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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Nanophysical analysis to study evolution of vascular and articular inflammatory pathologies / Analyse nano physique pour étudier l’évolution des pathologies inflammatoires vasculaires et articulaires

Mirea, Dragoş Alexandru 21 December 2011 (has links)
Les pathologies inflammatoires vasculaires (PV) et articulaires (PA) représentent aujourd'hui la cause principale de la mortalité et d’invalidité dans les pays industrialisés. Comme les causes exactes favorisant leur apparition restent inconnues, le présent travail a proposé de nouvelles méthodes physiques susceptibles de détecter les premiers stades inflammatoires en utilisant des marqueurs spécifiques et d'étudier les changements mécaniques et structuraux subis par les tissus vasculaires et le liquide synovial (LS). Les PV peuvent être détectées en utilisant les examens IRM. Afin d’améliorer l’efficacité des agents de contraste IRM ceux-ci peuvent être greffés avec des anticorps. En utilisant la Spectroscopie de Force (SF), un mode de la Microscopie à Force Atomique, l’affinité établie entre un nouvel anticorps, le Fucoidan, et le marqueur spécifique P-Selectine a été analysé. L’étude sur PV a été finalisée en utilisant les mêmes techniques SF en mesure d’indentation afin de connaitre les changements de propriétés mécaniques entre les tissus vasculaires sains et pathologiques. Les modifications dans la dynamique du LS déclenchées par l'une des molécules incapables de réagir selon leur fonctionnalité peuvent conduire aux PA. Aussi la technique SF a été utilisée pour étudier le comportement de chaque composant moléculaire du LS. Il a été prouvé l’affinité de ces composants pour les bicouches lipidiques (BL), fréquemment rencontrées dans le corps humain. L’étude a été complétée par l’analyse des changements intervenant dans la dynamique des BL en présence/absence des composants principaux de LS. Les investigations ont été réalisées par un test de Récupération de Fluorescence Après Photoblanchiment. Enfin un test tribologique a été conduit pour étudier la variation du coefficient de frottement entre les BL et les composants du LS / As vascular (VP) and articular (AP) inflammatory pathologies represent nowadays the principal cause of mortality and disability in industrialized countries, the exact causes favoring their occurrence remain still unknown. The present work aimed at proposing new physical methods to detect the early inflammatory stages through recognition of specific markers and to study the structural and mechanical changes undergone by pathological vascular tissues and synovial fluid (SF). Vascular pathologies can be detected through contrasted MRI pictures. In order to improve the capacity of contrast agents to target specific markers they can be antibody-grafted. Atomic Force Microscopy’s mode Force Spectroscopy (AFM-FS) was used to evaluate the affinity between the Fucoidan as a new antibody, and the P-Selectin vascular inflammatory marker, for capacity to target that marker. Further study of VP used the FS techniques for nanoindentation to study changes in mechanical properties between healthy and pathological vascular tissues. Modifications in SF’s dynamics triggered by one of the molecular component not fulfilling its role may lead to AP. To investigate this issue, each of the main SF’s molecular components had their affinity tested versus the ever-present lipid bilayers using AFM-FS techniques. Furthermore changes in lipid bilayers’ dynamics in the presence/absence of the main SF components were analyzed by Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching technique. Finally a tribological test was performed to study the variation of the friction coefficient between the lipid bilayers and SF’s main components
82

High Force Applications of DNA Origami Devices

Darcy, Michael Augusto 05 October 2021 (has links)
No description available.
83

Céramiques phosphocalciques fonctionnalisées : étude des propriétés de surface par méthodes spectroscopiques / Functionalised phosphocalcic ceramics : study of surface properties by spectroscopic methods

