Det finns flertal forskningsstudier gällande emotionell och sexuell otrohet, förlåtelse samt potentiella könsskillnader. Syftet med vinjettstudien var att undersöka detta bland svenska universitetsstudenter. Ett bekvämlighetsurval med 101 män och 100 kvinnor gjordes vid ett universitet i Mellansverige. I enkäten användes en skala om generell förlåtelse och tre vinjetter (sexuell otrohet, emotionell otrohet och kombination av båda otrohetstyper) med tillhörande egenkonstruerade reaktionspåståenden. Könsskillnader gick att observera vid somliga analyser, därmed gav resultaten endast stöd till viss tidigare forskning. Sexuell otrohet visade högre grad av negativa känslor och var mindre förlåtlig än emotionell, bland både män och kvinnor. Kvinnor upplevde mest negativa känslor vid samtliga otrohetstyper. Könsskillnader förelåg i generell förlåtelse, där män tenderade vara mer förlåtande. Däremot fanns ingen könsskillnad i benägenhet att förlåta otrohet. Sammantaget fanns belägg för att vidare utforska otrohet och förlåtelse i relation till personlighetsdrag, självkänsla och familjesituation för en mer komplett förståelse av dessa fenomen.

Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This paper examines the notion of forgiveness by highlighting the personal psychological experience that may be discarded in the moral and political debate. Faced with his dilemma of whether or not to forgive the heinous crimes of a dying man, Simon Wiesenthal’s invites readers of his personal story in The Sunflower to ask themselves what they would have done in his place. Most respondents have considered this a moral, theological or political issue. This paper chooses to view his question from a psychological perspective. By analysing his autobiographical account in The Sunflower and process model of forgiveness developed by Enright and the Human Development Study Group (1991, 1994), Wiesenthal’s psychological responses have been investigated on behavioural, cognitive and emotional levels.

A sexual minority is someone who identifies as lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB). According to the Minority Stress Model (Meyer, 2003), sexual minorities encounter significant levels of stress due to their minority group status, thus they are more likely to experience perceived stress. Our cross-sectional, correlational study aimed to explore the relationships between forgiveness, mindfulness and anger and how they are related to perceived stress in a convenience sample of ethnically diverse LGB adults. We hypothesized that: 1) anger is positively associated with perceived stress; 2) forgiveness is negatively associated with perceived stress; 3) mindfulness is negatively associated with perceived stress; and 4) anger, forgiveness and mindfulness account for a significant proportion of the variance in perceived stress. 5) The relationship between anger and perceived stress is moderated by forgiveness. 6) The relationship between anger and perceived stress is moderated by mindfulness. Among LGB adults, the extant literature does not address these four variables in conjunction and the relationships between anger, forgiveness, mindfulness and stress has yet to be explored. Various statistical analyses were conducted, including a hierarchical linear regression to test our model. We found that our overall model accounted for 36% of the total variance in perceived stress (F(5, 142) = 17.31, p <.01) with anger (β = .31, t = 3.55, p = .001) and forgiveness (β = -.21, t = -2.56, p < .05) as the significant predictors. Contrary to prediction, forgiveness and mindfulness did not moderate the relationship between anger and perceived stress in our LGB sample. Limitations, strengths, future research and implications are discussed.

Abstract Aim: this paper is a report of a concept analysis of forgiveness and its practice within the social work area. Background: worldwide interest in and funding for forgiveness research has brought about a body of knowledge from many disciplines that could be clinically useful to social work. At this time forgiveness interventions are used in social work in other countries, primary in the USA. The social workers in the Scandinavian countries need to focus on this important area of inquiry. Method: forgiveness was explored from a philosophical perspective and from forgiveness interventions from a variety of areas suitable for social work. Concept analysis was used to identify the concept of attributes, antecedents and consequences. A total of twelve works from both disciplines was included in the analysis. Findings: a clear definition of forgiveness emerged from the analysis. Forgiveness has three primary attributes. First, is the forgoing or letting go of a negative response (resentment) that resulted from a hurt. Secondly, is the giving of a positive response to the offender, that is, changing a negative judgement of the offender to a more positive one. Thirdly, forgiveness is not the same as reconciliation. Forgiveness is within the victims control but reconciliation needs the cooperation of the offender. Forgiveness is also different from forbearance, pardoning, excusing and forgetting. Forgiveness is suitable as a method in the Scandinavian social work, within a variety of areas; with children, families, alcohol abusers among others. Conclusion: a clear definition and understanding of forgiveness is needed to educate social workers on beginning interventions in this area. Conceptual and theoretical work is needed in social work to promote knowledge development in this area.

