bragg provenant d'un grain unique sub-micronique a été acquise avec une très bonne résolution dans l'espace réciproque en trois dimensions lors d'un cycle thermique. Les propriétés de cohérence du faisceau ont été utilisées pour reconstruire à trois dimensions une composante du champ de déplacement intra-grain avec une résolution d'une vingtaine de nanomètres dans les trois directions. Cette technique est basée sur des algorithmes de reconstruction de phase qui néanmoins connaissent des stagnations dans le cas des échantillons fortement déformés. Une méthodologie basée sur la connaissance de la forme du grain a donc été développée pour contourner ces difficultés. Des analyses complémentaires de diffraction X de laboratoire et de microdiffraction monochromatique ont également mis en évidence des hétérogénéités importantes de déformation entre les différents grains. / Strain heterogeneities in polycrystalline thin films are of great interest in technology because many fabrication and reliability problems are stress related. Nevertheless measuring local strains in sub-micron grains remains a real experimental challenge. This thesis is focused on recent and promising results in the field of strain measurements in small dimensions via X-ray micro-diffraction. A 3D mapping of 111 Bragg reflection from a Au sub-micron single grain was measured during a thermal cycle. Coherent properties of the beam has been used to retrieve a component of the displacement field in 3D from this single grain with a resolution around 17x17x22 nm via phase retrieval procedures. However algorithms do not always converge when the grain is highly strained. Thus alternative techniques are proposed and tested to overcome this stagnation. Complementary results from laboratory diffraction and micro 3D X-Ray Diffraction have also been analysed to compare strain at different scales. Strong strain heterogeneities has been evidenced between grains.
125

Computational Simulation of Mechanical Tests of Isolated Animal Cells / Computational Simulation of Mechanical Tests of Isolated Animal Cells

Bansod, Yogesh Deepak January 2016 (has links)
Buňka tvoří složitý biologický systém vystavený mnoha mimobuněčným mechanickým podnětům. Hlubší pochopení jejího mechanického chování je důležité pro charakterizaci její odezvy v podmínkách zdraví i nemoci. Výpočtové modelování může rozšířit pochopení mechaniky buňky, která může přispívat k vytvoření vztahů mezi strukturou a funkcí různých typů buněk v různých stavech. Za tímto účelem byly pomocí metody konečných prvků (MKP) vytvořeny dva bendotensegritní modely buňky v různých stavech: model vznášející se buňky pro analýzu její globální mechanické odezvy, jako je protažení nebo stlačení, a model buňky přilnuté k podložce, který vysvětluje odezvu buňky na lokální mechanické zatížení, jako třeba vtlačování hrotu při mikroskopii atomárních sil (AFM). Oba zachovávají základní principy tensegritních struktur jako je jejich předpětí a vzájemné ovlivnění mezi komponentami, ale prvky se mohou nezávisle pohybovat. Zahrnutí nedávno navržené bendotensegritní koncepce umožňuje těmto modelům brát v úvahu jak tahové, tak i ohybové namáhání mikrotubulů (MTs) a také zahrnout vlnitost intermediálních filament (IFs). Modely předpokládají, že jednotlivé složky cytoskeletu mohou měnit svůj tvar a uspořádání, aniž by při jejich odstranění došlo ke kolapsu celé buněčné struktury, a tak umožňují hodnotit mechanický příspěvek jednotlivých složek cytoskeletu k mechanice buňky. Model vznášející se buňky napodobuje realisticky odezvu síla-deformace během protahování a stlačování buňky a obě odezvy ilustrují nelineární nárůst tuhosti s růstem mechanického zatížení. Výsledky simulací ukazují, že aktinová filamenta i mikrotubuly hrají klíčovou úlohu při určování tahové odezvy buňky, zatímco k její tlakové odezvě přispívají podstatně jen aktinová filamenta. Model buňky přilnuté k podložce dává odezvu síla-hloubka vtlačení ve dvou různých místech odpovídající nelineární odezvě zjištěné experimentálně při AFM. Výsledky simulací ukazují, že pro chování buňky je rozhodující místo vtlačení a její tuhost určují aktinová povrchová vrstva, mikrotubuly a cytoplazma. Navržené modely umožňují cenný vhled do vzájemných souvislostí mechanických vlastností buněk, do mechanické úlohy komponent cytoskeletu jak individuálně, tak i ve vzájemné synergii a do deformace jádra buňky za různých podmínek mechanického zatížení. Tudíž tato práce přispívá k lepšímu pochopení mechaniky cytoskeletu zodpovědné za chování buňky, což naopak může napomáhat ve zkoumání různých patologických podmínek jako je rakovina a cévní choroby.
126

