Cylindrically symmetric shell sources are studied and a general form of induced energy-momentum tensor of a collapsing shell is presented. The actual movement of the shell is numerically solved for a case when dynamics of the system is determined by energy conservation per unit length. It is then shown that additional assumptions can prevent the collapse, e. g. induced energy-momentum tensor as perfect fluid or null dust of counter-rotating particles. Collapse can be prevented also by introducing Thorne's C-energy into the system.

Au cours des dernières décennies, les approches expérimentales nous ont permis d'obtenir des informations importantes en biologie du développement et nous ont conduit à la définition de réseaux complexes de régulation contrôlant les processus développementaux. Actuellement, notre compréhension de ces réseaux est entravée par leur complexité même. La modélisation mathématique est de plus en plus utilisée pour intégrer les voies de régulation et prévoir les effets de perturbations génétiques. Durant ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à la différentiation du mésoderme chez Drosophila melanogaster. Elle commence par la spécification du mésoderme en 4 différents tissus: le muscle viscéral, le coeur, le muscle somatique et le corps gras. La formation de ces tissus se traduit par une organisation segmentale répétitive le long du mésoderme. Mon premier but était de construire un modèle qui récapitule la spécification de ces quatre tissus entre les stades 8 et 10. Par la suite, je me suis concentrée sur le développement du coeur dans le but de proposer un modèle de régulation de la diversification des cellules cardiaques contractiles (cardioblastes) entre les stade 10 et 12. Afin de comprendre ces processus complémentaires, j'ai été amené à modéliser les voies de signalisation qui jouent un rôle important dans le développement du mésoderme et des cardioblastes. Je me suis appuyée sur des données génétiques et des analyses haut-débit publiées (HhIP-chip, ChIP-seq et transcriptome) pour déterminer et annoter des graphes de régulation complet pour chacun de ces réseaux ou voies. / During the past decades, experimental approaches have allowed us to gain important insights in developmental biology, and led to the delineation of complex regulatory networks controlling developmental processes. Currently, our understanding of these networks is hindered by their sheer complexity. Mathematical modelling is increasingly used to integrate regulatory pathways and predict the effects of genetic perturbations. My thesis focuses on the development of the specification of the mesoderm in Drosophila melanogaster. Its development results in the formation of different tissues segmentally iterated: the visceral muscle, the heart, the somatic muscle, and the fat body. My first goal was to build a network model recapitulating the specification of these 4 mesodermal tissues during stages 8 to 10. Then, focusing on heart development, my second aim was to build a network model recapitulating contractile cardiac cell (cardioblast) diversification during stages 10 to 12. To understand these complementary processes, I was further led to model the signalling pathways that play important roles in mesoderm and cardioblast development. I rely on a combination of published genetic data and high- throughput analyses (ChIP-chip, ChiP-seq, transcriptome) to delineate and annotate comprehensive regulatory graphs for each of these networks or pathways. Using a logical formalism and the GINsim software, I have further defined logical rules enabling the simulation of wild type and mutant behaviours for each of this networks or pathways. By and large, my model simulations recapitulate all relevant published data.