El Felss, Nadia 14 December 2018 (has links)
Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre général du développement de biomatériaux ostéoinducteurs pour la réparation de grands défauts osseux. L’étude est une contribution à la compréhension des interactions physiques et chimiques entre des céramiques phosphocalciques et deux protéines d’intérêt : la fibronectine, protéine d’adhésion cellulaire, et le VEGF (pour Vascular Endothelial Growth factor) qui est impliqué dans la vascularisation et l’amélioration de la formation osseuse.Les interactions physiques fibronectine/biocéramique ont été étudiées par spectroscopie de force afin d’évaluer l’influence de la topographie et de la composition chimique de céramiques phosphocalciques en hydroxyapatite (HA), hydroxyapatite silicatée (SiHA) et hydroxyapatite carbonatée (CHA) sur l’adhésion de la fibronectine. Les résultats obtenus par cartographie de forces mettent en évidence une absence d’incidence de la chimie des céramiques polies sur la répartition en surface et l’intensité des forces d’adhésion. En revanche ces dernières sont plus fortes au niveau des joints de grains des céramiques non polies mettant en avant une influence de la topographie de surface des matériaux modulée par la chimie.Le protocole de fonctionnalisation par le VEGF consiste en trois étapes : silanisation, addition du SM(PEG)6 et immobilisation du VEGF. Les interactions chimiques VEGF/biocéramique ont été étudiées principalement par imagerie Raman pour suivre ces étapes successives de la fonctionnalisation par le VEGF de céramiques polies en hydroxyapatite (HA) et hydroxyapatite carbonatée (CHA). Cette approche a permis de cartographier l’évolution chimique de la surface des matériaux et de mettre en évidence la distribution spatiale ainsi que les réactions préférentielles entre les molécules intermédiaires et le VEGF en fonction de la nature du substrat. / This work is ascribed within the framework of the development of osteoinductive biomaterials for the repair large bone defects. It is a contribution to the understanding of the physical and chemical interactions between phosphocalcic ceramics and two proteins of interest: fibronectin (Fn), a cell adhesion protein, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) which is involved in vascularisation and improvement of bone formation.Fibronectin/bioceramic physical interactions were studied by force spectroscopy to evaluate the influence of the topography and the chemical composition of phosphocalcic ceramics made of hydroxyapatite (HA), silicated hydroxyapatite (SiHA) and carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) on fibronectin adhesion. The results obtained in terms of force cartography do not indicate any impact of the polished ceramics chemistry on the surface distribution and intensity of adhesion forces. However, these forces are more intense at the level of the grain boundaries of unpolished ceramics, highlighting an influence of the topography modulated by the chemical composition.The protocol for functionalisation by VEGF consists of three steps: silanisation, addition of SM(PEG)6 and immobilisation of VEGF. VEGF/bioceramic chemical interactions were studied mainly by Raman imaging in order to follow the successive steps of the functionalisation by VEGF of the polished surface of ceramics made of hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA). This approach allowed to map the surface chemical changes and to point out the spatial distribution as well as the preferential reactions between the intermediate molecules and VEGF depending of the substrate.
84

Single-Molecule Measurements of Complex Molecular Interactions in Membrane Proteins using Atomic Force Microscopy

Sapra, K. Tanuj 01 March 2007 (has links)
Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) with atomic force microscope (AFM) has advanced our knowledge of the mechanical aspects of biological processes, and helped us take big strides in the hitherto unexplored areas of protein (un)folding. One such virgin land is that of membrane proteins, where the advent of AFM has not only helped to visualize the difficult to crystallize membrane proteins at the single-molecule level, but also given a new perspective in the understanding of the interplay of molecular interactions involved in the construction of these molecules. My PhD work was tightly focused on exploiting this sensitive technique to decipher the intra- and intermolecular interactions in membrane proteins, using bacteriorhodopsin and bovine rhodopsin as model systems. Using single-molecule unfolding measurements on different bacteriorhodopsin oligomeric assemblies - trimeric, dimeric and monomeric - it was possible to elucidate the contribution of intra- and interhelical interactions in single bacteriorhodopsin molecules. Besides, intriguing insights were obtained into the organization of bacteriorhodopsin as trimers, as deduced from the unfolding pathways of the proteins from different assemblies. Though the unfolding pathways of bacteriorhodopsin from all the assemblies remained the same, the different occurrence probability of these pathways suggested a kinetic stabilization of bacteriorhodopsin from a trimer compared to that existing as a monomer. Unraveling the knot of a complex G-protein coupled receptor, rhodopsin, showed the existence of two structural states, a native, functional state, and a non-native, non-functional state, corresponding to the presence or absence of a highly conserved disulfide bridge, respectively. The molecular interactions in absence of the native disulfide bridge mapped onto the three-dimensional structure of native rhodopsin gave insights into the molecular origin of the neurodegenerative disease retinitis pigmentosa. This presents a novel technique to decipher molecular interactions of a different conformational state of the same molecule in the absence of a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure. Interestingly, the presence of ZnCl2 maintained the integrity of the disulfide bridge and the nature of unfolding intermediates. Moreover, the increased mechanical and thermodynamic stability of rhodopsin with bound zinc ions suggested a plausible role for the bivalent ion in rhodopsin dimerization and consequently signal transduction. Last but not the least, I decided to dig into the mysteries of the real mechanisms of mechanical unfolding with the help of well-chosen single point mutations in bacteriorhodopsin. The monumental work has helped me to solve some key questions regarding the nature of mechanical barriers that constitute the intermediates in the unfolding process. Of particular interest is the determination of altered occurrence probabilities of unfolding pathways in an energy landscape and their correlation to the intramolecular interactions with the help of bioinformatics tools. The kind of work presented here, in my opinion, will not only help us to understand the basic principles of membrane protein (un)folding, but also to manipulate and tune energy landscapes with the help of small molecules, proteins, or mutations, thus opening up new vistas in medicine and pharmacology. It is just a matter of a lot of hard work, some time, and a little bit of luck till we understand the key elements of membrane protein (un)folding and use it to our advantage.
85

