Patterns in 0+ fish distribution along longitudinal and depth profiles were studied in five canyon-shaped reservoirs in the Czech Republic. In two canyon-shaped and one shallow well-mixed reservoirs the efficiency of fry trawls was investigated during late summer for juveniles and in one canyon-shaped reservoir the efficiency of ichthyoplankton trawls was investigated during spring for larvae and early juveniles.

The present study aimed at examining both vocal and laryngeal changes caused by the vocal fry in five female subjects without vocal complaints, signs nor symptoms, with no report of previous voice therapy, and free of inflammatory or allergic processes at the moment of assessment. Initially, a digital recording of sustained emission of /a/ vowel and a recording of a videostroboscopic examination of larynx were performed. Soon after this procedure, the subjects did the vocal fry, in three series of 15 repetitions, with a 30-second interval of passive rest between the series, when the subjects should remain in absolute silence. Immediately after that, both the laryngeal examination and the recording of the vocal emission with the same phonatory task were carried out again. Both laryngeal and vocal data found prior to and after the technique were submitted to acoustic, perceptive-auditive, and videostroboscopic analyses. The perceptive-auditive analysis as well as the videostroboscopic one were performed by six judges (three speech and language pathologists especialized in voice, and three otorhinolaryngologist, respectively). The acoustic analysis was generated by the Multi Speech program of Kay Elemetrics. The analysis of results showed the following effects of the vocal fry: improved vibration of the mucosa of the vocal folds, particularly as to width and symmetry of vibration; improved or sustained voice type and pitch; improved or sustained parameters related to jitter and shimmer as well as the index that suggests glottic noise, suggesting decreased noise; improved index of mild phonation, suggesting greater balance of the degree of coaptation strength and completion of vocal folds closure; sustained or worsened vocal quality and resonance focus, with laryngopharyngeal prevalence; decreased fundamental frequency; and increased frequency variation and width, suggesting phonatory unstableness. Thus, in this study, it was concluded that the vocal fry had a positive effect on the vibration of the mucosa of the vocal folds andon the voice noise as well, and a negative effect on the voice resonance and stability. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar as mudanças vocais e laríngeas ocasionadas pelo som basal em cinco indivíduos adultos do sexo feminino sem queixas, sinais e sintomas vocais e laríngeos, sem relato de terapia vocal anterior e livres de quadro inflamatório ou alérgico no momento da avaliação. Inicialmente, realizou-se gravação digital da emissão sustentada da vogal /a/ e gravação do exame videolaringoestroboscópico da laringe. Imediatamente após, os sujeitos realizaram a técnica do som basal durante três séries de 15 repetições. Em seguida, realizaram-se novamente o exame laríngeo e a gravação da emissão vocal com a mesma tarefa fonatória. Os dados laríngeos e vocais pré e pós-realização da técnica foram submetidos às análises acústica, perceptivo-auditiva e videolaringoestroboscópica, sendo as duas últimas realizadas por seis juízes (três fonoaudiólogas especialistas em voz e três otorrinolaringologistas, respectivamente). A análise acústica foi gerada pelo programa Multi Speech, da Kay Elemetrics. A análise dos resultados evidenciou que o som basal propiciou: melhora da vibração da mucosa das pregas vocais, mais especificamente quanto à amplitude e simetria de vibração; melhora ou manutenção do tipo de voz e do pitch; melhora ou manutenção dos parâmetros relacionados ao jitter e shimmer (PPQ e APQ) e do índice que sugere ruído glótico (NHR), sugerindo diminuição do ruído; melhora do índice de fonação suave (SPI), sugerindo maior equilíbrio do grau de força de coaptação e da completude de fechamento das pregas vocais; manutenção ou piora da qualidade vocal e do foco ressonantal, com predomínio laringofaríngeo;diminuição da freqüência fundamental; e aumento da variação da freqüência (vf0) e amplitude (vAm), sugerindo instabilidade fonatória. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que, neste estudo, o som basal promoveu um efeito positivo sobre a vibração da mucosa das pregas vocais e sobre o ruído na voz, e um efeito negativo sobre a ressonância e a estabilidade da voz.