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Le titre anglais de cette thèse, Soyinka’s Language – calqué sur celui de l’ouvrage de Frank Kermode, Shakespeare’s Language – est traduit librement en français par Les mots de Soyinka en mouvement pour évoquer la richesse poétique de ‘language’ dans ce contexte littéraire. Cette étude adopte l’approche de Kermode pour analyser un corpus d’oeuvres de Wole Soyinka (neuf pièces de théâtre et deux essais), dans la tradition critique anglaise de ‘close reading’. Les mots nous pénètrent malgré nos efforts pour nous tenir à l’écart de l’expérience (The Lion and the Jewel; le diptyque Jero). Ils peuvent également rendre concret le passage d’un monde à un autre – par exemple, à travers un vocabulaire pédagogique qui tombe rapidement en désuétude (The Road; Madmen and Specialists). Comment exprimer, comment articuler sur scène la notion ambivalente de la distance – d’un côté, la distance de la théorie, de l’objectivité; de l’autre, l’absence d’empathie, de compréhension humaine – (The Strong Breed, A Dance of the Forests, The Bacchae of Euripides, et The Burden of Memory)? Il s’agit d’un problème rhétorique qui s’apparente à un risque d’autarcie ou de solipsisme. Désamorcé dans la prose de The Man Died, ce risque sert de repoussoir, pour Soyinka dans Myth, Literature and the African World, à l’articulation d’une conception (yoruba) de l’existence, dont les tensions constitutives s’expriment à travers les ressources rhétoriques de la poésie orale. Cette étude se termine par une lecture de Death and the King’s Horseman, expression exemplaire de la tension entre l’affirmation de soi et le retour à la communauté, entre l’être et le non-être. / The title of this thesis is an allusion to Frank Kermode’s Shakespeare’s Language. There, Kermode directed his attentions to Shakespeare’s dramatic verse, its poetry, demonstrating how the demands which words make on the ear might attune us to the insinuating possibilities of language, if attended to by a patient reader. This thesis adopts the same methodological principle, in approaching a number of Wole Soyinka’s dramatic and prose works in English. Throughout, it is concerned with his intelligence as expressed through literature. To this end, it does not hesitate to speculate, in the manner of Shklovsky, as to schemata which Soyinka might have used in order to ‘make’ his works. At the same time, it sees in formalism, for writer and would-be critic alike, the danger of words’ being cut off from the common human constituency and experience which assure their meaning. Words penetrate us, undermine our attempts to stand apart, draw us into a realm of consequence (The Lion and the Jewel; the Jero plays). Consequence, in turn, implies passage between two distinct moments, inviting us to reflect on how language can become strange (The Road; Madmen and Specialists). What happens to words in one who is content to look on from a distance, instead of participating? This is the starting point for a discussion of Soyinka’s interrogations of justice in The Strong Breed, A Dance of the Forests, The Bacchae of Euripides and The Burden of Memory. Implicit in onlooking is the risk of self-sufficiency. Warded off in the prose of The Man Died, self-sufficiency provides a foil to a Yoruba conception of being and tragedy, as articulated in Myth, Literature and the African World. The study culminates in Death and the King’s Horseman, which best enacts the tension between self-assertion and commonality, departure and return, being and non-being, in and through poetic language.

The work is centered on the study of dimensionally reduced vector effective field theories from the point of view of soft scalar limits using the spinor-helicity formalism. The Dirac-Born-Infeld model is singled out by its enhanced soft limit at the level of four and six-point amplitudes. In the process, the spinor-helicity formalism is outlined and its use illustrated on explicit examples. The remainder of the work is focused on the corresponding questions in six dimensions. The rel- evant version of spinor-helicity formalism is presented, followed by a discussion of little group invariants and of the (im)possibility of their use on characteriza- tion of theories. Lastly, attempts at formalizing the process of taking the soft limit are made, with inspiration from the four-dimensional case. 1

The reemergence of artificial intelligence during the last 30 years has introduced severalforms of weak AI to our everyday lives, be it in our smartphones or how the weather ispredicted. Modern approaches to AI, using methods like neural networks and machinelearning, also feel confident about creating strong AI, intelligence that is human-like orsuperior to humans. In this thesis, I discover the philosophical premises of artificialintelligence, how the research program views the mind and what implications this has for theform of intelligence that is being constructed. Furthermore, I derive at several criteria thatneed to be met to qualify a system as intelligent. To cover this rather wide field, the works ofHubert Dreyfus, an early commentator on AI, and David Chalmers, one of the most widelyread philosophers of mind, are interrogated about their views on human intelligence and howsuch a theory relates to the possibility of intelligent machines.Key