Existent literature suggests forgiveness could lead to either greater psychological abuse (reinforcement theory), or lower psychological abuse (interpersonal theory). Questionnaires were completed by 291 participants who were dating at least 2 months. More forgiveness-particularly Absence of Negativity-was related to less abuse received from their partner, and this effect was stronger for females than for males. Absence of Negativity (AN) was predictive of health variables (psychosomatic symptoms, mental and physical health), although Presence of Positive forgiveness did not predict health beyond the impact of AN. Abuse-forgiveness and assertiveness-forgiveness interaction terms were not significant predictors of health. Results indicate interpersonal theory describes the link between forgiveness and psychological abuse. Results suggest that focus on AN could be sufficient for mental or physical health change

The article analyses the psychosocial impact of the apologies about the role of the Catholic Church in the Spanish Civil war along two studies. The relational study showed that Blazquez’s apology was perceived with limited impact, being more important at a societal level than at a micro-social level, both, on direct or indirect victims. The experimental study showed that self-criticism reinforced guilt as well as the need for reparation, whereas glorification diminished them. / Se analiza el impacto de las disculpas sobre el rol de la Iglesia Católica en la guerra civil española. Un estudio correlacional mostró que el impacto de las disculpas del obispo Blázquez fue limitado y los encuestados percibieron un impacto mayor sobre la sociedad en general que sobre las víctimas o sus descendientes. Un estudio experimental comparó las opiniones de una condición control donde los participantes leían sobre el rol de la Iglesia en la guerra civil española, con una donde los participantes además leían la autocrítica y con otra donde además leían sobre una beatificación de mártires de la Iglesia durante la guerra civil. La autocrítica reforzaba la culpa y la necesidad de reparación, mientras que la beatificación las disminuía.

寬恕是一種跨文化人類共通的美德、是一種正向的心理特質，一種真正的生命智慧。因其有益於人際和諧、幸福感與身心健康，寬恕在近年來成為心理學所關注的議題。本研究旨在探究反芻思考、未來時間觀與寬恕之現況，以及反芻思考與未來時間觀如何影響寬恕的建構，藉以深入瞭解反芻思考、未來時間觀與寬恕之關係。 本研究採用問卷調查法，以「多向度反芻焦點量表」、「未來時間態度量表」與「特質寬恕量表」為研究工具，研究對象為20歲以上成人共1,413位。所得有效問卷資料經描述統計、多變量變異數分析、區別分析、結構方程式模型等統計方法處理，研究發現如下： 1.20歲以上成人之反芻思考、未來時間觀與特質寬恕現況尚佳。 2.不同背景變項之成人在反芻思考整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）女性在「情緒焦點反芻」與「意義焦點反芻」上之得分顯著高於男性。 （2）高齡者的反芻思考整體與各向度之得分明顯較低。 3.不同背景變項之成人在未來時間觀整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）成人早期（20-30歲）與高齡者（60歲以上）在「未來時間觀點」沒有顯著差異，高齡者在「未來目標價值」與「對未來的準備與行動」上則顯著高於20-30歲之成人。 （2）年長、高教育水準、已婚且有宗教信仰者，有較佳的未來時間觀。 4.不同背景變項之成人在特質寬恕整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）男性在「寬恕命運」上之得分顯著高於女性。 （2）男性、年長、高教育水準、已婚且有宗教信仰者，有較高的寬恕傾向。 5.探討不同類型反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之關係，研究發現：情緒焦點與評價焦點此兩種類型反芻思考，與未來時間觀、特質寬恕呈負相關；而意義焦點反芻與未來時間觀、特質寬恕呈正相關。 6.未來時間觀在反芻思考與特質寬恕間扮演中介角色，亦即，未來時間觀在情緒焦點反芻思考、評價焦點反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之間有部分中介效果，在意義焦點反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之間有完全中介效果。 本研究根據上述研究發現，分別對寬恕教育、諮商輔導提出建議，以作為教育工作者及後續研究之參考。 / Forgiveness is a kind of cross-cultural universal virtue of human, positive psychological strength, and authentic wisdom of life. Forgiveness has become an important topic of psychological researches in last decades, due to the benefits of interpersonal harmony, well-being, physical and mental health. The study aimed to investigate the current condition of the adults in Taiwan of their rumination, future time perspective, and dispositional forgiveness, and furthermore addressed the relationships among these variables. The present study adopted the questionnaire investigation, comprising “Multidimensional Focused Rumination Scale”, “Attitude toward Future Time Scale”, and “Dispositional Forgiveness Scale” was conducted. Participants were 1,413 adults aged 20 and over in Taiwan. The effective data based on the questionnaire were then analyzed by using the descriptive statistics, MANOVA, discriminant analysis, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping. The findings were summarized as follows: 1.The present condition of Taiwan aged 20 and over adults’ rumination, future time perspective, and dispositional forgiveness was generally fine. 2.In terms of rumination, gender and age had a significant difference in overall rumination and its dimensions. I.The female participants had higher “emotion-focused rumination” and “meaning-focused rumination” scores than the male participants. II.The elder participants reported less ruminative thinking than other age groups. 3.In terms of future time perspective, age, educational level, marital status and religion had a significant difference in overall future time perspective and its dimensions, while gender had no significant difference. I.There is no difference between younger and elder participants on “the perception of future time”, however, the elder participants reported higher “the valence of future goal” and “preparation and action for the future” than younger participants. II.The elder, high educated, married and religious believer, had better future time perspective. 4.In terms of dispositional forgiveness, gender, age, educational level, marital status and religion had a significant difference in overall dispositional forgiveness and its dimensions. I.The male participants had higher “forgiveness of fate” scores than the female participants. II.The male, elder, high educated, married and religious believer had a strong tendency to forgive. 5.In terms of different kind of rumination relate to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness: Emotion-focused rumination and evaluation-focused rumination were negatively related to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness, while meaning-focused rumination was positively related to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness. 6.Future time perspective mediated the relationship between the rumination and the forgiveness. Furthermore, future time perspective partly mediated the relationship between the emotion-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness, partly mediated the relationship between the evaluation-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness, and completely mediated the relationship between the meaning-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness. According to the above findings, this study proposes suggestions for forgiveness education, counseling and guidance, and future studies.