Développement d'une approche multi-échelle de modélisation de dispositifs thermoélectriques : application à des systèmes de capteurs sans fils autonomes sur le corps humain / Development of a multiscale approach for thermoelectric devices modelling : application to wearable wireless autonomous sensors systems

Bella, Malika 14 December 2016 (has links)
Les dispositifs thermoélectriques, basés sur la conversion d'énergie thermique, offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour le développement de systèmes autonomes. Les principaux défis pour le développement de telles technologies reposent sur l'obtention de dispositifs flexibles, écologiquement et économiquement viables pouvant alimenter des appareils électroniques à faible consommation d'énergie. Le but de cette thèse a donc été de proposer une méthodologie pour l'analyse globale de dispositifs thermoélectriques pour des applications à température ambiante. Dans un premier temps, une approche multi-échelle pour la modélisation de dispositifs thermoélectriques a été développée. A cet effet, trois niveaux d'abstraction ont été considérés. A l'échelle du système, un modèle compact a été développé afin d'évaluer les performances du dispositif dans son environnement. A l'échelle du dispositif, des prototypes virtuels de TEG ont été évalués par le biais de la simulation numérique. A l'échelle des matériaux, la DFT combinée à une approche semi-classique basée sur l'équation de transport de Boltzmann ont été utilisées afin de calculer les propriétés électroniques. La tétraédrite et la famatinite ont été sélectionnées en raison de leurs propriétés prometteuses à température ambiante ainsi que de leur abondance et faible coût. Dans un second temps, des travaux expérimentaux sur la synthèse de nanoparticules de Cu-Sb-S ont été menés. Des nanoparticules quasi-monodisperses avec des tailles inférieures à 50 nm ont été obtenues grâce à la mise au point d'un procédé basé sur la synthèse solvothermale avec surfactant, une méthode faible coût et facilement adaptable à grande échelle. / Thermoelectric devices, capitalizing on waste heat conversion, offer good prospects for the development of autonomous systems. The main challenges for technology development are to obtain flexible, environmentally friendly and low-cost thermoelectric devices with performances sufficient enough to power small electronic devices. The aim of this thesis was thus to propose a methodology for the global analysis of thermoelectric devices for ambient temperature applications. The developed methodology enables the evaluation of key parameters impact on the global system. First, a multiscale approach for thermoelectric devices modelling is developed. In this scope, three parallel levels of modeling are addressed. At the system level, a compact model is developed in order to evaluate overall system efficiency as a function of the thermal environment. At the device level, virtual prototypes of printed devices are built and their performances are evaluated via a finite-element simulation tool. Low temperature gradient has to be dealt with by appropriate architecture design. At the material level, quantum DFT is used in conjunction with semi-classical approach using Boltzmann transport theory to calculate electronic properties. Tetrahedrite and famatinite compounds are chosen due to their promising thermoelectric properties at room temperature and their relative abundance and low cost. Secondly, an experimental work has been conducted on the synthesis of sulphide nanoparticles. Quasi-monodisperse nanoparticles with a size not exceeding 50 nm have successfully been fabricated via a low cost and easily scalable surfactant assisted solvothermal technique.
127

Infuence of the modelling of truss joints made of hollow tube sections in finite element models / Inverkan av modelleringen av fackverksleder uppbyggda av ihåliga rör proler i nita elementmetoden