Investigation of biological macromolecules using atomic force microscope-based techniques

Bippes, Christian Alexander 18 August 2009 (has links)
The atomic force microscope (AFM) provides a powerful instrument for investigating and manipulating biological samples down to the subnanometer scale. In contrast to other microscopy methods, AFM does not require labeling, staining, nor fixation of samples and allows the specimen to be fully hydrated in buffer solution during the experiments. Moreover, AFM clearly compares in resolution to other techniques. In general, the AFM can be operated in an imaging or a force spectroscopy mode. In the present work, advantage was taken of this versatility to investigate single biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies. A novel approach to investigate the visco-elastic behavior of biomolecules under force was established, using dextran as an example. While a molecule tethered between a solid support and the cantilever tip was stretched at a constant velocity, the thermally driven oscillation of the cantilever was recorded. Analysis of the cantilever Brownian noise provided information about the visco-elastic properties of dextran that corresponded well to parameters obtained by alternative methods. However, the approach presented here was easier to implement and less time-consuming than previously used methods. A computer controlled force-clamp system was set up, circumventing the need for custom built analogue electronics. A commercial PicoForce AFM was extended by two computers which hosted data acquisition hardware. While the first computer recorded data, the second computer drove the AFM bypassing the manufacturer's microscope control software. To do so, a software-based proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller was implemented on the second computer. It allowed the force applied to a molecule to be held constant over time. After tuning of the PID controller, response times obtained using that force-clamp setup were comparable to those of the recently reported analogue systems. The performance of the setup was demonstrated by force-clamp unfolding of a pentameric Ig25 construct and the membrane protein NhaA. In the latter case, short-lived unfolding intermediates that were populated for less than 10 ms, could be revealed. Conventional single-molecule dynamic force spectroscopy was used to unfold the serine:threonine antiporter SteT from Bacillus subtilis, an integral membrane protein. Unfolding force patterns revealed the unfolding barriers stabilizing structural segments of SteT. Ligand binding did not induce new unfolding barriers suggesting that weak interactions with multiple structural segments were involved. In contrast, ligand binding caused changes in the energy landscape of all structural segments, thus turning the protein from a brittle, rigid into a more stable, structurally flexible conformation. Functionally, rigidity in the ligand-free state was thought to facilitate specific ligand binding, while flexibility and increased stability were required for conformational changes associated with substrate translocation. These results support the working model for transmembrane transport proteins that provide alternate access of the binding site to either face of the membrane. Finally, high-resolution imaging was exploited to visualize the extracellular surface of Cx26 gap junction hemichannels (connexons). AFM topographs reveal pH-dependent structural changes of the extracellular connexon surface in presence of HEPES, an aminosulfonate compound. At low pH (< 6.5), connexons showed a narrow and shallow channel entrance, which represented the closed pore. Increasing pH values resulted in a gradual opening of the pore, which was reflected by increasing channel entrance widths and depths. At pH > 7.6 the pore was fully opened and the pore diameter and depth did not increase further. Importantly, coinciding with pore gating a slight rotation of the subunits was observed. In the absence of aminosulfonate compounds, such as HEPES, acidification did not affect pore diameters and depths, retaining the open state. Thus, the intracellular concentration of taurine, a naturally abundant aminosulfonate compound, might be used to tune gap junction sensitivity at low pH.
86

Quantifying adhesive interactions between cells and extracellular matrix by single-cell force spectroscopy

