Esta tese analisa os pilares da gestão fiscal responsável, dispostos na Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (ação planejada, transparência, controle e cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais), sob a perspectiva teórica da Nova Gestão Pública e da Teoria da Escolha Pública. Considerando o caráter multidimensional da gestão fiscal (Araújo & Loureiro, 2005) e a relevância dos pilares, o objetivo do trabalho é investigar a relação entre indicadores de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais com a gestão fiscal responsável, sob a perspectiva do planejamento, da transparência e do controle. O estudo foi conduzido para os 282 municípios brasileiros, com população superior a 100 mil habitantes, e utilizou dados do período de 2010 a 2013, oriundos de fontes primárias, o que permitiu a construção de uma base de dados original. As três hipóteses de pesquisa relacionam variáveis de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais com variáveis representativas dos pilares da gestão fiscal, respectivamente: com planejamento (primeira hipótese), com transparência (segunda hipótese) e com controle (terceira hipótese). As análises e testes das hipóteses utilizaram técnicas multivariadas e regressão com dados em painel. Constatou-se que as variáveis relativas ao cumprimento de limites (exceto despesa total com pessoal) apresentam margens folgadas em relação aos limites legais e reduzida variabilidade. Estes resultados sugerem reflexões acerca da razoabilidade dos limites fiscais estabelecidos para os municípios, para que estes representem adequadamente a situação fiscal dos municípios (Fioravante, Pinheiro & Vieira, 2006; Afonso, 2008). As variáveis relativas a resultado nominal e primário apresentaram significativa dispersão e valores discrepantes das metas definidas na Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias. Quanto à acurácia do planejamento, os munícipios realizaram, em média, 94% das receitas e 91% das despesas totais previstas na Lei Orçamentária Anual, e com média de 11% de utilização de créditos adicionais. Apesar da exigência legal de divulgação dos instrumentos de transparência fiscal, os municípios divulgaram em média 50% dos itens requeridos. Sobre o controle exercido pelos tribunais de contas, cerca de 75% dos pareceres foram favoráveis à aprovação das contas (inclusive com ressalvas), porém os tribunais de contas não têm sido tempestivos na emissão dos pareceres prévios em mais de 40% dos casos. As conclusões foram: as variáveis de planejamento apresentaram relação positiva com as variáveis relativas ao resultado nominal e primário, ao limite de despesa total com pessoal e de dívida consolidada líquida (primeira hipótese); as variáveis de transparência apresentaram relação positiva apenas com a variável de limite de despesa total com pessoal (segunda hipótese); as variáveis representativas do pilar controle apresentaram relação positiva com as variáveis relativas ao resultado primário, ao limite de despesa total com pessoal e de dívida consolidada líquida (terceira hipótese). Como contribuição teórica, esta tese amplia a discussão sobre a avaliação da gestão fiscal responsável, indo além de indicadores de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais. Em termos de metodologia, a análise fatorial das variáveis de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais não se mostrou ex-post uma técnica adequada, devido ao caráter idiossincrático das variáveis. / This study analyzes the fundamentals of Fiscal Management Responsibility, displayed in the Fiscal Responsibility Law (planning, transparency, control, and compliance of fiscal targets and limits), from the theoretical perspective of New Public Management and the Public Choice Theory. Considering the multidimensional character of fiscal management (Araujo & Loureiro, 2005) and the relevance of these fundamentals, the objective is to explore the relation between indicators of compliance\' fiscal targets and limits and fiscal management responsibility, from the perspective of planning, transparency and control. The study was conducted for 282 municipalities (with a population of 100 000 inhabitants), and used data from 2010 to 2013 gathering from the primary sources, which allowed the construction of an original database. The three research hypotheses related variables of compliance\' fiscal targets and limits with variables representing the fundamentals of fiscal management, respectively, with planning (first hypothesis), with transparency (second hypothesis) and with control (third hypothesis). The analysis and hypotheses tests used multivariate techniques and regression with panel data. Findings suggests that the variables of compliance\' fiscal limits (except personnel expenditures) have wide margins in relation to legal limits and reduced variability. These results suggests reflections about the reasonableness of fiscal limits for municipalities, in order to adequately represent the fiscal situation of them (Fioravante, Pinheiro & Vieira, 2006; Afonso, 2008). The variables on the nominal and primary results have shown significant dispersion and outliers compared to the targets set in the Budget Policy Law. Regarding the planning accuracy, the municipalities executed, on average, 94% of revenues and 91% of the total expenditure of the Annual Budget Law, with an average of 11% utilization of additional