Lucassen, Mattheüs January 2019 (has links)
Several boom segments form the crane boom. These segments are often truss structures formed out of circular hollow sections, which are welded together forming the truss joints. A adequate modelling of these truss joints is very important for operational strength and life. Due to the large boom sizes, efficient models are used in the finite element method, generally built of beam elements. These models have problems capturing the proper bending moments working in the truss joints. This is caused by a insufficient portrayal of the joint stiffness. In the literature several modelling techniques with beam elements are proposed, which capture the joint stiffness better. These different modelling methods are implemented in a parametric boom section and compared with a shell element FE model. From this comparison the most appropriate modelling method is selected, which improve the portrayal of internal loads and nominal stresses. With these improved nominal stress values, it is investigated to implement a different fatigue assessment. The structural stress can be calculated from the nominal stress in combination with stress concentration factor (SCF) equations. To implement the structural stress method as fatigue assessment, several modelling and extrapolation methods have been compared. Which lead to a method for evaluating the structural stress in a efficient matter. This method is compared with existing SCF K truss joint equations, from which a new set of SCF equations is derived. These equations are constructed from a larger dataset, hold a wider validity range and fit better with the FE models. When applying these SCF equations with the improved beam modelling method in a boom section, the structural stress is not adequately captured. This is caused by unsymmetrical stressed braces in the K truss joints. Both the modelling methods and SCF equations account for uniformly stressed braces forming the truss joints. More research needs to be conducted to this uneven behaviour. If the structural stress method needs to be implemented with efficient FE models, submodels out of shell elements combined with beam elements are recommended. For fatigue evaluation with the nominal stress method, beam models which account for the local joint flexibility give sufficient realistic results. / Flera kranarmsegment bildar kranarmen. Dessa segment är ofta fackverk utformade av cirkulära ihåliga profiler, som är sammansvetsade och bildar fackverkslederna. En ordentlig modellering av dessa fackförband är mycket viktig för dess driftsstyrka och livslängd. På grund av storleken används finita elementmetoden, vanligtvis uppbyggt av balkelement. Dessa modeller har problem med att beräkna de korrekta böjmomenten som uppstår i fackverkslederna. Detta orsakas av en otillräcklig beskrivning av ledstyvheten. I litteraturen föreslås flera modelleringstekniker med balkelement som tar hänsyn till ledens styvhet bättre. Dessa olika modelleringsmetoder implementeras i en parametrisk kranarmsektion och jämförs med en FE-modell med skalelement. Med denna jämförelse väljs den mest lämpliga modelleringsmetoden, vilket bör förbättra skildringen av interna belastningar och nominella spänningar. Med dessa förbättrade nominella spänningsvärden, undersöks det att genomföra en annan utmattningsbedömning. Den strukturella spänningen kan beräknas utifrån den nominella spänningen i kombination med spänningskoncentrationsfaktor- (SCF) ekvationerna. För att implementera strukturella spänningsmetoden som utmattningsbedömning, har flera modellerings- och extrapoleringsmetoder jämförts. Detta leder till en metod för att utvärdera den strukturella spänningen effektivt. Denna metod jämförs med befintliga SCF-ekvationer, från vilka en ny uppsättning SCF-ekvationer härleds. Dessa ekvationer är konstruerade från en större datauppsättning, har ett bredare giltighetsområde och passar bättre med FE-modellerna. När man applicerar dessa SCF-ekvationer med den förbättrade balkmodelleringsmetoden i en kranarmsektion, uppsamlas strukturella spänningar inte tillräckligt, detta orsakas av ojämna spänningar i diagonalelementen i fackverkslederna. Både modelleringsmetoderna och SCF-ekvationerna tar hänsyn till jämnt spända diagonalelement som uppstår i fackverkslederna. Mer forskning bör göras över detta ojämna beteende. Om den strukturella spänningsmetoden måste implementeras med effektiva FE-modeller, rekommenderas undermodeller av skalelement kombinerade med balkelement. För utmattningsutvärdering med den nominella spänningsmetoden, ger balkmodeller som tar hänsyn till den lokala ledflexibiliteten tillräckligt realistiska resultat.
128

Damage And Fracture In Skin: Applications In Needle Insertion

Vivek Dharmangadan Sree (5930606) 08 February 2023 (has links)
<p>Subcutaneous injection through devices such as autoinjectors is a preferred delivery method for wide array of pharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies. Needle insertion during drug delivery involves large deformation, damage, and fracture of the skin tissue and affects drug transport and uptake. Yet, our understanding of needle insertion biomechanics is limited, but is crucially important to create autoinjectors that lead to the least amount of pain, penetrate the skin to a desired depth, produce small lesions that minimize back flow of drug, and operate robustly even given the variability in the skin mechanics among individuals. Computational models of needle insertion lends itself as an excellent avenue for studying the biomechanics of injector- skin interactions and for proposing better device designs. This work is focused on introducing a comprehensive computational modeling framework for optimizing needle insertion by autoinjector devices, while addressing limitations in experimental data and constitutive modeling of damage and fracture mechanisms in skin</p>
129