Taubenberger, Anna Verena 07 October 2009 (has links)
Interactions of cells with their environment regulate important cellular functions and are required for the organization of cells into tissues and complex organisms. These interactions involve different types of adhesion receptors. Interactions with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are mainly mediated by the integrin family of adhesion molecules. Situations in which integrin-ECM interactions are deregulated cause diseases and play a crucial role in cancer cell invasion. Thus, the mechanisms underlying integrin-binding and regulation are of high interest, particularly at the molecular level. How can cell-ECM interactions be studied? While there are several methods to analyze cell adhesion, few provide quantitative data on adhesion forces. One group, single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS), quantifies adhesion at the single-cell level and can therefore differentiate the adhesive properties of individual cells. One implementation of SCFS is based on atomic force microscopy (AFM); this technique has been employed in the presented work. Advantageously AFM-SCFS combines high temporal and spatial cell manipulation, the ability to measure a large range of adhesion forces and sufficiently high-force resolution to allow the study of single-molecule binding events in the context of a living cell. Since individual adhesion receptors can be analyzed within their physiological environment, AFM-SCFS is a powerful tool to study the mechanisms underlying integrin-regulation. The presented work is split into six chapters. Chapter one gives background information about cell-ECM interactions. In chapter two, different adhesion assays are compared and contrasted. The theoretical Bell-Evans model which is used to interpret integrin-mediated cell adhesion is discussed in chapter three. Thereafter, the three projects that form the core of the thesis are detailed in chapters four through six. In the first project (chapter 4), α2β1-integrin mediated cell adhesion to collagen type I, the most abundant structural protein in vertebrates, was quantified using CHO cells. Firstly, α2β1-collagen interactions were investigated at the single-molecule level. Dynamic force spectroscopy permitted calculation of bond specific parameters, such as the bond dissociation rate koff (1.3 ± 1.3 sec-1) and the barrier width xu (2.3 ± 0.3 Å). Next, α2β1-integrin mediated cell adhesion to collagen type I was monitored over contact times between 0 and 600 sec. Thereby the kinetics of α2β1-integrin mediated interactions was explored and insights into the underlying binding mechanisms were gained. In the second project (chapter five), effects of cryptic integrin binding sites within collagen type I exerted on pre-osteoblasts were investigated. Collagen type I matrices were thermally denatured which lead to exposure of cryptic RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-motifs. As a consequence pre-osteoblasts enhanced their adhesion to denatured collagen. Compared to native collagen type I, adhesion to denatured collagen was mediated by a different set of integrins, including αv- and α5β1-integrins. Cells grown on denatured collagen showed enhanced spreading and motility, which correlated with increased focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation levels. Moreover, osteogenic differentiation kinetics and differentiation potential were increased on denatured collagen. The findings of this project open new perspectives for optimization of tissue engineering substrates. In the third part (chapter six), the effect of the fusion protein BCR/ABL, a hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia, on adhesion of myeloid progenitor cells was studied. Adhesion between BCR/ABL transformed progenitor cells to bone marrow derived stromal cells and to different ECM proteins was quantitatively compared to that of control cells. The tyrosine kinase activity of BCR/ABL enhanced cell adhesion, which was blocked by imatinib mesylate, a drug interfering with BCR/ABL activity. BCR/ABL-enhanced adhesion correlated with increased β1-integrin cell surface concentrations. Since adhesion of leukemic cells to the bone marrow compartment is critical for the development of drug resistance, the reported results may provide a basis for optimized target therapies. In the three described projects AFM-based SCFS was applied to investigate early steps of integrin-mediated adhesion at the molecular level. Taken together, the results demonstrate that AFM-SCFS is a versatile tool that permits monitoring of cell adhesion from single-molecule interactions to the formation of more complex adhesion sites at the force level. / Interaktionen zwischen Zellen und ihrer Umgebung sind maßgeblich an der Regulierung zellulärer Funktionen beteiligt und daher notwendig für