No description available.

Facilitating forgiveness: an NLP approach to forgiving is an attempt at uncovering features of the blocks that prevent people to forgive. These blocks to forgiveness can be detected in the real life situations of the six individuals who told me their stories. The inner thoughts, feelings and the subsequent behaviour that prevented them from forgiving others is clearly uncovered in their stories. The facilitation process highlights the features that created the blocks in the past thus preventing forgiveness to occur. The blocks with their accompanying features reveal what needs to be clarified or changed in order to eventually enable the hurt individuals to forgive those who have hurt them. The application of discourse analysis to the stories of hurt highlights the links between the real life stories of the individuals within their contexts with regard to unforgiveness to the research findings of the existing body of knowledge, thereby creating a complexly interwoven comprehensive understanding of the individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in conjunction with their developmental phases within their socio-cultural contexts. Neuro-linguistic-programming (NLP) is the instrument with which forgiving is facilitated in the six individuals who expressed their conscious desire to forgive, because they were unable to do so on their own. Their emotions had the habit of keeping them in a place in which they were forced to relive the hurtful event as if it were happening in the present. Arresting the process of reliving negative emotions requires a new way of being in this world. The assumption that this can be learnt is based on the results from a previous study, in which forgiveness was uncovered by means of the grounded theory approach as a cognitive process (Von Krosigk, 2000). The results from the previous research in conjunction with the results and insights from this research study are presented in the form of a grounded theory model of forgiveness. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

The phenomenon of the 2007/8 post-election violence in Kenya is complex and has numerous facets. This is because of the historical and socio-political dimensions connected with it, some of which the present study has attempted to discuss. The main objective of this research is to develop a missiological model of reconciliation by understanding and addressing the underlying causes of the 2007/8 post-election violence through an interpretive and missiological reading of the 2008 report of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. The concepts of politics, ethnicity, human rights and violence are chosen as analytical units for this study and through an integrated approach to their interconnectedness, a more adequate framework to identify and analyze the causes of violence is created. The churches in Kenya have played ambiguous roles in the social-political arena and this study surveys these roles and suggests different missional approaches through which the churches in Kenya can participate in the mission of reconciliation. / New Testament