La presente investigación abordó, inicialmente, la teoría de la complejidad como base de entendimiento de los sistemas adaptativos complejos y la aplicación de algunas variantes de esta teoría, como la teoría fractal en el campo de la gestión estratégica en las organizaciones. Para lograr un mejor entendimiento de estos enfoques se dividió el estudio en dos etapas. La primera explicó el desarrollo y evolución de las teorías del caos y la complejidad en la administración y la segunda presentó el paradigma de la dinamicidad y la aplicación del enfoque fractal en el ámbito de la gestión empresarial, así como su estudio. El desarrollo constante de la ciencia y la tecnología aplicada a la gestión y los cambios de paradigmas presentados a lo largo de su evolución, desde la Revolución Industrial a la era del conocimiento, han llevado a la aplicación de diversas teorías científicas cuya aplicación inicial distaba de centrarse en la gestión empresarial y que, sin embargo, ha contribuido a un mejor entendimiento de esta. Tal es el caso de la teoría de la fractalidad y su origen en las ciencias abstractas producto del paso de la geometría clásica a la geometría fractal. En el caso de este estudio, se mostró el aporte de la teoría de la complejidad para facilitar la comprensión de los fenómenos organizacionales, traduciéndose su aplicación al desarrollo de figuras como la “fábrica fractal- organización fractal”, como soporte de los debates de la ciencia y la tecnología de la administración o su utilización como base para el diseño y construcción de los sistemas, subsistemas, modelos, métodos y procedimientos. También se mostró la evolución de los principales aportes teóricos respecto a la teoría de la complejidad, sus bases, definiciones, principios y aplicaciones y, por último, el comportamiento como sistemas complejos expuestos en las organizaciones. / This research initially presents the theory of complexity as a basis of understanding of complex adaptive systems, and the application of some variants of this theory such as fractal theory, in the field of strategic management in organizations. To achieve a better understanding of these approaches, the study has been divided into two stages: 1) Development and evolution of chaos and complexity in administration; 2) The Paradigm of dynamicity and application of the fractal approach in the field of business management and its study. The constant development of science and technology applied to the management and paradigm shifts presented throughout its evolution from the industrial revolution to the age of knowledge has led to the application of various scientific theories whose initial application was far from focusing on business management and which, however, has contributed to a better understanding of it. This is the case of the theory of fractality whose origin in abstract sciences resulting from the transition from classical geometry to fractal geometry. The contribution of the theory of complexity to facilitate the understanding of organizational phenomena will be shown; translating its application in the development of figures such as the “fractal factory- fractal organization” to support the debates of the science and technology of administration or its use as support for the design and construction of systems, subsystems, models, methods and procedures. It shows the evolution of the main theoretical contributions regarding the theory complexity, its bases or definitions, principles and applications and, finally, behavior as complex systems exposed in organizations. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This paper is a study of the dynamics of a new family of maps from the complex plane to itself, which we call twisted tent maps. A twisted tent map is a complex generalization of a real tent map. The action of this map can be visualized as the complex scaling of the plane followed by folding the plane once. Most of the time, scaling by a complex number will \twist" the plane, hence the name. The "folding" both breaks analyticity (and even smoothness) and leads to interesting dynamics ranging from easily understood and highly geometric behavior to chaotic behavior and fractals.