credits. Despite the legal requirement to disclose the instruments of fiscal transparency, municipalities disclosed on average 50% of the required items. About the control exercised by the courts of accounts, about 75% of opinions were favorable to the approval of the accounts (including with reservations), but the courts of accounts have not been timely in issuing the preliminary reports in over 40% of cases. Conclusions: planning variables showed positive relation with nominal and primary results variables, with limits of personnel expending and net consolidated debt (first hypothesis); variables related to transparency showed positive relationship only with the personnel expenditure limit (second hypothesis); variables of the pillar control showed a positive relation with variables of primary result, and limit of personnel expenditure and net consolidated debt (third hypothesis). As theoretical contribution, this thesis extends the discussion about responsible fiscal management evaluation, going beyond compliance indicator targets and fiscal constraints. In terms of methodology, the factor analysis of the variables of compliance\' fiscal targets and limits was not ex post adequate technical, due to the idiosyncratic nature of the variables.

Os documentos fiscais eletrônicos estão implantados no Brasil desde 2006, e significaram relevante modernização na forma como as operações comerciais são documentadas no país. Contudo, apesar de possuírem informações que transcendem a fiscalização tributária, a legislação brasileira impõe o chamado \"sigilo fiscal\", restringindo o acesso a esses documentos apenas à administração tributária. Nesse sentido, o trabalho tem os objetivos de analisar o conceito e os contornos do sigilo fiscal imposto pela legislação brasileira e propor aplicações práticas de como as informações constantes nos documentos fiscais eletrônicos poderiam ser utilizadas pelos demais órgãos públicos e pela iniciativa privada. Dentre os diversos usos potenciais o trabalho foca no tema de sistemas logísticos, mais especificamente no que se refere ao rastreamento de veículos e mercadorias. Nesse sentido são apresentados e detalhados quatro casos práticos de interesse para a iniciativa privada e outros órgãos de fiscalização: identificação do trânsito de veículos de carga com excesso de peso em rodovias; identificação do transporte de produtos perigosos em áreas urbanas; rastreamento de mercadorias de alto valor agregado pelas empresas; e o conhecimento prévio do fluxo de mercadorias, para fins de planejamento de carga e descarga em armazéns, portos e aeroportos. Aborda, também, um caso prático de rastreamento útil para a própria administração tributária, as chamadas \"fronteiras virtuais\". Apresenta, por fim, a especificação técnica mínima para a implantação dos quatro casos práticos de rastreamento, que servirá tanto para a Secretaria da Fazenda como para os órgãos e empresas interessados nas informações contidas nos documentos eletrônicos. / Electronic tax documents have been implemented in Brazil since 2006, and have meant a relevant modernization in the way commercial operations are documented in the country. However, despite having information that transcends tax inspection, Brazilian law imposes so-called \"fiscal secrecy\", restricting access to these documents only to the tax administration. In this sense, the objectives of this paper are to analyze the concept and the contours of fiscal secrecy imposed by Brazilian legislation and propose practical applications of how the information contained in electronic tax documents can be used by other public agencies and private initiative. Among the various potential uses, the work focuses on the topic of logistics systems, more specifically on the tracking of vehicles and goods. In this sense, four practical cases of interest to the private sector and other inspection bodies are identified and detailed: identification of the traffic of overloaded vehicles on highways; identification of transport of hazardous products in urban areas; tracking of high value-added goods by companies; and prior knowledge of the flow of goods for loading and unloading planning in warehouses, ports and airports. It also addresses a practical case of useful tracking for the tax administration itself, the so-called \"virtual borders\". Finally, it presents the minimum technical specification for the implementation of the four practical cases of tracing, which will serve both the Treasury Department and the agencies and companies interested in the information contained in the electronic documents.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo discutir diferentes aspectos de um método de modelagem econômica conhecido por Modelos Stock-Flow Consistent (SFC). Essa classe de modelos tem como principais características a presença de matrizes que representam os balanços patrimoniais dos setores modelados, bem como os fluxos de transações e de fundos financeiros. A primeira etapa do trabalho consiste em analisar as origens dos modelos SFC, apresentando os trabalhos que precederam as primeiras formulações. Em seguida, é feito um survey completo da literatura SFC corrente. Essas duas etapas são realizadas através de uma revisão bibliográfica de artigos, working papers, teses e dissertações. A terceira etapa do trabalho consiste em discutir aspectos metodológicos da modelagem SFC, em especial a modelagem