Att ha autism innebär att individen drabbats av en funktionsnedsättning som påverkar utvecklingen och beteendet. Detta kan uttrycka sig på olika sätt och därmed variera med tanke på ålder och begåvning. Alla individer med autism har svårigheter med kommunikationen. Svårigheten ligger i att använda det språk som de har samt använda både verbal- och ickeverbal kommunikation. Den sociala fritidens mål är att vara med andra och finna stöd hos andra människor och strävan är att skapa relationer och acceptans. Problemområdet baserades på observationer under den verksamhetsförlagda utbildningen, där unga vuxna med autism hade svårt att interagera med sina vänner. Detta sågs som ett problem som behövde kartläggas ytterligare. Syftet är att kartlägga vilka möjligheter och svårigheter unga vuxna 18-25 år med autism upplever angående social interaktion med vänner. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts, där sammanlagt 9 deltagare intervjuats. Resultatet visar på att det finns både främjande och stödjande faktorer som påverkar interaktionen med vänner samt att det finns ett stort behov av arbetsterapeutiska interventioner. Resultatet sammanfattas i 5 olika teman; betydelse av en bra vän, sociala medier, bibehålla kontakten, förväntningar och bemötande från samhället och gemensamma intressen. Behovet av interventioner angående vänskapsrelationer för målgruppen behöver kartläggas ytterligare. / Having autism means the individual suffers from a developmental disorder and behavior. This can be expressed in different ways and varies depending on age and talent. All individuals with autism have difficulty with communication, both using language and use of verbal and nonverbal communication. The social leisure time goal is to be with others and find the support of other people and strive to create relationships and acceptance. The problem area was identified based on observations in clinical education, where young adults with autism had difficulty interacting with friends. This was seen as a problem that needed to be investigated further. The aim of this study is to identify opportunities and difficulties of young adults aged 18 to 25 years with autism regarding their social interaction with friends. Nine participants were interviewed. The results show that there are both promoting and supporting factors affecting the interaction with friends and there is a great need for occupational therapy interventions. The result was summarized into five themes; importance of a good friend, social media, maintaining contact, expectations and behavior of society, and common interests. The need for interventions regarding friendship for the target group needs to be investigated further.

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Vänner emellan är ett integrationsfrämjande projekt i Halmstad kommun som riktar sig till nyanlända ungdomar. Verksamheten strävar efter ett mål, där en vänskapsrelation ska skapas mellan nyanlända och etablerade svenskar. Denna relation ska så småningom underlätta de nyanländas situation som ny i Sverige. Integrationsåtgärden ska även vara en möjlighet för dem att träna på det svenska språket, social träning samt få en upplevelse genom ett kulturellt utbyte. Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka deras upplevelser kring integrationsprojektet ”Vänner emellan” med vänskapsrelationer i fokus. Undersökningen baseras på sju kvalitativa intervjuer med: den tidigare projektledaren, den nuvarande projektledaren, en fadder samt fyra nyanlända. För att få svar på syftet kommer vi utifrån ett sociologiskt perspektiv och studera de nyanländas relationer till de etablerade svenskarna, och även deras upplevelser kring vänskap. Detta för att skapa en förståelse om projektet "Vänner emellan" bidrar till en utökad integration. Vi använder oss av teoretiker som belyser sociala band, sociala symboler och asymmetrisk vänskap. Vår frågeställning fokuserar på om det är möjligt att utveckla en organiserad vänskap utifrån projektet ”Vänner emellans” koncept. Majoriteten av informanterna som var nyanlända förstod inte syftet med projektet och såg det som en möjlighet att umgås med andra. De ansåg även att tiden för träffarna var en negativ aspekt i projektet, eftersom de träffades sporadiskt. De begränsningar som vi hade som forskare var vid intervjutillfällena med de nyanlända. Språkbarriären begränsade både oss som intervjuare och dem som informanter. Vi fick förenkla intervjuguiden och kombinera den verbala kommunikationen med kroppsspråk. Våra förhoppningar är att skapa en medvetenhet hos de ansvariga för projektet ”Vänner Emellan”, andra integrationsprojekt och kommuner om vänskap kan leda till integration samt vilka tillvägagångssätt som kan användas. / “Between friends” is an integration project in Halmstad, which is focused on newly arrival youths. The project is reaching for a goal to create a friendship between the newly arrival youths and established Swedes. This relationship will eventually facilitate the situation of young people who recently arrived, but will also be an opportunity to