This study aimed at describing the vocal acoustic characteristics and analyzing the velopharyngeal closing during vocal fry, comparing it with the emission in modal register of male adult patients with post-foramen cleft, surgically repaired. Material and Methods: It was carried out through Case Studies with four adult men, volunteers, with post-foramen cleft surgically repaired. The voice sample and the images of the velopharyngeal sphincter (VPS) were collected through nasopharyngoscopy, during the emission of the vowel /a/ in modal and vocal fry register. Then, the images of VPS in the two registers were assessed by otorhinolaryngology judges in terms of kind of closure and level of movement of structures involved in the closing. The voice of each participant, in vocal fry and modal register, were acoustically analyzed based on Multi Dimensional Voice Program (analysis of glottic source) and Real-Time Spectrogram (spectrographic analysis), both by Kay Elemetrics Corp., using speech-language pathologists as judges to assess the data from the spectrographs. Results: Through the spectrographic analysis of vocal fry we found: decrease of intensity, of definition and of band spectrography in some formants, decrease of the intensity of the entire spectrum, and a slight increase of noise in high frequencies and increase of the damping effect. According to the analysis of the glottic source, in the vocal fry, there were: fundamental frequency in the modal voice register and it was higher if compared to the emission in the modal register; a significant increase of the measures that show the variation of frequency and amplitude; a significant increase in most of the jitter and shimmer measures; increase in noise measure, voice break, unvoiced segment and vocal tremor; and soft phonation index (SPI) significantly decreased. Through the analysis of the images and the analysis of the VPS it was found that if compared to the modal register, the emission in fry kept the movement of the lateral pharyngeal walls, balanced the movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall, reduced slightly the movement of the velum palatinum, and emphasized the Passavant s ridge. Conclusions: Based on the findings of the acoustic analysis, it was showed the high instability and the noise in the fry emission, as well as its weak intensity and diminished transglottic air flow. Besides this, the analysis of the images and of VPS showed that the kind of velopharyngeal closure did not change among most of the participants if compared the modal register and the vocal fry, presenting changes in the level of movement of the structures involved. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos descrever as características acústicas da voz e analisar o fechamento velofaríngeo, durante a realização do som basal, comparando-o com a emissão em registro modal, de pacientes adultos masculinos, portadores de fissura palatina pós-forame reparada cirurgicamente. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada através de Estudo de Casos com quatro homens adultos, voluntários, portadores de fissura palatina pós-forame, reparada cirurgicamente. A coleta da voz e a obtenção das imagens do esfíncter velofaríngeo (EVF), através de nasofaringoscopia, foram realizadas durante a emissão da vogal /a/ em registro modal e basal. Posteriormente, as imagens do EVF, nos dois registros, foram julgadas por juízes otorrinolaringologistas quanto ao tipo de fechamento realizado e quanto ao grau de movimentação das estruturas envolvidas no fechamento. As vozes de cada sujeito, em registro basal e em modal, foram analisadas acusticamente através dos programas Multi Dimensional Voice Program (análise da fonte glótica) e Real-Time Spectrogram (análise espectrográfica), ambos da Kay Elemetrics Corp., utilizando-se juízas fonoaudiólogas para a avaliação dos dados das espectrografias. Resultados: Através da análise espectrográfica do basal encontrou-se como resultados: decréscimo de intensidade, de definição e de largura de banda de alguns formantes, da intensidade de todo o espectro, e discreto aumento do ruído nas altas freqüências e do efeito damping. Pela análise da fonte glótica, no basal, encontrou-se: frequência fundamental dentro da faixa do registro modal de fala e aumentada quando comparada à emissão para comparação em registro modal; grande aumento das medidas que evidenciam variação de freqüências e de amplitude; maioria das medidas de jitter e de shimmer significativamente aumentadas; medidas de ruído, de quebras de voz, de segmentos não sonorizados e de tremor aumentadas; e índice de fonação suave (SPI) significativamente diminuído. Por meio da análise das imagens do EVF, obteve-se como resultados que, quando comparada com o registro modal, a emissão em registro basal manteve o movimento das paredes laterais da faringe, estabilizou o movimento da parede posterior da faringe, diminuiu discretamente o movimento do véu palatino, e evidenciou a Prega de Passavant. Conclusões: Pôde-se evidenciar, através dos resultados da análise acústica, a alta instabilidade e presença de ruído da emissão em registro basal, assim como sua fraca intensidade e diminuído fluxo aéreo transglótico. Concluiu-se, ainda, através da análise das imagens do EVF, que o tipo de fechamento velofaríngeo se manteve na maioria dos sujeitos, quando comparado o registro modal com o registro basal, havendo modificações do grau de movimentação das estruturas envolvidas.

No description available.

