The study of frustration has been of interest to various people including psychiatrists, psychologists, and educators for a number of years. These people have been interested in frustration because the complexity of our modern life has involved so many frustrating experiences. Frustration has been defined by Dollard (8, p. 7) as "an interference with the occurrence of an instigated goal response at its proper time." Ruch (21, p. 151) defined frustration as "the denial or thwarting by some obstacle which lies between a need and its goal . " These two definitions are in essence identical. The average person has many obstacles which block or thwart his goals daily. Some of these may be insignificant such as missing a bus, while others may be of utmost importance such as losing a job. Missing a bus may be annoying but it may be corrected by catching a later bus. Losing a job may be a very threatening experience which might affect a person's whole attitude toward life.

No description available.

No description available.

To determine whether incomplete reward reduction and reward increment would influence the "frustration effect" (FE) in double alleyway, rats were given 153 trials with 50% partial reward in Goalbox 1 with 4 or 12 pellets in Goalbox 1 and 4 or 12 pellets in Goalbox 2. On trials 106-153, the postshift phase, half of the rats in each group were shifted to a reward magnitude opposite to that previously received in Goalbox 1. During preshift, Alley 1 start and running speeds were inversely related to Goalbox 2 reward magnitude. The size of the FE was directly related to Goalbox 1 and Goalbox 2 reward magnitude. During postshift, Alley 1 running were inversely related to preshift Goalbox 1 reward magnitude. The size of the FE was directly related to Goalbox 1 and Goalbox 2 reward magnitude. The results were discussed in terms of Amsel's theory of frustration. / Master of Science

Nous présentons une étude par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) de l'azurite, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, un système de spins quantiques. Ce composé peut être modélisé comme une chaine quasi-unidimensionnelle, frustrée, ‘de type diamant', de spins électroniques S=1/2 portés par les ions de cuivre Cu2+. Il présente dans sa courbe de l'aimantation en fonction du champ magnétique, entre 11 et 30 T et à très basse température, un plateau à 1/3 de l'aimantation à saturation. Nous avons effectué des mesures RMN du cuivre dans l'azurite à T=1.5 K afin de déterminer sa structure magnétique microscopique. Les résultats obtenus dans le plateau démontrent que le ‘dimère' des deux spins qui sont plus fortement couplés est approximativement dans l'état singulet, tandis que le troisième spin (le ‘monomère') est presque complètement polarisé. Cela confirme que la configuration électronique du plateau à 1/3 est un nouvel état quantique qui n'a pas d'équivalent classique [F. Aimo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 127205, (2009)]. Par RMN du proton à très haut champ magnétique, entre 31 et 34 T à T=0.6 K, nous avons aussi étudié le passage depuis le plateau à 1/3 vers la polarisation complète du système, afin de confirmer ou infirmer l'existence éventuelle d'un plateau à 2/3. Ce plateau est attendu dans le cas exceptionnel où les corrélations longitudinales de spins sont dominantes et stabilisent un ordre incommensurable longitudinal. L'analyse détaillée du dédoublement très symétrique des spectres RMN nous amène à conclure que c'est un ordre antiferromagnétique transverse et non longitudinal qui est établi, ce qui est incompatible avec l'existence du plateau à 2/3. / We present a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) study of azurite, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, a quantum spin system. This compound has been recognised as a model system for a quasi-1D, frustrated, ‘diamond' chain of S=1/2 spins beared by Cu2+ ions. In the magnetisation curve as a function of magnetic field it presents, between 11 and 30 T and at very low temperatures, a plateau at 1/3 of the saturation magnetisation. We performed Cu NMR measurements in azurite at T=1.5 K in order to determine its microscopic magnetic structure. The obtained results show that the ‘dimer' of two more strongly coupled spins is approximately in a singlet state while the third spin (the ‘monomer') is almost fully polarised. This confirms that the electronic configuration of the 1/3 plateau is a new quantum state without classical analogue [F. Aimo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 127205, (2009)]. By very high magnetic field proton NMR, between 31 and 34 T and at T=0.6 K, we have also studied the transition region between the 1/3 plateau and the full polarisation of the system in order to test for the possible existence of a 2/3 plateau. This plateau is expected in rather exceptional case when longitudinal spin correlations are dominant and stabilise an incommensurable longitudinal order. However, our analysis showed that the symmetric splitting of NMR spectra corresponds to an antiferromagnetic transverse and not longitudinal order, which is incompatible with the existence of a 2/3 plateau.