[pt] A modernidade surge no Brasil, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, pelas mãos de um pequeno grupo de arquitetos e transforma a cidade em alvo de reportagens nas mais importantes revistas de arquitetura do mundo. A Europa e os Estados unidos acompanham, entre perplexos e estupefatos, a adesão de um país com um governo autoritário e de tradição conservadora, na longínqua América do Sul, a propostas tão inovadoras. Dentre esses pioneiros estão os Roberto, três irmãos arquitetos, que, a partir de um entendimento de que a arquitetura moderna teria de ter os processos industriais incorporados aos seus métodos projetivos e construtivos, desenvolvem uma obra bastante diversificada com foco, principalmente, no mercado privado da construção civil. Na fase inicial da arquitetura moderna brasileira, da década de trinta à década de cinqüenta, apoiados na crença do poder transformador da forma moderna, articulam, com ampla liberdade formal e apurado controle sobre todos os componentes de suas edificações, uma poética que contrapõe a padronização, exigida pelos procedimentos industriais, à singularidade, numa operação que parece acusar o descompasso entre a realidade social do Brasil e a modernidade pretendida pela elite intelectual, política e financeira da época. / [en] Modernity appears in Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro, through the hands of a small group of architects and transforms the city into the target of the most important Architecture Magazines worldwide. Europe and The US watch, both perplexed and surprised, a country commanded by an authoritarian government and marked by a conservative tradition adhere to such innovative proposals. Among those pioneers are The Roberto Brothers, three architects and brothers who, believing that modern architecture must have its projective and constructive methods within industrial process, they develop a diversified work structured, mainly, in the civil construction private market. From the 30´s to the 50´s, during the initial phase of the Modern Brazilian Architecture, The Robertos, based on the belief of the transforming power of the modern shape and using the freedom of shape and wise control upon all the components of their constructions, articulate a measure which opposes standardization, demanded by industrial procedures, to singularity - in an operation that seems to show the abyss between the social reality of the country and the modernity sought by the intellectual, political and economic elite at the

O projeto tem por objetivo o estudo da composição fílmica a partir da polarização entre realismo e formalismo. Em um primeiro momento, compreende os principais pontos definidos por André Bazin e Hollis Frampton, apresentando algumas de suas observações e críticas do que consideravam as características fundamentais do cinema. Em seguida, é proposta uma ampliação dessa comparação, num diálogo com obras e autores que de alguma maneira orbitaram em torno de Bazin e Frampton. Investigando as maneiras pelas quais as duas tendências se opõem, e quais aspectos relativos à composição são evidenciados por elas, o trabalho busca ainda uma possível complementaridade, uma abordagem que as considere igualmente como partes de um mesmo espectro. / The purpose of this project is the study of film composition by means of the polarity between realism and formalism. At first, it covers the main points defined by André Bazin and Hollis Frampton, presenting some of their insights and criticisms, and what they considered to be the fundamental qualities of cinema. From this follows an attempt to amplify the comparative outlook, in a dialogue between authors and films that were closely related to Bazin and Frampton. As the work investigate the ways by which both tendencies oppose each other, and what aspects of film composition are revealed by this opposition, it looks for an approach which considers them equally as parts of the same spectrum