1 Abstract The present thesis is concerned with the study of creaky voice and its communicative functions in audio-visual presentation of a brand. This study analyzes nineteen videos that were part of the Sign On campaign produced by Greenpeace in 2009. The main purpose of this thesis is to measure the level of creaky voice in communicative functions. The communicative functions presented in this study are based on the model of Roman Jakobson (1960) and some new functions are proposed as addition to the model. One of the predictions of this thesis is that functions that are emotionally loaded will be comparatively more creaky and this prediction is partially met. Secondly, it was expected to see the same order of the communicative functions based on their level of creakiness among different groups of speakers. This expectation was not met and the possible reasons for the findings are discussed. This thesis uses only acoustic measurements for the comparison of the communicative functions based on their levels of creaky voice. Finally, this thesis discusses the possibilities and current limitations of acoustic methods used for detection of creaky phonation. Keywords: creaky voice, vocal fry, laryngealization, communicative functions, F0, HNR, H1-H2, antimode

Daily demands for electrical power are met through sub-daily release of turbined water in the form of hydropeaking. Hydropeaking’s changes to stream flow are listed as a threat to biodiversity in river ecosystems as it causes rapid habitat alteration such as increased depth and velocity, affecting the species living downstream. The brown trout and landlocked salmon populations in Gullspång River, Sweden, are threatened and subjects to the hydropeaking regime. This study investigated the effects of hydropeaking in summertime (summer peaks) in Gullspång River on growth and survival of age 0 (fry) and age 1 (parr) brown trout and Atlantic salmon. The study used an individual-based model (inSTREAM 7.2-SD) to predict how different peak scenarios would affect the different species and age groups. A previous study’s parameters and model calibration for the study area were used, and I manipulated the flow time-series to create new flow time-series including three single peaking scenarios on different dates during summer, one multiple summer peak scenario as well as a no-peak (steady flow) scenario. The analysis focused on qualitative patterns in how the populations responded to the various flow scenarios. Age 0 salmon’s growth and survival were negatively affected by all peaking scenarios in comparison to the steady flow scenario, with the combined peaking scenario having the worst effect. Age 0 trout survival was either unaffected by single peaking (Scenario 1 & 2) or negatively affected (Scenario 3) and was also worst affected by the combined peaks compared to steady flow. Age 1 survival of both species was positively affected by the combined peaking but either unaffected (Scenario 1 & 2) or negatively (Scenario 3) affected by single peaks compared to the steady flow scenario. Age 1 growth followed a similar trend with highest growth rate in the combined peaks scenario and the lowest in the steady flow for both species. Results of the study may contribute to river management decisions regarding choice of peaking period depending on management goals regarding target species and life cycle stage. / Dagliga efterfrågan av elektricitet tillgodoses genom daglig korttidsreglering avvattenkraftverk där vatten flödar genom turbinerna. Korttidsreglering är listat somett av de större hoten mot den biologiska mångfalden i floders ekosystem då det ledertill snabba habitatförändringar som ökat djup och flödeshastighet, vilket påverkararterna som lever nedströms. Gullspångsälvens bestånd av öring och lax är hotadeoch utsätts för korttidsreglering som nyttjas i älven. Den här studien undersöktekorttidsregleringens påverkan under sommartid (sommartoppar) i Gullspångsälvenpå tillväxt och överlevnad hos ålder 0 (yngel) och ålder 1 (parr) öring och atlantlax.Studien använde en individbaserad modell (inSTREAM 7.2-SD) för att förutspå hurscenarion med olika toppar påverkar de olika arterna samt åldersgrupperna. Entidigare studies parametrar och kalibrering av modellen för studieområdet användesoch jag ändrade flödestidsserierna för att skapa nya flödestidsserier vilket1inkluderade tre enstaka sommartoppar vid olika datum under sommaren, ettkombinerat sommartoppscenario samt ett scenario utan topp (stadigt flöde).Analysen fokuserade på kvalitativa mönster bland populationernas respons till deolika flödestoppscenarion. 0-laxens tillväxt och överlevnad var negativt påverkad avalla flödestoppscenarion i jämförelse med det stadiga flödesscenariot, där detkombinerade flödesscenariot resulterade i en värsta påverkan. 0-öringens överlevnadvar antingen opåverkad (Scenario 1 & 2) eller negativt påverkad (Scenario 3) avenstaka flödestoppar samt också värst påverkad av det kombinerade flödesscenariot ijämförelse med det stadiga flödet. Överlevnaden hos ålder 1 av båda arter blevpositivt påverkad av det kombinerade flödescenariot men var antingen opåverkad(Scenario 1 & 2) eller negativt påverkad (Scenario 3) av de enstaka flödestopparnajämfört med det stadiga flödet. Tillväxten hos ålder 1 av båda arter följde ett liknandemönster där störst tillväxt uppmättes i det kombinerade scenariot och den lägstatillväxten i det stadiga flödesscenariot. Studiens resultat kan bidra tillförvaltningsbeslut gällande älvar när det kommer till utformningen av flödestoppar,beroende på vilka förvaltningsmål som finns för arter och dess livscykelstadium.