With some help of a few interviews, with children, and some staff members, in two different schools, I hope to answer the question: if the picture of the operation, that the children and the staff are having, has some similarities, and I will try to compare these pictures with what some legal documents such as Lgr 11 and Kvalitet I Fritidshem is saying about daycare opera-tions? To be able to run a successful daycare center, is never an easy thing. The key to success is to make parties, like the staff, children and their parents to feel happiness, when it comes to things around and about the daycare center. The result shows that both the children and the staff are expressing a frustration around the daycare operation, because they feel that there being wrongly answered, by a higher authority. The children are frustrated of how the staff is answering them about different things and the staff is frustrated about how the headmasters are answering them. The staff has some improvements to do, when it comes to their commu-nication between them, about their answering of the children. It is obvious that the pictures that the staff is having of the operation, doesn’t always match the pictures that the children have of the same reality.

La frustration est un concept physique qui apparaît lorsque toutes les interactions d'un système ne peuvent être satisfaites en même temps. La glace de spins artificielle est un exemple de système magnétique frustré par la compétition entre interactions dipolaires. Jusqu'ici, les propriétés de ce métamatériau ont été étudiées à l'aide de techniques microscopiques. Ces dernières ne permettent qu'un accès limité à la dynamique du système. Cette dernière pourrait être étudiée par les techniques de diffusion qui ont une meilleure résolution temporelle.La diffusion magnétique résonante des rayons-x mous (SXRMS) est une technique qui a une résolution spatiale comparable avec les tailles standards de la glace de spins artificielle. Le but de cette thèse est de démontrer que cette technique peut apporter des informations intéressantes sur l'organisation magnétique. Elle est organisée en deux parties principales. Tout d'abord, la fabrication d'échantillon est décrite étape par étape. Ensuite, les études de la glace de spins carrée et kagome sont présentées. Des signaux d'origine magnétique ont été enregistré qui apportent une vision de l'organisation magnétique. L'interprétation de ces signaux est complexe à cause de l'espace réciproque. Le dernier chapitre présente une série de mesures utilisant des techniques non-microscopiques sur des systèmes avec des fluctuations magnétiques.Les différentes études présentées montrent que non seulement la glace de spin artificielle peut être étudiée par la diffusion et les autres techniques apportent des informations sur le système. Cette thèse ouvre la voie à des techniques plus avancées comme, dans le domaine des rayons X, l'illumination de l'échantillon avec un faisceau cohérent. Le travail présenté est par conséquent une première étape vers l'étude de la dynamique dans la glace de spins artificielle. / Frustration is a concept in physics which appears when all interactions in a system cannot be satisfied at the same time. Artificial spin ice is an example of a magnetic system that is frustrated by the competition between the dipolar interactions. So far, the properties of this metamaterial has been studied by means of microscopic techniques with the disadvantage of a limited dynamical range. At a time when dimensions of the nanomagnets allow the access to fast dynamics using magnetic fluctuations, the time-resolution of scattering techniques could make them relevant for such studies.Soft x-ray resonant magnetic scattering (SXRMS) is a magnetic-sensitive technique with a resolution compatible with the dimensions of artificial spin ice. The scope of this thesis is to demonstrate that SXRMS can bring relevant information about the magnetic organisation in artificial spin ice. It is organized in two parts. The fabrication of scattering-compatible artificial spin ice samples is described step by step. Then, the studies of both artificial square and kagome spin ice are presented. Signals of magnetic origin have been recorded, bringing insights in the magnetic organization of the system. While most of the studies have been performed on static systems, a small chapter is presenting a serie of studies using non-microscopic techniques which include systems with fluctuating magnetic moments.The different studies performed within this thesis demonstrate that artificial spin ice can not only be studied by microscopy techniques, but that scattering and non-microscopic methods are also relevant. In particular, it opens the way to more advanced experiments such as, in the x-ray domain, the illumination of the system with a coherent beam in order to resolve the nature of the very short magnetic correlations using x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy technique. The presented work is therefore a first step toward the study of dynamics in artificial spin ice.