train the Swedish language, social skills and experiences by cultural exchange. The purpose of our study is to see how they are experiencing integration "Between friends" with friendship in focus. The study is based on seven interviews with: the former project leader, the current project leader, a mentor, and four newly arrived youths. In order to answer the purpose of our study, we will from a sociological perspective study the social bonds to the mentor, who is an established Swede. This is to create an understanding about the project "Between Friends" and if organized friendship can contribute to a better integration. We have used theoretic that sheds light on social bonds, social symbols and asymmetric friendships. Our question formulation focuses on of its possible to organize friendship by using “Between friends” concept. The majority of the informants that were newly arrived did not understand the purpose of the project. They also thought that time was a negative factor. Our limits as researches were the language barrier between us and the newly arrived youths. We had to simplify our questions and combine verbal communication with our body language. Our hope is to create awareness among the responsible for the integration project, other integration projects and municipalities, if friendship can lead to integration.

Orientador: Cláudio Aquati / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objeto de pesquisa uma obra da literatura latina, o Satíricon, de Petrônio. Dela, sob o viés da amizade, foi analisada, a dupla formada pelo protagonista Encólpio e seu inseparável (ou quase) amigo Gitão. O conceito de amizade foi estudado, por um lado, com base em Ética a Nicômaco, de Aristóteles, que faz uma valoração do conceito de philia, e De amicitia, obra na qual Cícero propõe parâmetros morais e éticos que deveriam estar presentes em uma relação entre amigos e, por outro, em obras nossas contemporâneas, como Genealogias da amizade, de Ortega (2002), e A amizade no mundo clássico, de Konstan (2005). Com base nessas, foi possível identificar e analisar, no Satíricon, o traço da amizade que se desenvolve na dupla composta por Encólpio e Gitão, sobretudo no sentido de tecer uma discussão a respeito do que leva as duas personagens a se relacionarem e atuarem juntas e os efeitos desse mesmo relacionamento para a construção desse romance antigo romano. / Abstract: This study focused on a Latin literary work, the led Satyricon, by Petronius. The friendship relation between Encolpius and Giton. The friendship concept was studied recurring to on the Nichomachean Ethics, by Aristotle, which considers the value of the philia concept, and on De Amicitia, work in which Cicero purposes ethics and moral parameters that should be present in a friendship. Contemporary studies, such as Genealogias da amizade, by Ortega Guerrero (2002), and Friendship in the Classical World, by Konstan (2005), were also used. It was possible to identify and analyze the friendship trace developed between Encolpius and Giton, mainly in the sense of approaching a discussion about what leads both characters to be and act together and the effects of this same relation for the construction of this ancient Roman novel. / Mestre

Vänskapsrelationer mellan barn är viktiga för barns hälsa, utveckling och välmående och bör därför främjas. Något som kan utgöra ett hinder för att vänskap ska kunna bildas är barns attityder. Studiens syfte var därför att undersöka vad som anses främja bildandet av vänskapsrelationer mellan barn och hur det kan bidra till attitydförändring.Detta gjordes genom att sammanställa forskning bestående av 11 artiklar till en integrativ litteraturstudie. Fokus låg på påverkbara faktorer till barns vänskapsbildande samt verksamma interventioner. De faktorer och interventioner som framkom genom studiens resultat var utbildning och undervisning, att vuxna visar vägen, aktiviteter och engagemang samt ekonomiska förutsättningar. Resultatet analyserades utifrån teorin mellangruppskontakt vilken belyser kriterier för optimal mellangruppskontakt och processer för attitydförändring. Det fördes en diskussion gällande hälsofrämjande arbete, vuxnas möjligheter att påverka barns vänskapsrelationer samt betydelsen av aktivitetens utformning. / The aim of this review was to study what is considered to promote formation of peer friendships and how it can contribute to a change of attitudes and prejudices. 11 research articles were compiled into an integrative review. The review focused on factors for children's friendships that are possible to influence and effective interventions. The various factors and interventions that emerged were education and teaching, adults leading the way, activities and commitment as well as economic conditions. The result was analyzed on the basis of intergroup contact theory, which contain conditions for optimal intergroup contact and processes for attitude change.  A discussion was conducted regarding promotion of health, adult'spossibilities to affect children's peer friendshipsand the impact of the activity's set-up.