Arm Injury Prediction with THUMS SAFER: Improvements of the THUMS SAFER upper extremity / Förutsägelse av armskada med THUMS SAFER: Förbättringar av THUMS SAFER över extremitet

Bayat, Mariam, Pongpairote, Nichakarn January 2020 (has links)
Globally, approximately 1.2 million people die each year due to traffic accidents. Upper extremity injuries account for 18% to 25% of all car accident injuries. In order to be able to analyze these crash-related injuries, Human body models(HBMs) are used as a complement to FE simulations. An example of a HBM is the THUMS SAFER that is based on a 50 percentile American male. The aim of this study was to improve the upper extremity of the THUMS SAFER with respect to Autoliv's requirements to better predict fractures. In addition, this was validated against the Forman experiment(Forman, et al., The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol. 77, 2014) where human cadavers of the upper extremity were axially impacted to replicate a car collision. This was done by generating the upper extremity geometry with segmentation of medical images of a right human hand in combination with the complete STL-geometry of the forearm from the Piper project. The STL-geometry of the segmented human hand and Piper forearm was integrated and a complete STL-geometry of the upper extremity was obtained. Based on the complete STL-geometry, the FE-arm HEX 4.0 was built with modelling of bones, ligaments, soft tissue and skin with corresponding material choice in accordance with Autoliv's requirements. The model HEX 4.0 was improved considering an increased mesh density from an average of 94% to 98%. HEX 4.0 was also validated against the data from the Forman experiment for experiments 5, 6 and 15. It showed a good correlation with the acceleration curves between the simulated and experimental values for the three experiments. The reaction force in the elbow was compared for experiment 15, where the simulated value 5.7 kN divided by a factor of 1.4 from 4 kN for the experiment. Furthermore, the fi rst principal strains that occurred in HEX 4.0 were analysed by 17 ms were the highest acceleration was achieved for experiments 5 and 6. Both experiments were shown to be close to the failure threshold of bones. However, the highest value e5=9.8E-03 occurred in the radius for experiment 5, while e6=9.3E-03 in a ligament for experiment 6. In addition, the failure threshold for experiment 15 exceeded 5 ms in lunate, schapoid and triquetrum. This indication of fractures is in good agreement with the experimental results where the corresponding bones resulted in fractures in experiment 15. HEX 4.0 was an improved upper extremity of the THUMS SAFER considering an increased mesh density. It is also capable of indicating fractures and corresponding positions in the form of analyzes of occurring stresses and strains. Nevertheless, improvements and further validation of HEX 4.0 has been proposed in the future work section. / Globalt, dör varje år ungefär 1.2 miljoner personer på grund av trafi kolyckor. Skador på övre extremitet utgör 18% till 25% av alla skador inom bilolyckor. För att kunna analysera dessa krockrelaterade skador används humanmodeller(HBM) som komplement för FE-simuleringar. Ett exempel på en HBM är THUMS SAFER som är baserad på en "50 percentile" amerikans man. Målet med denna studie är att förbättra över extremiten av THUMS SAFER med avseende på Autolivs krav för att bättre kunna förutspå frakturer. Dessutom validerades detta mot Forman experiment(Forman, et al., The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, vol. 77, 2014) där övre extremitet av människokadaver blev axiellt påverkade för att replikera en bilkollsion. Detta gjordes genom att generera STL-geometrin av en övre extremitet med segmentering av medicinska bilder av en höger människohand i kombination med färdig STL-geometri av underarmen från Piper projektet. STL-geometrin av den segmenterande människohanden och Piper underarmen integrerades och en komplett STL-geometri av övre extremiteten erhölls. Baserad på den kompletta STL-geometrin byggdes FE-armen HEX 4.0 med modellering av ben, ligament, mjukvävnad samt hud med motsvarande materialval i enighet med Autolivs krav. Modellen HEX 4.0 förbättrades i form av en ökad mesh densitet från medelvärdet 94% till 98%. Den validerades även gentemot data från Forman experimentet för experiment 5, 6 och 15. Det påvisade en god korrelation på accelerations kurvorna mellan de simulerade och experimentella värdena för de tre experimenten. Reaktionskraften i armbågen jämfördes för experiment 15 där den simulerade värdet 5.7 kN skiljde sig med en faktor 1.4 från 4 kN för experimentet. Ytterligare analyserades första huvudtöjningarna som uppkom i HEX 4.0 vid 17 ms, då den högsta accelerationen uppnådes för experiment 5 och 6. Det visades att båda experimenten låg nära gränsen för benfraktur, däremot uppkom det högsta värdet e5=9.8E-03 i radius för experiment 5, samt e6=9.3E-03 i ett ligament för experiment 6. Dessutom överskred gränsen för benfrakturer för experiment 15 efter 5 ms i lunate, schapoid och triquetrum. Denna indikation av frakturer stämmer väl med resultatet av experimentet där motsvarande benen resulterades i frakturer i experiment 15. HEX 4.0 är en förbättrad övre extremitet av THUMS SAFER i form av förbättrad meshdensitet. Den är även kapabel att indikera frakturer och motsvarande position i form av analyser på förekommande spänningar och töjningar. Förbättringar och ytterligare validering av HEX 4.0 föreslås för framtida arbete.
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Toward the characterization of micro- and macro- traumatisms of the human cervical spinal cord in rugby : a multimodal approach combining magnetic resonance imaging and biomechanical finite element modelling / Vers la caractérisation des micros et macro-traumatismes de la moelle épinière cervicale dans la pratique du rugby : une approche multimodale combinant imagerie par résonnance magnétique et modélisation biomécanique par éléments finis

