nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever as estratÃgias utilizadas na traduÃÃo de referÃncias culturais na dublagem da sÃrie de TV americana Everybody Hates Chris. Os Estudos Descritivos da TraduÃÃo de Toury (1995) forneceram os fundamentos metodolÃgicos para este trabalho, especialmente no que tange as normas que regem o processo tradutÃrio. A anÃlise das referÃncias culturais baseou-se principalmente em DÃaz-Cintas & Remael (2007) e Antonini (2009). Os conceitos de estrangeirizaÃÃo e domesticaÃÃo estabelecidos por Venuti (1995), bem como o estudo de Ranzato (2013), serviram de base para a classificaÃÃo das estratÃgias de traduÃÃo. O corpus analisado consiste em 66 episÃdios de 20 minutos cada, totalizando 22 horas de material. Na anÃlise, buscou-se, primeiramente, identificar e classificar, de um ponto de vista quali-quantitativo, as referÃncias culturais contidas no texto-fonte. Em seguida, as estratÃgias de traduÃÃo foram classificadas para que fosse possÃvel inferir a influÃncia que cada tipo de referÃncia cultural teve na escolha dessas estratÃgias. Os resultados demonstram que, para cada tipo de referÃncia, foram adotadas estratÃgias diferentes, embora tenha havido uma predominÃncia de estratÃgias estrangeirizadoras. / This research aims to describe the strategies used in the translation of cultural references in the dubbing of the American TV series Everybody Hates Chris. Touryâs Descriptive Translation Studies (1995) laid out the methodological foundations for this paper, especially with regard to the norms which govern the translation process. The analysis of cultural references was primarily based on DÃaz-Cintas & Remael (2007) and Antonini (2009). The concepts of foreignization and domestication, as put forth by Venuti (1995), as well as Ranzatoâs (2013) study, were the basis for the classification of the translation strategies. The corpus analyzed consists of 66 20-min episodes, with a total of 22 hours of material. In the analysis, we first tried to identify and classify, from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, the cultural references found in the source text. Then, the translation strategies were classified so that we could infer the influence of each kind of cultural reference on the choice of these strategies. Results show that, for each kind of reference, different strategies were adopted, although there was a prevalence of foreignizing strategies.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma tradução comentada de Bahia, um capítulo da obra Xangô. As religiões afro-americanas. Bahia, Haiti, Trinidad (1976), do autor alemão Hubert Fichte, obra ainda inédita no Brasil. O objetivo consiste em propor uma atitude recriadora da escrita fichteana sob a perspectiva diferenciada de quem traduz, mantendo as características do texto-fonte e a marca poética na análise etnográfica, e pela adoção de uma atitude tradutória estrangeirizante, trazer visibilidade para o tradutor. Além disso, a tradução serve como um exercício de análise e crítica da obra, e, por meio de escolhas e justificativas de decisões tradutórias, são revelados os bastidores do processo de tradução. / This master thesis presents a commented translation of Bahia, a chapter of Xangô. As religiões afro-americanas. Bahia. Haiti. Trinidad (1976) by the German author Hubert Fichte a work still unpublished in Brazil. The aim of this thesis is to propose a recreative attitude of the fichtean writing under a differing perspective of the individual who translates, maintaining not only the characteristics of the source-text but also the poetic features in the ethnographic analysis. The work also intends to provide visibility to the translator by adopting a foreign translating posture. In addition, translation itself serves as an exercise of analysis and critique of the work, and through choices and justifications of translating decisions, the underlying efforts of the translation process is revealed.

Este trabalho apresenta uma tradução crítica da narrativa Die Reisebegegnung (O encontro de viagem), da escritora alemã Anna Seghers. Através dessa tradução, discute-se o ato de traduzir, questionando-se o modelo de tradução predominante no mercado editorial, que exige textos fluentes, nos quais se apagam as marcas de estrangeiridade. Esta dissertação propõe uma alternativa ao modelo: destacar o caráter estrangeiro da obra em vez de tentar apagá-lo, proporcionando ao leitor uma experiência com o texto estrangeiro que vá além do conteúdo e chamando sua atenção para questões de linguagem. Isso confere maior espaço e visibilidade para o trabalho criativo do tradutor, explícito aqui por meio do aparato crítico que acompanha a tradução. Essa alternativa se sustenta principalmente nas ideias de Friedrich Schleiermacher, Lawrence Venuti e Antoine Berman, que defendem a tradução chamada de estrangeirizadora, isto é, aquela que abre e garante espaço para o estranho (estrangeiro, fremd) no texto de chegada. / This work presents a critical translation of the narrative Die Reisebegegnung (The travel encounter), by the German writer Anna Seghers. Through this translation, the act of translating is discussed, questioning the translation model predominant in the publishing market, which requires fluent texts and in which the foreignness marks become extinguished. This dissertation proposes an alternative to the model: highlighting the foreign aspect of the work instead of trying to delete it, providing the reader with an experience of the foreign text that goes beyond the content and drawing his/her attention to language issues. This procedure gives more room and visibility to the creative work of the translator, made explicit here through the critical apparatus following the translation. Such an alternative is supported mainly by the ideas of Friedrich Schleiermacher, Lawrence Venuti and Antoine Berman, who defend the so-called foreignizing translation, i.e., the one that makes and warrants room for the strange (foreign, fremd) in the target text.