Orientador: Sônia Aparecida Moreira França / Banca: Maria Regina Ribeiro Salotti / Banca: Rossana Maria Seabra Sade / Resumo: Esse trabalho se concretiza a partir de encontros realizados com cinco alunos da APAE de Assis, São Paulo. Como estratégia de construção das relações, usamos o Acompanhamento Terapêutico e Grupos, entendendo-os como dispositivos de produção de processos de subjetivação. À medida que produzimos, com nosso trabalho, a visibilidade das linhas de força presentes em nossos encontros, também se constituíram as cartografias aqui desenhadas, evidenciando o regime da "Excepcionalidade" que os cinco participantes de nossa pesquisa estão vivendo, circunscritos ao espaço tutelar da APAE ou da família, os quais estabelecem com eles relações de tratamento. Assim, sempre que estas cartografias agiam em nossa relação, estrategicamente procurávamos produzir um desvio para que outras linhas de força entrassem em jogo e nos fosse possível a composição de novas cartografias. Esse acontecimento nos levou a desenhar uma outra forma de relação, a da amizade e do cuidado, num plano de imanência que passou a nos ofertar a sustentabilidade de outras narrativas que tivessem como referência o próprio sujeito, numa relação de pertença a si mesmo e ao mundo. / Abstract: This work concretizes itself trough the encounters accomplished with five students from Assis' APAE in the São Paulo state. As strategy of construction of the relationships, we used the Therapeutic Accompaniment and Groups, understanding them as devices of production of subjetivation processes. Whenever we produced with our work the visibility of the lines of force presents in our encounters, the cartographies were also drawn and constituted here, evidencing the regime of "Excepcionality" that the five participants of our research are living, bounded to the guardian space of APAE or of the family, establishing with them treatment relationships. Thus, whenever these cartographies acted in our relationship, tried to produce, strategically, a deviation toward other lines of force entered in game to the possible the composition of new cartographies. This event took us to draw another relationship form, the friendship and of the care, trough an immanence plan that passed to offert us the sustentability of others narratives that had as reference the own subject, in a belongings' relationship to himself and to the world. / Mestre

Cette recherche privilégie une approche interactionniste inscrite dans le champ de la psychologie sociale et du développement. Nous analysons le développement identitaire, les caractéristiques des relations d’amitié avec le meilleur ami et l’expérience de l’internat.L’étude est renseignée par 721 adolescents internes (261 garçons - 460 filles) scolarisés en Seconde et en Terminale dans des lycées publics (80,1%) et privés (19,9%) de la région Midi-Pyrénées.Six outils ont été utilisés pour recueillir les données : une échelle de l’identité DIDS (Dimension of Identity Development Scale - Luyckx et al., 2008), un questionnaire relatif au soutien psychologique (Mallet & Vrignaud, 2000), un questionnaire relatif à l’intimité (Sternberg, 1986) et un questionnaire sur l’expérience de l’internat conçu pour notre étude.Les résultats soulignent que l’amitié avec le copain, l’ami et le meilleur ami est basée sur la compréhension mutuelle et réciproque. Les résultats montrent l’importance de la place prise par le sujet dans les raisons qui président au choix de l’internat. Le choix personnel (choix de l’internat, choix de filières scolaires) s’oppose aux choix parentaux ou institutionnels. La construction identitaire se caractérise par une proportion plus élevée d’adolescents en diffusion identitaire qu’en réalisation identitaire et en moratoire. Nous n’avons pas montré de liens entre l’expérience de l’internat et la construction identitaire mais cette expérience est associée aux processus d’exploration de surface et aux identifications aux engagements. Les différentes formes de soutien et l’intimité sont associées au statut de la réalisation identitaire. / Our study aims to apprehend, in the context of boarding schools, the links between friendships and identity development. This research favours an interactionist approach grounded in the field of social and developmental psychology. We explore the identity development, the characteristics of friendships with the best friend and the experience of boarding school. The research has been conducted on 721 teenagers in boarding school (261 boys – 460 girls) in 10th and 12th grade