E-sport är vid början av 2020-talet en mer accepterad sport än tidigare i historien och har nått en sådan kommersiell nivå att spelare i toppskiktet kan livnära sig på det. I takt med att spelen blivit mer tävlingsinriktade samt upptar en stor del av mångas tid har oron över spel och spelmiljöers potentiella psykologiska effekter aktualiserats. E-sportmiljöerna har ryktet att framkalla negativa emotionella tillstånd, såsom nedstämdhet, frustration och ilska. Syftet med studien är att genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer undersöka de negativa emotioner som upplevs i det sociala samspelet i online-spelet League of Legends samt hur de hanteras av individen. Studien består av 10 intervjuer. Urvalet var begränsat till individer som spelade minst 4 timmar i veckan och som hade erfarenhet av aktiva och medvetna försök att hantera frustrationer som uppstår i spelandet. Studien utgår från en socialpsykologisk ansats genom teorier om bland annat aggression, social påverkan och emotionshantering. Studiens resultat visar att spelets tävlingsinriktade utformning samt möjligheten av att vara anonym påverkar det emotionella tillståndet samt beteendet negativt. Social påverkan genom kommunikation och samarbete upplevde intervjupersonerna som en betydande faktor för det emotionella tillståndet. Frustration fick ofta utlopp genom aggressivitet riktad mot andra och sig själv. Metoder för att hantera emotionella tillstånd innefattar kognitiva omvärderingar och undvikande av negativa situationer. / E-sports are at the beginning of the 2020s more accepted sports than earlier in history and has reached such a commercial level that players at the top layer can earn their livelihood from it. As the games have become more competitive and constitutes a more significant part of many people's time, the concern for the E-sports-environment´s potential psychological effects has been brought to the fore. E-sports-environments have the reputation to induce negative emotional conditions such as malaise, frustration or anger. The purpose of this study is to through qualitative semi-structured interviews examine the negative emotions experienced in the social interplay in the online game League of Legends as well as how the individual handles such emotions. The study consists of 10 interviews. Selection criteria for the study is limited to individuals who played at least 4 hours per week and had experience of active attempts to manage game related frustration. The study is based on a social-psychological approach using theories about aggression, social influence and emotional regulation. The result of the study shows that the games competitive design as well as the possibility to be anonymous negatively affects the emotions and behavior of the player. Social influence through communication and cooperation was experienced by the interviewees as aconsiderable factor for the emotional condition. Frustration often led to aggression towards ohers and oneself. Methods for regulating emotional conditions include cognitive revaluations and avoidance of negative situations.

L’étude de l’état fondamental liquide de spins est un des domaines très actif de la recherche en matière condensée. Le réseau le plus à même de stabiliser un tel état fondamental semble être, à deux dimensions, le réseau kagomé de spins antiferromagnétiques 1/2. Il y a à présent un consensus théorique sur le fait que ce modèle stabilise un état fondamental liquide de spin. Cependant, la nature de cet état est encore inconnue, notamment la nature des corrélations. Nous ne savons toujours pas si ces dernières sont à courte portée avec un gap dans le spectre d’excitations, ou si elles sont à plus longue portée avec un spectre d’excitations sans gap. D’un point de vue expérimental il n’existe que très peu de matériaux et seul l’Herbertsmithite présente un réseau kagomé de spins 1/2 géométriquement parfait. Les différentes études réalisées sur ce composé pointent toutes vers un état liquide de spin sans gap mais révèlent aussi des déviations à l’hamiltonien de Heisenberg qui pourraient être responsables de la fermeture de ce gap.Cette thèse traite de l’étude expérimentale principalement par RMN et µSR de nouveaux composés kagomé à base de vanadium faisant partie d’une famille récemment synthétisée, les vanadates fluorés à géométrie kagomé. Le matériau que nous avons le plus étudié est un composé à réseau kagomé de spins 1/2 à base de V4+, (NH4)2[C7H14N][V7O6F18] (DQVOF). Le modèle magnétique de ce composé peut être décomposé en deux sous systèmes presque indépendants, des plans kagomé trimérisés isolés et des ions V3+ quasi paramagnétiques. Les études de µSR démontrent une absence de gel magnétique jusqu’à 20 mK donc un état liquide de spins dans DQVOF. Les études de chaleur spécifique et de RMN dévoilent un comportement liquide de spin sans gap malgré la trimérisation du réseau et la faible valeur supposée de l’interaction Dzyaloshinskii Moriya. Nos résultats montrent finalement que l’absence de gap, intrinsèque ou due à des déviations à l’hamiltonien idéal, est une caractéristique robuste des matériaux kagomé. Nous avons de plus étudié un second matériau de cette famille, (NH4)2[C2H8N][V3F12] (DDVF), dont le réseau magnétique est formé par des plans kagomé découplés entre eux à base de V3+ (S = 1). Ce réseau présente de fortes distorsions par rapport au réseau idéal et les expériences thermodynamiques et de µSR mettent en évidence une transition magnétique vers un état gelé à 10 K avec une mise en ordre à longue distance qui s’effectue à 6 K uniquement. / The search for quantum liquid state is a very active field in condensed matter research. In two dimensions, the antiferromagnetic spin 1/2 kagome lattice seems to be the most able to stabilize such a ground state. Indeed, from recent theoretical investigations, we are now quite sure that this model has a quantum spin liquid ground state. However, we still do not know its nature, in particular the nature of its correlations. They could be short ranged with a gap in the excitation spectrum, or long ranged with a gapless excitation spectrum. On the experimental side, only few materials exist and only one possesses a geometrically perfect lattice, the Herbertsmithite. All the experiments that have been done on this compound reveal a gapless spin liquid state along with deviations to the spin 1/2 Heisenberg hamiltonian which could be responsible of the gap closure.This thesis deals with the experimental study, mainly by NMR and µSR, of new vanadium based kagomé compounds which are part of a newly synthesized family, the kagome fluoride vanadates. The material that we studied the most is a spin 1/2 kagomé compound based on V4+, (NH4)2[C7H14N][V7O6F18] (DQVOF). The magnetic model of this compound can be decomposed in two rather independent parts, trimerized kagome planes and quasi paramagnetic V3+ ions. The µSR studies, showing the absence of frozen moment down to 20 mK, reveal a spin liquid ground state in DQVOF. The heat capacity and the NMR experiments point out a gapless behavior despite trimerization and likely weak Dzyaloshinskii Moriya interactions. Our results demonstrate that the gapless ground state, whether intrinsic or due to deviation to the ideal hamiltonian, is a rather robust characteristic of kagome materials.Furthermore, we studied another compound of this family, (NH4)2[C2H8N][V3F12] (DDVF), which magnetic lattice is made of uncoupled kagomé planes based on V3+ (S = 1). The lattice shows large deviations to the ideal kagomé and the thermodynamic experiments and the µSR studies reveal a magnetic transition to a frozen state at 10 K with a long distance order which is effective only below 6 K.