de equações comportamentais de expectativas. Por fim, um modelo SFC é elaborado com o objetivo de analisar o comportamento de uma economia sob quatro regimes fiscais diferentes: (i) balanço equilibrado; (ii) meta de gastos do governo como proporção do PIB; (iii) meta de déficit do governo como proporção do PIB; (iv) meta de dívida pública como proporção do PIB. O comportamento em estado estacionário desses regimes é analisado, bem como sua resiliência a choques. Entre as conclusões, percebeu-se que o segundo regime apresenta a maior taxa de crescimento no steady state, além de ser mais resiliente a choques negativos. / The general goal of this dissertation is to discuss different dimensions of a class of Post-Keynesian models known as Stock-Flow Consistent Models. The main features of these models are: (i) the presence of balance sheets matrices of the sectors to be modeled, guaranteeing the consistency in the economic stocks; (ii) the flow of funds matrix, that records the real and financial transactions of the economy. The first step of the work is to analyze the origins of the SFC models, presenting the works that preceded the first elaborations. Next to it, the current SFC literature is surveyed. These two steps are accomplished by means of a survey of the literature in academic journals, working papers, dissertations and thesis. The third step of the work is a discussion of methodological issues such as the role of expectations in the behavioral functions for consumption. Finally, the fourth step consists of elaborating a SFC model in order to analyze four fiscal policy regimes: (i) balanced budget, (ii) a target for government’s expenditures , (iii) a target for government deficit, and (iv) a target for government debt. The steady state behavior of each regime is analyzed, as well as its resilience to adverse shocks. The second regime is the one with the higher steady state growth rate and also is the more resilient to negative shocks.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-05-11T20:24:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Karine de Souza Vargas.pdf: 2848721 bytes, checksum: 692f8f02dd48bc377de2ed0206ea9a36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-11T20:24:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Karine de Souza Vargas.pdf: 2848721 bytes, checksum: 692f8f02dd48bc377de2ed0206ea9a36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-13 / The main objective of this work is to analyze the evolution of the public finances of the State of Rio de Janeiro to understand the aspects that triggered the public calamity in the area of financial administration presented by the governor Francisco Dornelles through Decree No. 45,692 on June 17, 2016 and endorsed by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro by virtue of Law No. 7,483 of November 8, 2016, in order to evaluate the impact of this crisis on the development of this entity of the Federation. This study will emphasize the revenue collection trajectory, mainly from petroleum royalties and taxes, and the impact of revenue waivers as a "possible factor" of income and employment generation for the state of Rio de Janeiro. The construction of the imbalance of the State accounts is pointed out by the Treasury Department as a problem in the collection of revenue mainly due to the fall in the price of the Barrel of Oil and the Tax on the Circulation of Goods and Services due to the slowdown of the economy, the growth Inflation and interest rates established by the Monetary Policy Committee. However, one has to question whether these are the only factors that aggravated the cash deficit in the State of Rio de Janeiro. It is worth highlighting the growth of internal and external indebtedness for the realization of numerous investment projects in the areas of infrastructure and transportation. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho ? analisar a evolu??o das finan?as p?blicas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro para entender os aspectos que desencadearam a calamidade p?blica, no ?mbito da administra??o financeira, apresentado pelo governador Francisco Dornelles por meio do Decreto N? 45.692 em 17 de Junho de 2016 e referendado pela Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro em virtude da Lei N? 7.483 de 8 de Novembro de 2016, para assim avaliar o impacto desta crise sobre o desenvolvimento deste ente da Federa??o. Nesse estudo ser? enfatizada a trajet?ria de arrecada??o de receita, principalmente a advinda de Royalties do Petr?leo e de Impostos, e o impacto das ren?ncias de receitas como ?poss?vel fator? de gera??o de renda e emprego para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A constru??o do desequil?brio das contas do Estado ? apontada pela Secretaria de Fazenda como uma problem?tica na arrecada??o da receita principalmente por conta da queda do pre?o do Barril do Petr?leo e do Imposto sobre Circula??o de Mercadorias e Servi?os em virtude da desacelera??o da economia, do crescimento da infla??o e da taxa de juros estabelecidos pelo Comit? de Pol?tica Monet?ria. No entanto, h? de se questionar se estes s?o os ?nicos fatores que agravaram o d?ficit no caixa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Vale destaque o crescimento do endividamento interno e externo para a realiza??o de in?meros projetos de investimentos nas ?reas de infraestrutura e de transporte.