die Organisation von Zellen in Geweben und komplexen Organismen. Zellinteraktionen mit der extrazellulären Matrix (EZM) werden hauptsächlich durch Integrine vermittelt. Situationen, in denen Integrin- EZM Interaktionen verändert sind, können Krankheiten verursachen und spielen zudem eine wichtige Rolle bei der Invasion von Krebszellen. Daher besteht ein großes Interesse darin, die molekularen Mechanismen, die Integrin-EZM Interaktionen regulieren, besser zu verstehen. Wie können Zell-EZM Interaktionen untersucht werden? Obwohl es mehrere Methoden gibt, mit denen Zelladhäsion untersucht werden kann, sind die wenigsten dazu geeignet, Zelladhäsionskräfte zu quantifizieren. Einzelzellspektroskopie erfasst die Adhäsionskräfte einzelner Zellen quantitativ und ermöglicht dadurch eine differenzierte Betrachtung der Adhäsion individueller Zellen. Eine Variante der Einzelzellspektroskopie basiert auf der Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM); diese Technik wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit verwendet. Ein Vorteil von AFM- Einzelzellspektroskopie besteht darin, dass Zellen mit hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Präzision manipuliert werden können. Zelladhäsionskräfte können zudem über einen großen Kraftbereich hinweg untersucht werden. Dabei ermöglicht es die hohe Kraftauflösung, einzelne Integrin-Ligandenbindungen in lebenden Zellen zu untersuchen. Die vorliegende Arbeit gliedert sich in sechs Kapitel. Kapitel eins gibt Hintergrundinformationen über Zell-EZM Wechselwirkungen. In Kapitel zwei werden verschiedene Adhäsionsassays einander gegenüber gestellt. Das theoretische Bell-Evans Modell, mit dessen Hilfe die gewonnenen Daten interpretiert wurden, wird in Kapitel drei diskutiert. Im Anschluss werden drei Projekte, welche das Herzstück dieser Doktorarbeit bilden, in Kapiteln vier bis sechs näher ausgeführt. Im ersten Projekt (Kapitel vier) wurde die Adhäsion von α2β1-Integrin exprimierenden CHO Zellen zu Kollagen I, dem häufigsten strukturellen Protein in Wirbeltieren, quantitativ untersucht. Zunächst wurden α2β1-Kollagen-Interaktionen auf Einzelmolekülebene analysiert. Mithilfe der dynamischen Kraftspektroskopie wurden für diese Bindung Dissoziationsrate koff (1.3 ± 1.3 sec-1) und Potentialbarrierenbreite xu (2.3 ± 0.3 Å) bestimmt. Daraufhin wurde die α2β1-vermittelte Adhäsion über einen Zeitraum von zehn Minuten untersucht. Dadurch konnten Einblicke in die Kinetik von α2β1-integrin vermittelter Zelladhäsion sowie in die zugrunde liegenden Regulationsmechanismen gewonnen werden. Im zweiten Projekt (Kapitel fünf) wurde die Rolle von kryptischen Integrin-Bindungsstellen in Kollagen I untersucht. Die zuvor verwendeten Kollagenoberflächen wurden thermisch denaturiert, wodurch versteckte RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-Sequenzen freigelegt wurden. Die partielle Denaturierung hatte- verglichen mit nativem Kollagen I- eine erhöhte Adhäsion von Präosteoblasten (MC3T3-E1) zur Folge, was auf das Binden zusätzlicher Integrine zurückgeführt wurde. Im Unterschied zu nativem Kollagen wurde die Zelladhäsion zu denaturiertem Kollagen I u.a. durch αv- and α5β1-Integrine vermittelt. Präosteoblasten zeigten verstärktes Zellspreiten sowie höhere Motilität auf denaturiertem Kollagen I; zudem wurde ein erhöhtes Differenzierungpotential der Präosteoblasten festgestellt. Die in diesem Projekt erhaltenen Einblicke bilden eine hilfreiche Basis für die Entwicklung optimierter Oberflächen für diverse Zell- und Gewebekulturanwendungen. Im dritten Projekt (Kapitel sechs) wurde der Einfluss des Fusionproteins BCR/ABL, charakteristisch für chronische myeloische Leukämie, auf die Adhäsion von myeloischen Vorläuferzellen untersucht. Dazu wurde die Adhäsion von BCR/ABL transformierten Vorläuferzellen (32D Zellen) bzw. Kontrollzellen zu Stromazellen (M2-10B4) sowie verschiedenen EZM Proteinen untersucht. BCR/ABL erhöhte die Zelladhäsion der myeloischen Vorläuferzellen signifikant. Dieser Effekt wurde durch die Zugabe von Imatinib, welches die Tyrosinkinaseaktivität von BCR/ABL inhibiert, aufgehoben. Die BCR/ABL-verstärkte Zelladhäsion korrelierte mit erhöhten β1-Integrin-konzentrationen. Da die Adhäsion von Leukämiezellen im Knockenmark bekanntermaßen kritisch für die Entwicklung von Resistenzen gegenüber verschiedenen Wirkstoffen ist, könnten die Ergebnisse dieser Studie eine Grundlage für die Entwicklung optimierter Target-Therapien sein. In den drei beschriebenen Projekten wurde AFM Einzelzellspektroskopie verwendet, um Integrin- vermittelte Adhäsion auf molekularer Ebene zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass AFM-Einzelzellspektroskopie ein vielseitiges Werkzeug darstellt, das überaus geeignet dazu ist, Zelladhäsion- ausgehend von Einzelmolekülinteraktionen bis hin zur Entstehung komplexerer Adhäsionsstellen- auf der Kraftebene zu verfolgen.
87