Bakgrund: Misstanke om angina är vanligt förekommande, och utreds ofta med kranskärlsröntgen. Det är visserligen känns att dessa patienter lider av oro, ovisshet och försämrad livskvalitet men kunskap behövs om varför patienter blir besvikna över ett normalt undersökningsfynd. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva upplevelser hos patienter som uttrycker en besvikelse över att kranskärlsröntgen visar normala kärl eller inte förklarar patientens symtom samt beskriva vad känslan av besvikelse grundar sig i. Metod: En empirisk studie med beskrivande design och kvalitativ ansats. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med patienter med misstänkt angina. Data har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Huvudresultat: Deltagarna uttryckte en besvikelse över att inte få veta vad deras besvär beror på och över att kranskärlsröntgen inte visade på något som behövde och kunde åtgärdas, vilket hade kunnat bidra till förbättrat välbefinnande och en förbättrad fysisk förmåga. Deltagarna beskrev en förlust och saknad över att inte kunna leva det aktiva liv som de gjort tidigare, vilket tolkas ligga till grund för de förväntningar och reaktioner som deltagarna uttrycker. Upplevda begränsningar, oro och ovisshet leder till psykisk lidande, i form av frustration, nedstämdhet, uppgivenhet, och en känsla av hopplöshet. Detta leder till förväntningar på att få svar och hopp om åtgärd. Slutsats: Sjukvården kanske inte alltid kan minska patienternas grad av begränsningar, men genom relevant och anpassad information, kan vi ge patienterna rimliga förväntningar och till viss del kanske minska graden av besvikelse. Genom tydliga besked, stöd, och uppföljning kan vi förhoppningsvis minska patienternas psykiska lidande och känsla av ovisshet. / Background: Suspicion of angina are common, and often investigated with coronary angiography. Although it´s known that these patients suffer from anxiety, uncertainty and impaired QoL, knowledge is needed as to why patients are disappointed with normal examination findings. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe experiences in patients who express disappointment over the fact that coronary angiography shows normal vessels or don´t explain the patient's symptoms, and to describe what the feeling of disappointment is based on. Method: An empirical study with descriptive design and qualitative approach. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients with suspected angina. Data have been analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Main results: The participants expressed disappointment of not knowing what causes their problems and that coronary angiography did not reveal something that needed or could be fixed, which could have contributed to improved well-being and improved physical ability. The participants described a loss of not being able to live the active life that they´ve been used to, which interpreted to be the cause of their expressed expectations and reactions. Their experienced limitations, anxiety and uncertainty lead to mental suffering, frustration, depression, despair, and a feeling of hopelessness. This leads to expectations of getting answers and hope of treatment. Conclusion: Healthcare may not always be able to reduce patients' degree of limitation, but through relevant and customized information, we can give patients reasonable expectations and to some extent perhaps reduce the degree of disappointment. Through clear messages, support, and follow-up, we can hopefully reduce patients' mental suffering and feelings of uncertainty.