The objectives of the study are to assess the fiscal sustainability and development impacts of Ghana’s fiscal rule for allocating petroleum revenues to the annual budget against alternative fiscal rules - the permanent income and the bird-in-hand rules. Fiscal sustainability is measured by government long-term fiscal space in proportion to non-oil GDP, whilst development impacts are measured through a dynamic CGE model of Ghana. Generally, the study makes four important findings on how fiscal policy triggered by the inflow of new petroleum revenues could affect the long-term fiscal sustainability and growth of the economy. One, Ghana’s fiscal rule is neither fiscally sustainable nor provide higher impacts of petroleum revenues on economic development relative to the permanent income and the bird-in-hand rules. Two, fiscal sustainability does not necessarily lead to greater development outcomes. The bird-in-hand rule is the most fiscally sustainable, but the permanent income rule provides higher development outcomes and can move Ghana’s transformation towards a full middle income status. Three, institutional quality in a country could lead to efficiency gains in government spending. Four, efficiency in government spending could improve on development outcomes. Ghana could therefore benefit from its petroleum revenues by adopting the permanent income rule; and with temporary petroleum revenues, the focus of the country should be on current investment of petroleum revenues in building the country’s asset base to support short-term and long-term growth of the economy. However, this should be complemented with strengthening the quality of institutional arrangements to enhance efficiency in government spending.

O interesse sobre o conhecimento da carga tributária efetiva das empresas e sua mensuração é cada vez maior, em razão principalmente do crescimento da mobilidade internacional do capital e da mão-de-obra, decorrente do contínuo avanço do processo de globalização. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se existem divergências significativas entre o enfoque fiscal e o contábil na mensuração da carga tributária média efetiva. A questão de pesquisa tratada é - existem divergências significativas entre o enfoque fiscal - macrodados - e o contábil - microdados - na mensuração da carga tributária média efetiva? A pesquisa bibliográfica abrangeu artigos e estudos de publicações técnicas e científicas nacionais e estrangeiras. O método adotado para a realização do estudo foi o hipotético-dedutivo. Quanto às teorias que serviram de base para o estudo, foram consideradas a teoria da incidência tributária e a teoria econômica, no que corresponde às finanças públicas, e a teoria contábil no que se refere aos princípios de mensuração de receitas, despesas, ativos e passivos para formulação dos modelos propostos - mensuração contábil da carga tributária média efetiva das empresas com base na DVA - Demonstração do Valor Adicionado e na DRE - Demonstração do Resultado do Exercício. Foi utilizada uma população de empresas do banco de dados da revista Melhores & Maiores, da Editora Abril, as quais apresentaram DVA no período de 2001 a 2005. A metodologia adotada incluiu pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e empírica, com estatísticas descritivas e aplicação dos testes estatísticos para verificação quanto à confirmação ou não da hipótese. Para tal, partindo-se da amostra total, fez-se necessário o tratamento dos dados, eliminando-se as empresas com prejuízos anuais durante o período citado, bem como aquelas que apresentaram valor adicionado líquido ou distribuição de tributos menor ou igual a zero, e ainda as empresas que não informaram separadamente os impostos incidentes sobre as vendas. As conclusões demonstraram que a carga tributária mensurada com base na DVA - modelo contábil mais similar ao fiscal -, e DRE é significativamente diferente em relação à realizada com base no modelo fiscal propriamente dito. A comparação entre a mensuração com base no modelo contábil, considerando os microdados da DVA, e a baseada na DRE também mostra que são significativamente diferentes entre si, em todos os anos do período analisado. Além disso, subsidiariamente, quando se compara a carga tributária entre os ramos econômicos - comércio, indústria e serviços -, nota-se que, com referência ao comércio e à indústria, um ramo não apresenta diferença significativa em relação ao outro, mas ambos, no que se refere à DRE, apresentamse significativamente diferentes com relação a serviços em todos os anos, porém, no tocante à DVA, somente em alguns deles. A pesquisa apresenta