Multivalency in the interaction of biological polymers

Reiter-Scherer, Valentin D. 14 September 2020 (has links)
Diese Dissertation konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung multivalenter Wechselwirkungen zwischen Hämagglutinin (HA) sowie Neuraminidase (NA) zweier Stämme des Influenzavirus (H1N1 und H3N2) und dem zellulären Liganden Sialinsäure (SA) unter Verwendung von Rasterkraftmikroskopie und Einzelmolekülkraftspektroskopie (SMFS). Bindungskräfte sowie Dissoziations- und Assoziationskinetiken, zusammen mit den intermolekularen Potentiallandschaften wurden, nach bestem Wissen erstmalig, auf Einzelmolekülebene mittels SMFS quantifiziert. Zu diesem Zweck wurden mono- und multivalente SA-Liganden (SAPEGLA und dPGSA) eingesetzt. Abweichungen der experimentellen Kraftspektren vom klassischen Kramers-Bell-Evans-Modell vorhergesagten Verhalten wurden durch das Friddle-Noy-De Yoreo-Model berücksichtigt. NA beider Virusstämme zeigte trotz ähnlicher Bindungskräfte eine stabilere Bindung mit SA als HA und dissoziierte 3 – 7 mal langsamer. Es wird vermutet, dass die höhere Stabilität die geringere Oberflächendichte von NA auf der Virushülle im Vergleich zu HA ausgleicht. Die Bindungskräfte eines SAPEGLA-Clusters nehmen mit der Anzahl der Bindungen und die Dissoziationskinetik folgt dem theoretisch vorhergesagten Trend. Die Dissoziationsrate von NA ist etwa 6-mal höher ist als ihre katalytische Rate, weshalb Mehrfachbindungen zur Spaltung von SA erforderlich sind. Die Dissoziationsrate von N1 in der gleichen Größenordnung wie die von H3 und es wird vermutet, dass derartige Ähnlichkeiten die Übertragbarkeit des Virus begünstigen. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass die thermische Stabilität von HA-dPGSA höher ist als von HA-SAPEGLA und im Bereich von 3 - 4 Einzelbindungen liegt, was für NA-dPGSA nicht beobachtet werden konnte. Daher bindet dPGSA spezifisch und kooperativ multivalent an HA. Kompetitive Bindungstests zeigen, dass SMFS zum Screening von antiviralen Inhibitoren verwendet werden und Zugang zu deren Design auf Einzelmolekülebene liefern könnte. / This thesis focuses on studying multivalent interactions between influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) as well as neuraminidase (NA) of two viral strains (H1N1 and H3N2) and the cellular ligand sialic acid (SA) by using scanning force microscopy and single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). Unbinding forces as well as dissociation and association kinetics together with the free energy landscapes were, to the best knowledge for the first time, individually quantified on the single molecule level using SMFS. To this extent, designed synthetic monovalent (SAPEGLA) and multivalent (dPGSA) SA displaying ligands were employed. Surprisingly, the experimental force spectra did not show the log-linear trend predicted by the classical Kramers-Bell-Evans model, but rather follow the more recent Friddle-Noy-De Yoreo model. NA of both viral strains forms a more stable bond with SA than HA, and dissociates 3 to 7 times slower. It is reasoned that the higher stability compensates for the lesser amount of NA compared to HA that is typically found on the viral envelope. The unbinding forces of the cluster of SAPEGLA increased gradually with the number of bonds in the cluster and the dissociation kinetics follow the theoretically predicted trend. The dissociation rate of NA was found to be about 6 times higher than its catalytic rate, indicating that multiple bonds are needed for cleavage of SA. The dissociation rate of N1 is on the same order as that of H3, suggesting that these similarities between the two strains favor transmissibility. The thermal stability of the HA-dPGSA bond is higher than the HA-SAPEGLA reaching that of three to four single bonds, proving specificity and cooperativity. Such an enhancement could not be observed for the binding of NA. This thesis also shows that SMFS could be used as a tool to screen antiviral inhibitors in competitive binding assays, which may contribute insight into the design of antiviral inhibitors on the single molecule level.
88