No description available.

Examination of variation at polymorphic microsatellite loci is a widely accepted method for determining parentage and examining genetic diversity within rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) breeding programs. Genotyping costs are considerable; therefore, we developed a single-step method of co-amplifying twelve microsatellite loci in two hexaplex reactions. The protocol is explicitly described to ensure reproducible results. I applied the protocol to samples previously analyzed at the National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture (NCCCWA) with previously reported marker sets for a comparison of results. Each marker within the multiplex system was evaluated for duplication, null alleles, physical linkage, and probability of genotyping errors. Data from four of the 12 markers were excluded from parental analysis based on these criteria. Parental assignments were compared to those of a previous study that used five independently amplified microsatellites. Percentages of progeny assigned to parents were higher using the subset of eight markers from the multiplex system than with five markers used in the previous study (98% vs. 92%). Through multiplexing, use of additional markers improved parental allocation while also improving efficiency by reducing the number of PCR reactions and genotyping runs required. I evaluated the methods further through estimation of F-statistics, pairwise genetic distances, and cluster analysis among brood-years at the NCCCWA facility. These estimates were compared to those from nine independently amplified microsatellites used in a previous study. Fst metrics calculated between brood-years showed similar values of genetic differentiation using both marker sets. Estimates of individual pairwise genetic distances were used for constructing neighbor-joining trees. Both marker-sets yielded trees that showed similar subpopulation structuring and agreed with results from a model-based cluster analysis and available pedigree information. These approaches for detecting population substructure and admixture portions within individuals are particularly useful for new breeding programs where the founders' relatedness is unknown. The 2005 NCCCWA brood-year (75 full-sib families) was challenged with Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD). The overall mortality rate was 70%, with large variation among families. Resistance to the disease was assessed by monitoring post-challenge days-to-death. Phenotypic variation and additive genetic variation were estimated using mixed models of survival analysis. The microsatellite markers used were previously isolated from BAC clones that harbor genes of interest and mapped onto the rainbow trout genetic linkage map. A general relationship between UBA gene sequence types and MH-IA-linked microsatellite alleles indicated that microsatellites mapped near or within specific major histocompatibility (MH) loci reliably mark sequence variation at MH genes. The parents and grandparents of the 2005 brood-year families were genotyped with markers linked to the four MH genomic regions (MH-IA, MH-IB, TAP1, and MH-II) to assess linkage disequilibrium (LD) between those genomic regions and resistance to BCWD. Family analysis suggested that MH-IB and MH-II markers are linked to BCWD survivability. Tests for disease association at the population level substantiated the involvement of MH-IB with disease resistance. The impact of MH sequence variation on selective breeding for disease resistance is discussed in the context of aquaculture production. / Master of Science