limitações, que não a invalidam, pois o conjunto de empresas que compõem a amostra não representa o universo das empresas tributadas no Brasil, e demonstrações financeiras apresentadas podem não ter uniformidade na adoção dos padrões contábeis. Assim, não se pode dizer que as conclusões deste estudo podem ser estendidas ao conjunto de empresas brasileiras, mas sem dúvida isto não significa que os modelos contábeis aqui propostos não possam ser utilizados pelas empresas e pelos órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela política tributária no Brasil. A importância desta pesquisa reside em demonstrar que a contabilidade pode ser utilizada como um instrumento relevante ao entendimento dos efeitos do sistema tributário sobre os diversos agentes econômicos, contribuindo assim para questionamentos e discussões visando ao aperfeiçoamento da gestão empresarial e pública no que concerne à carga tributária. / The interest in the companies\'effective tax burden as well as its measurement is more and more greater, mainly due to the fact the international mobility of capital and labor has been growing, as a result of the globalization constant progress. This study aims at verifying if there are significant disagreements between the tax approach and the accounting approach when it comes to the measurement of the effective average tax burden. The research question examined is - are there any significant disagreements between the tax approach (macro-data) and the accounting approach (micro-data) in the measurement of the effective average tax burden? The bibliographical research comprised papers and studies on national / foreign technical and scientific publications. The method employed in order to perform the study was the hypothetical-deductive one. Relating to the underlying theories for the study were used the tax incidence theory and the economic theory, with regard to the public finance and the accounting theory was used with regard to the measurement principles of revenues and expenses, assets and liabilities to formulate the proposed models - accounting measurement of the company\'s effective average tax burden based on DVA (Added-Value Demonstration) and DRE (Income Statement). A studied population of companies was taken from the \"Melhores & Maiores\" magazine database, published by Abril. These companies presented DVA, from 2001 to 2005. The methodology employed included bibliographical, documental and empirical research with descriptive statistics and statistical tests application for verifying if the hypothesis would be confirmed or not. To get this, starting from the total sample, it was necessary the data treatment, eliminating the companies that presentd net added value or distribuition to the government of taxes with values smaller or equal zero, and also the companies did not inform separately the taxes incident on the sales. The findings showed that the tax burden measured on the basis of the DVA - the accounting model most similar to the government one - is significantly different from the measurement on the government model. The comparison between the measurement based on the accounting mode, consideringl the micro-data from the DVA and the DRE ones, also shows that they are significantly different during all the years of the period in analysis. In addition to that, when comparing the tax burden by economic classes - commerce, industry and services, we can say that relating to the commerce and industry, they are not significantly different, but both commerce, and industry, are significantly different with respect to services, all years in relation to the DRE, but only in some years concerning the DVA. The research presents limitations that do not invalidate it, as the set of companies that constitute the sample does not represent the universe of the set of companies in Brazil; beside this, relanting to the financial demonstrations presented it is possible they do not have uniformity in the acceptance of the accounting patterns. Thus, it is not possible to say that the conclusions of this study may be extended to the whole set of Brazilian companies, but doubtlessly this does not mean that the accounting models proposed here can not be used by the companies and by the government units responsible for the tax politics in Brazil. The importance of this research lies in the demonstrating that the accounting practices may be used as a relevant tool in the understanding of the effects of the tax system on the various economic agents, thus contributing to discussions that target the improvement of the business and public management regarding tax burden.