Structural stability of the integron synaptic complex

Vorobevskaia, Ekaterina 03 May 2024 (has links)
The predominant tool for adaptation in Gram-negative bacteria is a genetic system called integron. It rearranges gene cassettes, promoting multiple antibiotic resistances, a recognized major global health threat. It is based on a unique recombination process involving a Tyrosine recombinase – called integrase IntI – and folded single-stranded DNA hairpins – called attC sites. Four recombinases and two attC sites form a macromolecular synaptic complex, which is key to the entire recombination process and the focus of our study. The bottom strand of all attC sites shows highest recombination in vivo, however, it still varies greatly and the underlying reason is unknown. We hypothesize that the difference in recombination efficiency arises from the variable mechanical stability of the synaptic complex, which in turn is affected by the attC site. Here, we established an optical tweezers force-spectroscopy assay that allows us to probe the synaptic complex stability for different DNA substrates and protein variants. We discovered a strong correlation between recombination efficiency and the mechanical stability of the synapse, indicating a regulatory mechanism from the DNA sequence to the quaternary complex structure stability. We have discovered protein residues interacting with the DNA in trans, within the synaptic complex, which reduces its stability. Furthermore, we discovered that the C-terminal helix, a conserved structural feature of tyrosine recombinases plays a key role in the stabilization of the tetramer assembly on the DNA, which upon mutation significantly destabilized the synaptic complex. Expanding upon this new understanding of synapse stability regulation we developed a novel approach for destabilizing the synaptic complex, potentially reducing the recombination efficiency. We designed α-helix mimicking peptides that would compete with the C-terminal tail of the integrase, block the interlocking interaction, and lead to synaptic complex destabilization. We have observed a prominent destabilizing effect on the synaptic complex already at 10 µM peptide concentration. Overall, our findings reveal new regulatory mechanisms in the recombination efficiency of the bacterial integron and provide first data for the active synapse destabilization mechanism. This novel understanding of the regulatory role the synaptic complex plays in the recombination efficiency of the integron system introduces a new approach to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. / Das vorherrschende Anpassungsmittel bei gramnegativen Bakterien ist ein genetisches System, das Integron genannt wird. Es ordnet Genkassetten neu an und fördert so multiple Antibiotikaresistenzen, die eine globale Gesundheitsbedrohung darstellen. Es basiert auf einem einzigartigen Rekombinationsprozess, an dem eine Tyrosin-Rekombinase - Integrase IntI genannt - und gefaltete einzelsträngige DNA-Hairpins - attC-Stellen genannt - beteiligt sind. Vier Rekombinasen und zwei attC-Stellen bilden einen makromolekularen synaptischen Komplex, der für den gesamten Rekombinationsprozess entscheidend ist und im Mittelpunkt unserer Forschung steht. Der untere Strang aller attC-Stellen weist in vivo die höchste Rekombinationsrate auf, die jedoch aus unbekannten Grund stark variier. Wir vermuten, dass der Unterschied in der Rekombinationsrate auf die unterschiedliche mechanische Stabilität des synaptischen Komplexes zurückzuführen ist, die wiederum von der attC-Stelle beeinflusst wird. Hier haben wir einen Test mittels Kraft-spektroskopie mit einer optischen Pinzette entwickelt, mit dem wir die Stabilität des synaptischen Komplexes für verschiedene DNA-Substrate und Proteinvarianten untersuchen können. Wir stellten eine starke Korrelation zwischen der Rekombinationsrate und der mechanischen Stabilität der Synapse fest, was auf einen Regulationsmechanismus zwischen der DNA-Sequenz und der Stabilität der quaternären Komplexstruktur hinweist. Wir haben Proteinreste entdeckt, die innerhalb des synaptischen Komplexes mit der DNA in trans interagieren, was zu einer Verringerung dessen Stabilität führt. Darüber hinaus stellten wir fest, dass die C-terminale Helix, ein konserviertes Strukturmerkmal von Tyrosin-Rekombinasen, eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Stabilisierung des Tetramer-Aufbaus an der DNA spielt, die bei Mutation den synaptischen Komplex erheblich destabilisiert. Auf der Grundlage dieses neuen Verständnisses der Regulierung der Synapsenstabilität haben wir einen neuen Ansatz zur Destabilisierung des synaptischen Komplexes entwickelt, der die Effizienz der Rekombination verringern könnte. Wir entwarfen α-Helix-nachahmende Peptide, die mit dem C-terminalen Ende der Integrase konkurrieren, die Interlocking-Interaktion blockieren und zur Destabilisierung des synaptischen Komplexes führen. Wir haben eine deutliche destabilisierende Wirkung auf den synaptischen Komplex bereits bei einer Peptidkonzentration von 10 µM beobachtet. Insgesamt zeigen unsere Ergebnisse neue Regulationsmechanismen für die Rekombinationsleistung des bakteriellen Integrons auf und liefern erste Daten für den Mechanismus der aktiven Destabilisierung der Synapse. Dieses neue Verständnis der regulatorischen Rolle, die der synaptische Komplex bei der Rekombinationseffizienz des Integronsystems spielt, eröffnet einen neuen Ansatz zur Verringerung der Verbreitung von Antibiotikaresistenzen unter Bakterien.
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The Role of Intrinsically Disordered Thellungiella salsuginea dehydrins TsDHN-1 and TsDHN-2 in Stabilization of Membranes and Cytoskeletal Actin Filaments