enrolled in public (80.1%) and private (19.9%) schools in the Midi-Pyrenees’ region. Six tools have been used to collect data: an identity scale DIDS (Dimension of Identity Development Scale - Luyckx et al., 2008), a questionnaire relating to psychological support (Mallet & Vrignaud, 2000), a questionnaire on intimacy (Sternberg, 1986) and a questionnaire on the experience of boarding school designed for this study.The results underline that friendship with a good friend, a friend and the best friend is based on mutual and reciprocal understanding. The results show the importance of the subject’s place in the reasons guiding the choice of boarding school. The personal choice (choice of school, of academic courses) conflicts with the parental or institutional choice. The identity development is characterised by a higher proportion of teenagers in identity diffusion than in identity achievement and in moratorium. We have not demonstrated a link between the experience of boarding school and the identity development but this experience is associated with the process of exploration in breadth and the identification of commitments. The different forms of support and intimacy are linked to the status of identity development. This study, because of its exploratory nature and in view of the scarcity of other researches on its topic, encourages comparatives and longitudinal researches.

This study investigated friend influence on school engagement in a sample of 160 stable same-sex friendship dyads (94 female dyads and 66 male dyads) from five senior high schools and four vocational schools in a small city in central Finland. Longitudinal data were collected during the first and second years of upper secondary school, approximately one year apart, and self-reports were available from both members of each friendship dyad. The framework of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM; Kenny, Kashy & Cook, 2006) was used to estimate friend influence on school engagement in a model that did not distinguish same-sex friends, in a direct-effects model that distinguished friends based on relative levels of school burnout, and in a multiple-group model for distinguishable friends that investigated perceptions of maternal affection as a moderator of friend influence. Results suggest that the higher burnout partner in a friendship dyad influenced a decline in the lower burnout partner's school engagement only when the lower burnout partner perceived low maternal affection. When the lower burnout partner perceived high maternal affection, there was no evidence of negative influence by a higher burnout partner. Patterns of influence did not vary as a function of sex or school track. The importance of distinguishing friends on a theoretically and statistically meaningful basis to learn who influences whom, and of investigating indirect effects models when studying friend influence is also discussed. / by Donna Marion. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Denna studie har genom semistrukturerade parintervjuer syftat till att närmare fördjupa förståelsen för manlig samkönad vänskap och hur denna kan betraktas i förhållande till psykisk hälsa. Detta med bakgrund i en ökad psykisk ohälsa i Sverige och den könade statistik som visar hur män i lägre grad söker hjälp för sin psykiska ohälsa. I uppsatsen används ett genus- och maskulinitetsperspektiv med utgångspunkten att kön skapas inom sociala arenor, exempelvis en intervjusituation. Även de teoretiska begreppen homosocialitet och hegemonisk maskulinitet har använts som analysverktyg. Resultatet visar att män i nära vänskapspar betonar betydelsen av möjligheten att kommunicera sina känslor till varandra och att detta kan förstås som emotionell intimitet. Intimitet uppvisas även då männen beskriver uttryck för omsorg och trygghet. Därtill betonas vikten av öppenhet och ärlighet för en nära vänskapsrelation. Samtidigt visar studien på möjlig ambivalens gällande den emotionella dialogen då narrativet om vänskapsparets betydelse emellanåt kantas av emotionell distansering delvis i form av rationalisering. Distansering hos uppvisades även av männen genom att ta avstånd mot särskilda maskulinitetsnormer och ideal såsom exempelvis att vara känslokall och självständig. Vänskapsparen positionerar sig även i relation till den större umgängesgruppen där den senare ofta beskrivs i mer negativa ordalag av att vara högljudd och ytlig. I relation till detta spelar kvinnliga vänner dels rollen att undgå denna “grabbighet” och dels rollen att samtala om känslor och problem.