Biological invasions are one of the main factors responsible for the imperiled status of freshwater ecosystems, but much remains to be learned about their indirect effects on native communities. The first part of this dissertation examines community effects of long-term efforts to selectively control invasive Eurasian watermilfoil. Results of the first study show that native plants immediately recolonized treated areas and habitat complexity was unaffected. Fish community was not influenced by invasive plant control. Macroinvertebrate communities were highly variable and part of their variability could be explained by plant community attributes. Both fish and macroinvertebrates used invasive watermilfoil, which emphasizes the need for timely restoration of native macrophytes to mitigate for lost habitat. Because fish and macroinvertebrates were more affected by complexity than other attributes of plant assemblage, reestablishment of habitat complexity appears to be a promising restoration strategy. The second study, which examined species interactions after watermilfoil control, found that fish feeding activity was not correlated with invasive plants or habitat complexity and that invasive macrophyte control did not affect characteristics of fish feeding investigated. The relationship between fish and macrophytes was further explored in the context of interactions between an invasive piscivore and its native prey. First, I examined the prey naiveté hypothesis with non-native peacock bass in Paraná River, Brazil. Prey responded to visual and chemical cues of peacock bass and displayed avoidance behaviors similar to those observed with a native predator, meaning that lack of recognition was not responsible for the observed vulnerability of native species to this introduced predator. After confirming lack of naiveté, I assessed direct and indirect effects of this non-native predator on native prey. Peacock bass had no indirect effects on its prey feeding activity. Macrophyte type did not affect indirect predator-prey interactions, whereas direct predator effects slightly decreased in the presence of aquatic vegetation. I discuss implications of these findings for native biodiversity and convene other potential explanations for the observed effects of peacock bass. Both projects contribute to our understanding of the relationship between aquatic plants and their animal communities and effects of invasive species in freshwater habitats.

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The need for energy efficient, clean and quiet, energy conversion devices for mobile and stationary applications has presented proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells as a potential energy source. The use of PEM fuel cells for automotive and other transient applications, where there are rapid changes in load, presents a need for better understanding of transient behavior. In particular at low humidity operations; one of the factors critical to the performance and durability of fuel cell systems is water transport in various fuel cell layers, including water absorption in membrane. An essential aspect to optimization of transient behavior of fuel cells is a fundamental understanding of response of fuel cell system to dynamic changes in load and operating parameters. This forms the first objective of the dissertation. An insight in to the time scales associated with various transport phenomena will be discussed in detail. In the second component on the study, the effects of membrane properties on the dynamic behavior of the fuel cells are analyzed with focus on membrane dry-out for low humidity operations. The mechanical behavior of the membrane is directly related to the changes in humidity levels in membrane and is explored as a part third objective of the dissertation. Numerical studies addressing this objective will be presented. Finally, porous media undergoing physical deposition (or erosion) are common in many applications, including electrochemical systems such as fuel cells (for example, electrodes, catalyst layer s, etc.) and batteries. The transport properties of these porous media are a function of the deposition and the change in the porous structures with time. A dynamic fractal model is introduced to describe such structures undergoing deposition and, in turn, to evaluate the changes in their physical properties as a function of the deposition. / Ph. D.

This study investigates the possibility of applying Hatten’s theory of musical gesture to a formal system of musical analysis. Using historical antecedents and established musicological practice as a guide, a range of musical parameters in a motive length span of music are incorporated into a single gesture. This gesture forms the basic semantic unit upon which an analytical tableau structure is built, and a syntax is developed to allow derivations of new gestures; a large scale structure displaying fractal-like self-similarity is then proposed. The completed system is applied to the analysis of the ‘Adagio’ of Mozart’s Flute Quartet K.285 to test whether it can consistently be implemented and whether it produces falsifiable results while maintaining predictive power. It is found that these requirements are indeed met and that a set of inference rules can be derived suggesting that the proposed system has ample scope for further development. / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / M. Mus.

This paper will use the natural laws of the universe and amassed evidence to support a dynamic systems theory approach to explain the mechanics and fixed operations of the human experience taking place inside a causally determined universe without the possibility of free will. By reductionary methods, the universe and all its’ contents, including human agents, will be exemplified as complex dynamic systems. In so doing, the human experience is reduced to being comprised of information acting and reacting with other information existing in the universe, specifically ideas. Allowing ideas to take on a physical manifestation shows how the feedback of information directly results in the rise of human consciousness and the sensation of control and volition over actions. Thus, the methods and philosophies used in this paper will set out to rebut metaphysical libertarian views asserting alternative possibilities by way of Rollback Arguments and two other libertarian arguments raised by Alfred R. Mele. This paper aims to provide a description and deeper appreciation for the mechanics and fixed operations of the human experience in a universe where free will is nonexistent.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(A)(2) 課題番号:08406002 研究代表者:山内 章 研究期間:1996-1997年度

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