Rasoanandrianina, Rivo 08 January 2019 (has links)
Dans la pratique du rugby à XV, l’intégrité de la moelle épinière (ME) est menacée par les rares macro-traumatismes du rachis cervical, et par les chargements répétitifs entrainant l’apparition de pathologies dégénératives. Comment quantifier ces altérations, quels sont les mécanismes qui les président ?Pour aborder ces questions, la faisabilité et l’intérêt d’un protocole IRM multiparamétrique en contexte dégénératif ont tout d’abord été investigués. Puis, une récente technique de relaxométrie T1 3D et une acquisition ihMT multi-coupes à multiples orientations permettant d’évaluer le contenu macromoléculaire des tissus, en particulier la myéline, ont été développées pour évaluer le caractère diffus des altérations. Préliminairement appliqué sur quelques joueurs, ce protocole a ainsi démontré la faisabilité d’une exploration approfondie par IRM multiparamétrique de la ME cervicale dans le rugby.En complément de cela, une étude préliminaire utilisant un modèle éléments finis (MEF) détaillé a été menée pour évaluer la réponse mécanique des sous-régions de la ME soumises à des chargements mécaniques primaires. Par la suite, une étude préliminaire des risques neurologiques liés à un canal vertébral étroit (observé chez certains joueurs) a été conduite en modifiant la géométrie du MEF. A l’interface entre l’IRM et la biomécanique, ces travaux préliminaires ont posé les premiers jalons pour une caractérisation fine et robuste des altérations tissulaires au niveau médullaire dans le rugby. A terme, cette approche permettrait de proposer de nouveaux éléments pour une éventuelle amélioration du bilan d’aptitude des joueurs et de proposer des programmes préventifs améliorés. / In Rugby Union practice, the cervical spinal cord (CSC) could be involved in rare cervical spine (CS) traumatic injuries and also be threatened by the neck exposure to repetitive impacts assumed to induce early degenerative tissue alterations. How to quantify these impairments? What are the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms? To answer these questions, efforts were first directed towards the investigative potential of an advanced multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) protocol in degenerative contexts. Then, a new MRI protocol covering the whole CSC, including a recent 3D T1 relaxometry technique and a multi-slice multi-angle ihMT acquisition evaluating tissue myelin-content, was optimized. Preliminarily-applied to few players, this new optimized protocol showed the feasibility of a fine and diffuse CSC characterization in rugby. In parallel and as a complement, preliminary finite element modelling (FEM) analyses were also conducted to evaluate the mechanical responses of CSC sub-regions under primary loading mechanisms. Then, the same loading mechanisms were applied to a geometrically-modified FEM reproducing a narrow vertebral canal, reported to occur in some players therefore allowing to evaluate the effect of rugby-related CS degenerative changes on the CSC mechanical response under traumatic loadings. These preliminary, interdisciplinary and complementary works lay the ground for a fine structural and mechanical characterization of CSC tissues in rugby players, which would eventually allow to propose improved aptitude-to-play evaluation criteria as well as improved preventive programs.

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