En tant qu'accroissement de la valeur d'une chose, la plus-value est une richesse nouvelle particulièrement convoitée lorsque sa production résulte du non­propriétaire de la chose. Résoudre le conflit entre le propriétaire de la chose et l'auteur de la plus-value suppose de la situer par rapport à la chose pour pouvoir définir sa maîtrise. L'étude répond à cette problématique en menant d'abord une analyse de la présence de la plus-value. La plus-value semble dans une situation ambivalente puisqu'elle apparaît attachée à la chose tout en lui étant distincte. Cette situation ambivalente de la plus-value devait être prise en compte pour la définir à partir d'une analyse civile et fiscale. La naissance d’une plus-value a également été examinée en procédant à une relecture systématique des facteurs qui la produisent. Sur cette base, l'ouvrage propose ensuite de déterminer les modalités de maîtrise de la plus-value. La dépendance de la plus-value envers la chose implique de l'appréhender par la médiation de la chose. Cette forme de maîtrise d'une plus-value n'est pas sans générer des difficultés puisqu'elle nécessite de saisir la chose. Sans autre examen, on aperçoit immédiatement que cette solution est susceptible d'enrichir le propriétaire du bien dont la chose bénéficie d'une plus-value produite par un tiers. Cette difficulté a été dépassée à partir d'une étude du rapport entre la plus-value et la monnaie, pour ensuite envisager l'existence d'une indemnité de plus-value au profit de son auteur. / The capital gain is a new form of wealth, especially coveted when the production results from someone other than the owner of the object itself. To salve the conflict between the owner of the object and the originator of the capital gain one has to situate that capital gain in law to define its control. The study answers to this issue by firstly analyzing the presence of the capital gain. The capital gain has been identified as a distinct entity from the object, to which it is however attached. This ambivalent situation of the capital gain has to be considered when defining its consistence based on a civil and fiscal analysis. The origin of a capital gain has also been examined in proceeding with a systematic re-reading of its repository and the factors who produce it. Based on this, the following work proposes to determine the control of the capital gain. To understand the dependence of the capital gain towards the abject, you have to look at it through the mediation of the object. This form of contract of capital gain doesn't come without difficulties, since you have to grasp the object. Without other examination, we can immediately see that this solution might enrich the owner of the property, of which the abject benefits from a capital gain, produced by a third party. This difficulty was surpassed based on a study on the connection between the capital gain and monetary units. By considering the capital gain in the quantity of monetary units corresponding, it was proposed to control the capital gain in a monetary form. This particular way of control opens stimulating perspectives since it has then been indemnity of capital gain in favor of its originator.

Esta tese analisa os pilares da gestão fiscal responsável, dispostos na Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (ação planejada, transparência, controle e cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais), sob a perspectiva teórica da Nova Gestão Pública e da Teoria da Escolha Pública. Considerando o caráter multidimensional da gestão fiscal (Araújo & Loureiro, 2005) e a relevância dos pilares, o objetivo do trabalho é investigar a relação entre indicadores de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais com a gestão fiscal responsável, sob a perspectiva do planejamento, da transparência e do controle. O estudo foi conduzido para os 282 municípios brasileiros, com população superior a 100 mil habitantes, e utilizou dados do período de 2010 a 2013, oriundos de fontes primárias, o que permitiu a construção de uma base de dados original. As três hipóteses de pesquisa relacionam variáveis de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais com variáveis representativas dos pilares da gestão fiscal, respectivamente: com planejamento (primeira hipótese), com transparência (segunda hipótese) e com controle (terceira hipótese). As análises e testes das hipóteses utilizaram técnicas multivariadas e regressão com dados em painel. Constatou-se que as variáveis relativas ao cumprimento de limites (exceto despesa total com pessoal) apresentam margens folgadas em relação aos limites legais e reduzida variabilidade. Estes resultados sugerem reflexões acerca da razoabilidade dos limites fiscais estabelecidos para os municípios, para que estes representem adequadamente a situação fiscal dos municípios (Fioravante, Pinheiro & Vieira, 2006; Afonso, 2008). As variáveis relativas a resultado