This essay discusses the subject of translating a French book about the French cuisine into Swedish. The author is Gérard Depardieu, a famous French actor with a keen interest in the French culinary art and culture. The book is about simple, classic, French cooking. While translating, we had some difficulties translating some cultural expressions or words that do not have an equivalence in Swedish, and therefore we had to find another solution than literal translation that would allow us to retain the cultural sense. To our help, we used the theories of Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet who discuss equivalence, explication, modulation and adaptation, which are different methods of translating a foreign culture to a target language. We also used the expressions foreignization (where you break target conventions by retaining a foreign cultural element in the original way) and domestication (where you translate the foreign element to something that exists in the target culture to minimize the strangeness). Our goal was to adapt the translated text to a Swedish reader, but at the same time keep as much of the French culture and Depardieu's style as possible.

The loss in translation between languages has long been debated, and a current issue within Translation Studies is that of the cultural aspect. Using two opposing concepts by Lawrence Venuti; domestication that is used to assimilate the source culture into the target culture, and foreignization that is used to preserve and highlight the foreign culture in the target text, this paper examines how culture is transferred in literary translation between English and Swedish. In order to establish which strategies are used, data consisting of 30 passages from the American novel Dead Until Dark (2001), and the corresponding passages in two different Swedish translations of it, is analysed linguistically. While the first translation is found to show no marked preference for either strategy, the second translation uses domestication thrice as often as foreignization. However, both translations use domestication in 9 out of 10 examples in the category ‘Figurative use of language’, which suggests a marked difficulty in preserving the source culture while translating metaphorical language. The analysis also shows a difference in the way the strategies are employed, suggesting a further division of the strategies into ‘passive’ and ‘active’. The author calls for further research on the effect of such a division.

In the field of manga translation there are official translations and translations by fans, so called scanlations. Traditionally, official translations tended to use domesticating strategies, while scanlations tended to be foreignized. This study examined potential recent trends in the usage of foreignization and domestication strategies in the official translation and scanlation of KonoSuba: God’s Blessing on This Wonderful World! to see if there are any changes in these known tendencies. It also attempted to see the connections between the usage of those strategies to the quality of the translations. It did so by collecting cases of onomatopoeia and mimetic words, culture-specific items, honorifics, order of names of people, ateji and dialogue that does not fit these categories from both official and fan translations and compared them to the original Japanese version.It was found that some foreignizing strategies used in official translations can be linked to scanlator’s practices, and that the quality of a translation can sometimes be linked to the usage of foreignizing or domesticating strategies. Finally, a unique strategy of combining transference, translation, and leaving the original onomatopoeia or mimetic word intact was found in the official translation. However, it is not possible to determine the origin of this strategy in a case study alone, suggesting the need for further research.