A interpretação usual da obra de Rudolf Carnap, Der Logische Aufbau der Welt (Aufbau),assentada sobretudo na sua leitura por parte de Goodman e de Quine na década de 50, toma-o como um projeto empirista de explicitação dos nexos lógicos entre os conceitos de diferentes domínios teóricos e \"o dado\". Essa interpretação minimiza o problema epistemológico, central no Aufbau, da legitimação (da justificação, da validade de jure) das pretensões de conhecimento das ciências factuais (Realwissenschaften, em contraposição às Formalwissenschaften). Ao examinar o projeto de Carnap como um projeto neotranscendental de justificação do conhecimento empírico, inverte-se a prioridade concedida ao esclarecimento conceitual entre as motivações do Aufbau. Na concepção de epistemologia que subjaz a esta abordagem do Aufbau, Hume e Kant, empirismo e racionalismo aparecem como representações estilizadas e simplificadas da polarização que se exerceu sobre Carnap frente a um tópico proposto pela tradição filosófica: o conhecimento empírico, as leis universais das ciências factuais, são ou não são passíveis de justificação racional (e de que modo)? Tal inversão permite entender as teses e os passos da teoria da constituição de Carnap de maneira a dar conta de forma coerente e sistemática de aspectos dessa obra que a maioria das análises trata de modo fragmentado e desconectado. Sob essa luz, são abordado temas como a escolha do instrumental formal da teoria da constituição, o papel da teoria das descrições definidas e do modelo das definições implícitas, a tese da extensionalidade, o estruturalismo, o formalismo, as pressuposições extrasistemáticas, a relação da ordem epistêmica com a ordem lógica, a distinção entre \"o sistema\" (na forma ideal em que o concebe a teoria da constituição) e o \"esboço provisório\" que Carnap propõe no Aufbau a título de exemplo. Quatro problemas principais que comprometem seriamente esse projeto de Carnap são examinados contra o pano de fundo da leitura epistemológica proposta. Os dois primeiros (suposições extra-sistemáticas e construção do tempo e do espaço) dizem respeito ao \"esboço provisório\", mas são dificuldades que não se devem ao estado provisório dos próprios conceitos científicos mas à incapacidade desse esboço de ater-se aos preceitos da teoria da constituição de que pretende ser uma aplicação. As duas dificuldades restantes (finitismo e decidibilidade, e caráter inteiramente formal do sistema) afetam a própria concepção do sistema ideal. Como desiderata da teoria da constituição, terminam por se revelar incompatíveis com traços fundamentais do conhecimento empírico de cuja preservação não é possível abrir mão sem descaracterizá-lo profundamente. O caráter original do projeto carnapiano de justificação racional completa e cabal de todo o conhecimento empírico termina portanto por conduzi-lo a posições incompatíveis com o próprio empirismo. Para preservar \"o caráter aberto e a inevitável incerteza de todo conhecimento empírico, Carnap abrirá mão do sistema único e total de conceitos científicos como garantia da objetividade e da possibilidade de comunicação, substituindoo, depois do Aufbau, pelo princípio de tolerância ou da convencionalidade das formas de linguagem / The usual interpretation of the work of Rudolf Carnap, Der Logische Aufbau der Welt (Aufbau), rests on its reading by Goodman and Quine in the 50s, and takes it as an empiricist attempt to establish the logical connections between concepts of different theoretical domains and \"the given\". This interpretation minimizes the epistemological problem, central to the Aufbau, of the legitimation (justification, validity de jure) of the claims to knowledge of the factual sciences (Realwissenschaften, as opposed to Formalwissenschaften). By examining Carnap´s project as a project of neotranscendental justification of empirical knowledge, the priority given to conceptual clarification between the motivations of the Aufbau is reversed. In the conception of epistemology behind the new approach of the Aufbau, Hume and Kant, empiricism and rationalism appear as simplified and stylized representations of the polarization that is exerted on Carnap in his definition against a topic proposed by the philosophical tradition: the universal laws of empirical science are or are not capable of rational justification (and how)? This allows us to understand the arguments and the steps of Carnap\'s theory of constitution as coherent and systematic aspects of this work, often analysed in fragmented and disconnected ways. In this light, topics such as the choice of the formal instrumental of the theory of the constitution, the role of definite descriptions theory and of the use of implicit definitions, the thesis of extensionality, structuralism, formalism, extra- systematic assumptions, the relationship of epistemic and logic order, the distinction between \"the system\" (in the ideal way in which the theory of the constitution conceives it) and the \"tentative outline\" Carnap proposed in the Aufbau as an example are addressed. Four main problems which seriously undermine Carnap´s project are examined against the backdrop of the epistemological reading proposed. The first two (extrasystematic assumptions and construction of time and space) concern the \"tentative outline\", but they are not due to the provisional state of scientific concepts themselves but to the inability of this sketch to stick to the precepts of the theory of the constitution of which it aims to be an application. The two remaining difficulties (finitism and decidability, and the entirely formal character of the system) affect the conception of the ideal system. Being desiderata of the theory of the constitution, they will eventually prove incompatible with fundamental features of empirical knowledge of whose preservation one can not give up without deeply disfiguring it. The original character of the Carnapian project of a complete and full rational justification of all empirical knowledge thus ends by leading to a position incompatible with empiricism itself. To preserve the \"open character and the unavoidable uncertainty\" of all empirical knowledge, Carnap will then relinquish the unique and full system of scientific concepts as a guarantee of objectivity and of the possibility of communication, replacing it, after the Aufbau, by the principle of tolerance or conventionality of language forms

O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar se o exagero de exigência das formalidades aplicado no momento de admissibilidade impede o conhecimento dos recursos. / This dissertation analyses the formal aspects regarding permission to appeal especially to the Higher Courts. One of the main targets was to investigate whether exaggerated formalities, i.e., those imposed conditions on permission to appeal prevent hearing and considerations regarding the appeals\'merit.