nominal e primário apresentaram significativa dispersão e valores discrepantes das metas definidas na Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias. Quanto à acurácia do planejamento, os munícipios realizaram, em média, 94% das receitas e 91% das despesas totais previstas na Lei Orçamentária Anual, e com média de 11% de utilização de créditos adicionais. Apesar da exigência legal de divulgação dos instrumentos de transparência fiscal, os municípios divulgaram em média 50% dos itens requeridos. Sobre o controle exercido pelos tribunais de contas, cerca de 75% dos pareceres foram favoráveis à aprovação das contas (inclusive com ressalvas), porém os tribunais de contas não têm sido tempestivos na emissão dos pareceres prévios em mais de 40% dos casos. As conclusões foram: as variáveis de planejamento apresentaram relação positiva com as variáveis relativas ao resultado nominal e primário, ao limite de despesa total com pessoal e de dívida consolidada líquida (primeira hipótese); as variáveis de transparência apresentaram relação positiva apenas com a variável de limite de despesa total com pessoal (segunda hipótese); as variáveis representativas do pilar controle apresentaram relação positiva com as variáveis relativas ao resultado primário, ao limite de despesa total com pessoal e de dívida consolidada líquida (terceira hipótese). Como contribuição teórica, esta tese amplia a discussão sobre a avaliação da gestão fiscal responsável, indo além de indicadores de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais. Em termos de metodologia, a análise fatorial das variáveis de cumprimento de metas e limites fiscais não se mostrou ex-post uma técnica adequada, devido ao caráter idiossincrático das variáveis. / This study analyzes the fundamentals of Fiscal Management Responsibility, displayed in the Fiscal Responsibility Law (planning, transparency, control, and compliance of fiscal targets and limits), from the theoretical perspective of New Public Management and the Public Choice Theory. Considering the multidimensional character of fiscal management (Araujo & Loureiro, 2005) and the relevance of these fundamentals, the objective is to explore the relation between indicators of compliance\' fiscal targets and limits and fiscal management responsibility, from the perspective of planning, transparency and control. The study was conducted for 282 municipalities (with a population of 100 000 inhabitants), and used data from 2010 to 2013 gathering from the primary sources, which allowed the construction of an original database. The three research hypotheses related variables of compliance\' fiscal targets and limits with variables representing the fundamentals of fiscal management, respectively, with planning (first hypothesis), with transparency (second hypothesis) and with control (third hypothesis). The analysis and hypotheses tests used multivariate techniques and regression with panel data. Findings suggests that the variables of compliance\' fiscal limits (except personnel expenditures) have wide margins in relation to legal limits and reduced variability. These results suggests reflections about the reasonableness of fiscal limits for municipalities, in order to adequately represent the fiscal situation of them (Fioravante, Pinheiro & Vieira, 2006; Afonso, 2008). The variables on the nominal and primary results have shown significant dispersion and outliers compared to the targets set in the Budget Policy Law. Regarding the planning accuracy, the municipalities executed, on average, 94% of revenues and 91% of the total expenditure of the Annual Budget Law, with an average of 11% utilization of additional credits. Despite the legal requirement to disclose the instruments of fiscal transparency, municipalities disclosed on average 50% of the required items. About the control exercised by the courts of accounts, about 75% of opinions were favorable to the approval of the accounts (including with reservations), but the courts of accounts have not been timely in issuing the preliminary reports in over 40% of cases. Conclusions: planning variables showed positive relation with nominal and primary results variables, with limits of personnel expending and net consolidated debt (first hypothesis); variables related to transparency showed positive relationship only with the personnel expenditure limit (second hypothesis); variables of the pillar control showed a positive relation with variables of primary result, and limit of personnel expenditure and net consolidated debt (third hypothesis). As theoretical contribution, this thesis extends the discussion about responsible fiscal management evaluation, going beyond compliance indicator targets and fiscal constraints. In terms of methodology, the factor analysis of the variables of compliance\' fiscal targets and limits was not ex post adequate technical, due to the idiosyncratic nature of the variables.