When comparing official translations and scanlations (fan-translation) the discussion often leads to the method of translation, namely foreignization and domestication. This study seek out to compare the official translation, by Vizmedia, to the scanlation done by Twisted Hel Scans, of the manga Tokyo Ghoul. The translations were compared to see if some different tendencies in their translation choices could be found. As well as looking for differences, the accuracy was also analyzed to see which translation had the higher accuracy. The results showed that the official translation leaned more towards a domesticated approach but did use some foreignizing aspects as well. The scanlation was leaning much heavier towards a foreignizing approach in which the translators tried to keep the original sentence structure and also tried to transfer Japanese cultural terms into the translations. The scanlation overall had a worse flow of the text when compared to the official translation, and it also presented more translation errors.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é verificar quantitativamente a chamada hipótese da retradução de Berman (1990), através do Método das Modalidades de Tradução (MMT), elaborado por Aubert (1977, 1998), derivado do modelo pedagógico de procedimentos técnicos da tradução de Vinay e Darbelnet (1958), num estudo de caso de duas traduções para a língua inglesa do livro A Paixão Segundo G. H., escrito por Clarice Lispector em 1964, traduzido por Ronald W. de Sousa, em 1988 e retraduzido por Idra Novey, em 2012. A fundamentação teórica discorre sobre os conceitos de domesticação e estrangeirização, segundo Venuti, e sobre o percurso da retradução, desde 1990 até nossos dias. Também são comentados a vida e a arte de Clarice Lispector, bem como seus dois tradutores. Os trabalhos de Hélène Cixous e Benjamin Moser são relacionados aos possíveis motivos para a retradução. O MMT é apresentado e explicado. A comparação intuitiva sugeriu que as duas traduções pareciam muito literais, com algumas diferenças possivelmente devidas à subjetividade dos tradutores e exigências dos editores. Entretanto, o MMT, em uma amostra de 542 palavras, mostrou que a quantidade de domesticação na tradução foi estatisticamente mais alta do que na retradução, não rejeitando, portanto a hipótese de Berman. / This dissertation aims to quantitatively verify Bermans hypothesis of retranslation by describing and applying Auberts (1977, 1989) Method of Modalities of Translation (MMT), derived from Vinay and Darbelnets pedagogical model of technical procedures of translation (1958), in a case study of two English translations of The Passion According to G.H., by Clarice Lispector. The original was written in 1964, the first translation was made in 1988 by Ronald W. de Sousa, and the retranslation in 2012 by Idra Novey. The theoretical framework presents Venutis concepts of domestication and foreignization and the history of ideas on retranslation, from 1990 to the present. Clarice Lispector, the woman, and the writer, as well as its translators are described and commented on. Hélène Cixous and Benjamin Mosers works are presented as related to the motives of the retranslation. The Method (MMT) is presented and explained. Both translations seemed very literal with some differences possibly due to the translators subjectivity and demands of the editors. However, in a sample of 542 words the amount of domestication in the translation was statistically higher than in the retranslation and therefore in line with Bermans hypothesis.

Ce travail propose, à travers une comparaison des situations linguistiques en Norvège et en France en matière de régionalismes, d’étudier les possibilités qui s’offrent au traducteur lorsqu’il doit restituer, en français ou en norvégien, des particularismes régionaux mentionnés dans la littérature de fiction. / This work aims to study, through a comparison between the Norwegian and French situations when it comes to dialects, the possibilities the translator can use to translate or adapt local particularisms in literary works.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma tradução comentada, do francês para o português, de parte de uma obra clássica de importância científica. O autor escolhido foi o médico e cientista francês Claude Bernard, que, entre os anos de 1843 e 1879, publicou dezenas de livros sobre sua prática como professor de Fisiologia no Collège de France, em Paris. Dentre eles, o escolhido para este trabalho foi Introduction à létude de la médecine expérimentale (1865), após análise de um grande número de obras desse autor e contando com a consultoria de especialistas nas áreas de Filosofia e de História da Ciência. O livro que nos serve de corpus é composto por uma Introdução, seguida de três partes: Do raciocínio experimental, A experimentação nos seres vivos e Aplicações do método experimental no estudo dos fenômenos da vida. A proposta de trabalho inclui a tradução da Introdução e da Primeira Parte do livro, trazendo uma série de notas de diferentes tipos, relacionadas tanto ao conteúdo científico quanto a questões de tradução propriamente ditas. A nossa opção de tradução na elaboração dessa proposta foi a de levar o leitor ao encontro do texto original, isto é, em direção ao autor, o que consiste em um procedimento de tradução denominado estrangeirizante (Venuti, 1995), que privilegia o estilo de escrita desse autor, a terminologia por ele utilizada e enfatiza as questões científicas do século XIX por ele abordadas, da maneira como as mesmas se inseriam no contexto da época, em relação ao século XXI. / In this study, we present a translation with commentary (or annotated translation), from French to Portuguese, covering a section of a classic work of scientific importance. The author chosen was the French physician and scientist Claude Bernard, who published dozens of books about his practice as a professor of physiology at the College de France in Paris between 1843 and 1879. Upon consideration of a large number of works by this author and with the experts` advice in the fields of Philosophy and History of Science, the book chosen for this work was Introduction à l\'étude de la médecine expérimentale (1865). The book that is our corpus consists of an Introduction, followed by three parts: The Experimental Reasoning; Experimentation in Living Beings; Applications of the Experimental Method in the Study of the Phenomena of Life. The proposed work includes the translation of the Introduction and First Part of the book, adding several notes of different types, related both to scientific content and to translation issues. Our choice of translation for the development of this proposal was to take the reader into the original text or to its author, consisting of a translation procedure denominated foreignizing (Venuti, 1995). Therefore, we focused on the author`s writing style and terminology, emphasizing the scientific issues in the context of the nineteenth century, compared to the twenty-first century.