The global mean temperature is predicted to increase by up to 5 °C during this century. For fish, being ectotherms, temperature is one of the most important environmental factors, influencing them in a number of different ways, including effects on physiological traits, timing of life history events and behavior. Atlantic salmon has been shown to grow faster after being incubated at warmer temperatures. One possible explanation for this could be that the increased incubation temperature causes decreased metabolic rates. The aim of this project was to examine whether this is true. Atlantic salmon eggs were incubated in three different temperature regimes: natural temperature conditions, heated water and a mixed temperature treatment, where eggs were incubated in increased temperature until the beginning of January and after that subjected to natural temperature conditions. Ventilation rate, a proxy for metabolism, was measured for fish from each treatment group, as well as fish length and weight. The results revealed significantly lower ventilation rates of the fish from the heated temperature treatment, but not of the fish from the mixed temperature treatment. This suggests that an increased incubation temperature causes lowered rates of metabolism in Atlantic salmon, and that the change occurs later than early January. Because of differences in size and life stage between fish from the different groups however, the results are uncertain and call for further investigations. A lowered metabolic rate will affect the fish’s behavior. A further development might therefore be to study fish survival in the wild in relation to a fish’s metabolic rate. / Jordens medeltemperatur beräknas öka med upp till 5 °C det här århundradet. För fiskar, som är ektotermer, är temperatur en av de viktigaste abiotiska faktorerna och påverkar dem på en mängd olika sätt, bland annat genom förändring av fysiologiska attribut, tidpunkter för steg i livscykeln och beteende. Lax har visats växa snabbare efter att ha blivit inkuberade i varmare vattentemperatur. En möjlig förklaring till det kan vara att en förhöjd inkuberingstemperatur orsakar en lägre metabolism. Det här projektet syftade till att undersöka om så är fallet. Ägg från lax inkuberades i tre olika temperaturförhållanden: naturliga temperaturförhållanden, förhöjd temperatur och en blandad temperaturbehandling, där ägg inkuberades i förhöjd temperatur till början av januari, varefter de utsattes för naturliga temperaturförhållanden. Gälslagsfrekvens, som fungerar som en indikator för metabolism, mättes på fisk från varje behandlingsgrupp, samt fiskarnas längd och vikt. Resultaten visade signifikant lägre gälslagsfrekvenser hos fiskarna från behandlingen med förhöjd temperatur, men inte hos fiskarna från behandlingen med blandad temperatur. Detta indikerar att en förhöjd inkuberingstemperatur orsakar en lägre metabolism hos lax, och att förändringen sker senare än tidiga januari. På grund av skillnader i storlek och livsstadier hos fiskarna från de olika grupperna är resultaten dock osäkra, vilket gör att ytterligare studier behövs. En lägre ämnesomsättning påverkar fiskars beteende. En uppföljning kan därför vara att studera fiskars överlevnad i det vilda i relation till deras metabolism.

A mudança nos hábitos dos brasileiros, optando por consumir alimentos prontos, tem estimulado o crescimento das indústrias nacionais. Neste cenário, o processamento industrial da batata é uma forma de agregação de valor à hortaliça e retorno financeiro ao produtor, visto que a matéria-prima destinada à indústria apresenta maior valor no mercado. O segmento da batata-palha, por exigir baixo investimento, tem se fortalecido. Porém, para sua consolidação é imprescindível o desenvolvimento de pesquisas visando ampliar as alternativas de materiais genéticos disponíveis aos produtores e processadores de batata-palha. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico e industrial de cultivares de batata em três ambientes de cultivo nas condições edafoclimáticas do Sul do estado de Minas Gerais; avaliando o desempenho destas quanto a produtividade e adequação ao processamento na forma de batatapalha. As cultivares avaliadas foram: Caruso, Destiny, Excelence, Fontane, Markies e Saviola. O experimento foi conduzido no período de dezembro de 2012 a maio de 2013, nas condições ambientais de Gonçalves, Lambari e Nova Resende. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (cultivares), quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas características de produção total, comercial, de tubérculos grandes, médios, pequenos e porcentagem de refugos em relação à produção total; de qualidade para fritura como conteúdo de matéria seca e de açúcares redutores, rendimento de fritura, cor após a fritura e a absorção de gordura pela batata frita e aplicados os testes sensoriais afetivo de aceitação através de escala hedônica estruturada e de preferência por ordenação. Observou-se diferença no desempenho das cultivares entre os ambientes de cultivo. \'Caruso\' e \'Destiny\' foram as que mais se destacaram na maioria dos atributos avaliados. / The change in the Brazilian consumers\' habits, preferring prepared foodstuff, have been stimulating the growing of the national food industries. In this scenario, the industrial processing of potatoes is a good option to aggregate value to this crop and increase the financial feedback of the producers. The shoestring potato segment is being strengthened because it demands low investment. However, for its consolidation is vital the development of researches aiming to expand the alternatives of genetic materials available for the shoestring potato producers and processors. Our aim in this work was to study different potatoes genotypes in three farming environments under the edaphoclimatics conditions of the South region of Minas Gerais State (Brazil) and the performance and adequacy of these genotypes for fried processing of shoestring potato. The cultivars evaluated were: Caruso, Destiny, Excelence, Fontane, Markies and Saviola. The assessment was conducted from December 2012 to May 2013 in Gonçalves, Lambari and Nova Resende districts. The experimental design was in random blocks with six treatments and four replicates. Besides the total and commercial production, also were evaluated the production of large, medium and small tubers; fry quality and yield were based on dry matter content, free sugars levels, color after fried and fat absorption by the fried potatoes. Affective sensory acceptance tests were applied using the structured hedonic scale and the preference for ordination. Differences in the performances among the cultivars and farming environments were observed. \"Caruso\" and \"Destiny\" outstand in all the attributes assessed.