Normative economic theory provides justification for at least partially centralized renewable energy provision due to the large, positive externalities associated with renewable energy production. However, the United States is one of the few countries without centralized renewable energy policy. Instead, the federal government actively chooses decentralized renewable energy provision by using fiscal transfers to support subnational renewable energy development. This dissertation explores why U.S. legislators choose decentralized renewable energy provision by asking two primary questions. First, what is the motivation for using federal fiscal transfers for decentralized renewable energy output considering what we know about positive spillovers and market failure associated with decentralized renewable energy production? Second, do fiscal transfers for decentralized renewable energy provision increase renewable energy production at the local level? The theoretical model proposed in Chapter Four posits why policymakers choose decentralized renewable energy provision. The chapter argues that the current political price associated with a specific policy issue affects legislators’ choices regarding good provision. I hypothesize that when the political price associated with vying for centralized good provision is high, legislators are incentivized to choose decentralized good provision. Chapter Five applies this theory to empirically evaluate the choice to decentralize renewable energy provision. The chapter examines whether the current political price of renewable energy policy affects the likelihood of a legislator proposing decentralized funding for renewable energy provision. I hypothesize that legislators will propose funding to support decentralized renewable energy development when the political price associated with renewable energy policies is high at a given time. The results show that when the political price of renewable energy policy is low, a policymaker is less likely to use grants to support renewable energy projects, finding support for the hypothesis. Chapter Six empirically evaluates the effectiveness of renewable energy grants at the local level to further understand the theoretical model proposed in Chapter Four. I hypothesize that receiving a renewable energy grant increases renewable energy output at the local level. The results support this hypothesis by showing that receiving a renewable energy grant is associated with significant and positive increases in solar energy production. These findings provide further insight into legislative decision-making and the role of renewable energy grants in renewable energy development in the U.S.

L’ancrage historique du territoire dans la construction de l’État fait que le pouvoir d’imposition soit fondé sur une approche territoriale garantissant la pérennité et la cohésion du territoire national malgré l’évolution de l’économie vers un modèle qui se détache de l’espace géographique. La confrontation entre un droit fiscal initialement en adéquation avec le territoire politique et une réalité économique mondialisée et de plus en plus numérisée entraine une recomposition du territoire vers de multiples territoires plus adaptés à cette réalité. Le lien assez étroit entre la formation des territoires fiscaux et la construction fiscale normative, donne à la notion classique du territoire un contenu nouveau adapté à la particularité de la matière fiscale et harmonisé avec la réalité économique par l’expansion de solutions juridiques rénovées. Le territoire en droit fiscal, concrétisé par l’exercice de la compétence fiscale, peu importe le cadre spatial dans lequel s’exerce cette compétence, est plus une construction qui s’adapte, qu’une terre avec des frontières qui le déterminent. Il se transforme en une notion fonctionnelle, il est tantôt un déterminant de rattachement de la valeur imposable, tantôt un outil de politique publique. Cette perception fonctionnelle entraine un remodelage du territoire qui s’enrichit en gardant le rattachement étatique. / The historic anchoring of the territory in the construction of the State makes that the power of taxation is based on a territorial approach guaranteeing the durability and the cohesion of the national territory despite the evolution of the economy towards a model which is detached from the geographical space. The confrontation between a tax law initially in adequation with the political territory and a globalized and increasingly digitalised economic reality leads to a recomposition of the territory towards multiple territories more adapted to this reality. The rather close link between the formation of fiscal territories and the normative tax construction gives to the classical notion of the territory a new content adapted to the peculiarity of the tax matter and harmonized with the economic reality by the expansion of renovated legal solutions. The territory in tax law, concretized by the exercise of fiscal jurisdiction, regardless of the spatial framework in which this competence is exercised, is more a construction that adapts, than a land with borders that determine it. It is transformed into a functional notion, it is sometimes a determinant of attachment of the taxable value, sometimes a tool of public policy. This functional perception leads to a remodeling of the territory which is enriched by keeping the state connection.