Esta tese apresenta uma investigação sobre a política potiguara e consiste no exame da constituição de posições diferenciadas como chefia e liderança e a política faccional. O eixo de abordagem adotado centra-se no papel da amizade, da camaradagem, da feitiçaria e da guerra de acusações nos processos sociopolíticos e no jogo político e faccional de englobamento das \" parentagens \" pelas \"turmas\". Ela está estruturada em três níveis de análise: o primeiro, focaliza a produção do parentesco e os regimes de territorialidade, com o objetivo de compreender a construção nativa sobre história e parentesco e as formas de uso do espaço pelos Potiguara, bem como a gestão das relações entre si e entre os outros. O segundo nível aprecia as formulações nativas acerca do idioma da mistura e o tema da civilização no enunciado potiguara sobre a temporalidade, pela análise do Censo Indígena de 2006, a fim de entender a \"etnosociologia\" nativa e, por conseguinte, os gradientes de classificação das relações com a alteridade. E o terceiro nível observa a construção da política partindo das concepções nativas de \"ser chefe\" e \"ser líder\" e tem como intenção delinear as elaborações acerca da ação e da representação política. Considerando os contextos de produção de chefes e líderes e das disputas faccionais, a compreensão da política, aqui proposta, explicita: o investimento na figura da unidade composta pela chefia que supõe o estabelecimento do domínio político e a definição da pessoa do chefe, como sujeito diferenciado, pelo acúmulo, potencialização e canalização das subjetividades, apropriação de relações, pessoas, bens e recursos do exterior; e o movimento de fazer e desfazer grupos, cuja ação política - do líder - tenta introduzir a multiplicidade e a heterogeneidade e revela a tendência a não-fixidez, a segmentaridade e a inclusão dos não-humanos, por meio da feitiçaria ou do catimbó, na vida social e na política entre humanos. / This thesis presents an investigation on the Potiguara policy and consists in examining the formation of different positions as chiefship and leadership and the factional politics. The line of approach adopted focuses on the role of friendship, fellowship, witchcraft and accusation conflicts in sociopolitical processes and in the political factional game of aggregations in \"kinship\" and \"groups\". It is structured in three analysis levels: The first focuses in the production of kinship and the regimes of territoriality, with the aim of understanding the native construction about history and kinship and how the area is used by the Potiguara, as well as the management of relations between themselves and others. The second level assesses the native formulations about the language of the mixture and the civilization theme in the Potiguara statement on temporality, by the analysis of the Indian Census in 2006, in order to understand the native ethno sociology, and therefore the gradients of classification of relations of otherness. And the third level observes the construction of the policy starting from the native conceptions of\" being chief\" and \"being a leader\" and is intended to outline the elaborations on the action and political representation. Considering the contexts of production of chiefs and leaders and factional disputes, the political comprehension, proposed here, explains: The investment figured in the composite unit by the leadership that assumes the establishment of the political field and the definition of the chief himself, as the subject differently, by accumulation, potentiating and canalizing of subjectivities, relations ownership, people, goods, and exterior resources; and the movement to make and unmake groups whose political action - of the leader - attempts to introduce the multiplicity and heterogeneity, and shows a tendency to non-fixity, the segmentarity and the inclusion of the non-human, by witchcraft and catimbó in social life and politics among humans.