Rahman, Luna 11 May 2012 (has links)
The group 2 late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, also known as the dehydrins, are intrinsically disordered proteins that are expressed in plants experiencing extreme environmental conditions such as drought or low temperature. In this work, we study the potential roles that dehydrins may have in stabilizing membranes and actin microfilaments during cold stress. We have cloned and expressed in E. coli two dehydrins from Thellungiella salsuginea, denoted TsDHN-1 (acidic) and TsDHN-2 (basic). These proteins were expressed as SUMO-fusion proteins for in vitro phosphorylation by casein kinase II (CKII), and for structural analysis by CD and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We show using transmission-FTIR spectroscopy that ordered secondary structure is induced and stabilized in these proteins by association with large unilamellar vesicles emulating the lipid compositions of plant plasma and organellar membranes. The increase in secondary structure by membrane association is further facilitated by the presence of Zn2+. Lipid composition and temperature have synergistic effects on the secondary structure. Our single molecule force spectroscopy studies also suggest tertiary folding of both TsDHN-1 and TsDHN-2 induced by association with lipids. From Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer compression studies, and from topographic studies using atomic force microscopy at variable temperature, we conclude that TsDHN-1 stabilizes the membrane at lower temperatures. Finally, we show that the conformations of TsDHN-1 and TsDHN-2 are affected by pH, interactions with cations and membranes, and phosphorylation. Actin assembly by these dehydrins was assessed by sedimentation assays, and viewed by transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. Phosphorylation enabled both dehydrins to polymerize actin filaments, a phenomenon that may occur in the cytosols of plant cells undergoing environmental stress. These results support the hypothesis that dehydrins stabilize plant organellar membranes and/or the cytoskeleton in conditions of stress, and further that phosphorylation may be an important feature of this stabilization. / NSERC
90

Greffage de polymères biomimétiques sur implants articulaires en polyéthylène: contrôle du comportement tribologique

Wang, Na 15 April 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Les maladies ostéoarticulaires représentent environ 10% de l'ensemble des pathologies identifiées en France chaque année. Pour l'instant aucun traitement permettant la réparation du tissu cartilagineux n'est vraiment disponible, hormis la pose d'un implant articulaire. Mais, malgré de nombreux efforts pour développer de nouveaux matériaux pour les implants articulaires leur durée de vie in vivo s'avère souvent très décevante par rapport aux extrapolations faites à partir de simulations ex-vivo. Les discordances entre les durées de vie in vivo et ex vivo sont principalement imputées aux conditions d'essais ex vivo insuffisamment réalistes vis-à-vis des propriétés physico-chimiques des lubrifiants biologiques. Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à agir sur la réactivité physicochimique des surfaces frottantes des implants articulaires en UHMWPE afin de maîtriser l'accrochage des molécules lubrifiantes de type phospholipidique et ainsi d'augmenter leurs performances tribologiques. Les résultats montre que l'activation physichochimique des surfaces de UHMWPE par des couche de MPC peut diminuer l'usure des surfaces polymères d'implant mais cela nécessite un contrôle de la qualité de la couche MPC greffée (densité surfacique, épaisseur, accrochage chimique, adsorption physico-chimique) afin de garantir une bonne tenue mécanique et tribologique. D'autre part il a été montré que la présence de lubrifiant biologique (substitut du fluide synovial à base de liposomes) réduit l'usure des surfaces de UHWPE même si la couche de MPC est peu dense et peu épaisse

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