Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The maize is one of the most important cereal grown worldwide. With the advancement of acreage and monoculture, the emergence of several diseases is well known, which has generated losses of quality and productivity of these grains. Among the diseases affecting the corn crop, there is the rot of corn which consequently cause the so-called burning grains, in addition, some of the causative fungi can synthesize mycotoxins that contaminate grain, affecting the quality of these and mainly generating risks animal and human health. In this context the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the hybrid, the seeding system, irrigation and foliar application of fungicides in the incidence of fungi that cause the ear rot in corn. The experiments (Experiment I, as irrigation and Experiment II, without irrigation) were installed and conducted in Cruz Alta, RS, in the season 2014/15. The experimental design was randomized blocks in three-factor scheme 2x2x4 corresponding to two hybrids (BG7051H and BG7060HR), two seeding system (direct and conventional) and four treatments (T1: Witness, T2: Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole; T3: Picoxystrobin + cyproconazole; T4: Azoxystrobin + Benzovindiflupir), respectively, in 4 repetitions. The experimental plot had four rows spaced (0.50 m 10.0 m), total area of 20 m2 and floor area of 8 m2, which took place the plant height of reviews and the insertion of the first ear (cm) mass tang (g), number of grains per ear (n), mass of grains per spike (g) of the 1000 seeds (g), grain yield (kg ha-1), incidence of damaged kernels (%) , grain sanity ( "Blotter Test") and in vitro susceptibility of fungi the fungi Penicillium sp., Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus sp. fungicide. / O milho é um dos mais importantes alimentos para humanos e animais, sendo considerado um dos principais cereais cultivados no mundo. Com o avanço das áreas cultivadas e do monocultivo, o surgimento de diversas doenças é notório, o que tem gerado perdas de qualidade e produtividade desses grãos. Dentre as doenças que afetam a cultura do milho, destaca-se a podridão de espiga que por consequência ocasiona os chamados grãos ardidos, além disso, alguns dos fungos causadores podem sintetizar micotoxinas que contaminam os grãos, afetando a qualidade destes e principalmente gerando riscos à saúde animal e humana. Neste contexto o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do híbrido, do sistema de semeadura, da irrigação e da aplicação foliar de fungicidas na incidência de fungos causadores da podridão da espiga na cultura do milho. Os experimentos (Experimento I, como irrigação e Experimento II, sem irrigação), foram instalados e conduzidos no município de Cruz Alta, RS, na safra agrícola 2014/15. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema trifatorial 2x2x4 correspondente a dois híbridos (BG7051H e BG7060HR), dois sistemas de semeadura (direta e convencional) e quatro tratamentos (T1: Testemunha; T2: Piraclostrobina + Epoxiconazol; T3: Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazole; T4: Azoxistrobina + Benzovindiflupir), respectivamente, em 4 repetições. A parcela experimental apresentou 4 linhas espaçadas (0,50 m e 10,0 m), área total de 20 m2 e área útil de 8 m2, onde realizou-se as avaliações de altura de planta e da inserção da primeira espiga (cm), massa da espiga (g), número de grãos por espiga (nº), massa de grãos por espiga (g), massa de 1000 grãos (g), produtividade de grãos (Kg ha-1), incidência de grãos ardidos (%), sanidade de grãos ( Blotter Test ) e sensibilidade in vitro de fungos dos gêneros Penicillium sp., Fusarium spp. e Aspergillus sp. a fungicidas.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Subsistence farmers may contribute significantly to food production, food security, and employment in South Africa. However poor storage practices and contamination with mycotoxins, particularly fumonisins and aflatoxins impacts adversely on production, food safety and food security. Mycotoxins are toxic natural food-borne compounds which frequently contaminate agricultural produce worldwide. They are hazardous to humans and animals and result in significant production losses for farmers. This study focused on former Bantustans in Northern South Africa, namely Vhembe District Municipality (Limpopo) and Gert Sibande District Municipality (Mpumalanga). The aim was to assess mycological and mycotoxin contamination of crops grown by subsistence farmers. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to randomly thirty-nine households. Data on demographics, storage practices and production during period of 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons were collected. One hundred and fifteen (115) crop samples (maize, beans and peanuts) were collected for analysis. Standard mycological methods and validated mycotoxin analysis methods (HPLC and LC- MS/MS) were used. It was found that maize was the staple food in both provinces, with a significant difference (p = 0.0184) in its production between the two districts; Vhembe produced 0.6 tonnes compared to 2.4 tonnes in Gert Sibande. The majority of the farmers for storage used traditional open wooden cribs (15/20) and steel tanks (5/20) while VDM farmers used sealed store houses 5/19 and 15/19 used polystyrene sacks. Aflatoxin occurrence was low with <1% of GSDM samples contaminated compared to 11% of VDM samples. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the aflatoxin contamination in VDM samples between the year 2011 and 2012. Samples from VDM households had higher Aspergillus fungal infection (maximum incidence 69%) compared to GSDM (27%) over both seasons. The most frequently isolated Fusarium species in VDM samples was F. verticillioides (92%; 93%), and F. subglutinans (97%; 80%) in GSDM samples over seasons 2011 and 2012, respectively. Highest levels of fumonisins (FB1+ FB2) ranged between 1010 μg/kg and 12168 μg/kg with less than 30% extremely contaminated above the regulated limit in 91% of samples from Limpopo over both seasons (2011 and 2012). Fumonisin levels between the two seasons in VDM showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Only three (less than 5%) from 68% GSDM contaminated maize samples were above the FB1 and FB2 limit. In 2011, there were two highly contaminated maize samples (1762 μg/kg and 4598 μg/kg) with the other samples less than 600 μg/kg, whereas in season two (2012) all samples were below 200 μg/kg, except one highly contaminated sample (26115 μg/kg). None of the beans and peanuts from Mpumalanga was contaminated with mycotoxins above the recommended limit, but from Limpopo 1/5 peanuts was found contaminated with aflatoxin G1 (41 μg/kg). Natural occurrence and contamination of both fumonisin and aflatoxin in stored home-grown maize from VDM was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher than GSDM over both seasons. In general, Limpopo farmers’ experience lower harvests and greater mycotoxin contamination of agricultural produce. This may be attributed in part to poor storage practices and environmental and climatic conditions in that agro-ecological zone.

Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. Dietary (co)-exposure to mycotoxins is associated with human and animal health concerns as well as economic losses. The present thesis aims to apply a holistic approach for the risk assessment of mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed, i.e. from fungal production and occurrence to harmonised risk characterisation. This was done in three folds. Firstly, available environmental, ecological, and agronomic factors that may affect the relative abundance of co-occurring mycotoxins in the contaminated crops were collected from peer-reviewed literature, with focus on maize (Chapter I). Secondly, (co-)occurrence data on mycotoxins in core cereals was extracted from available articles in the scientific literature and analysed to estimate potential pattern of co-exposure in humans and animals (Chapter II). Finally, Chapter III investigates the applicability of the EFSA guidance to multiple mycotoxins through a scenario of possible co-exposure in humans and animals, using maize as a case study. In particular, a human and animal risk assessment to mycotoxin mixture in maize was conducted using a modelled component-based approach for selected mixture of mycotoxins, that, according to our data, co-occur in maize based feed and food products. / Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. Dietary (co)-exposure to mycotoxins is associated with human and animal health concerns as well as economic losses. The present thesis aims to apply a holistic approach for the risk assessment of mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed, i.e. from fungal production and occurrence to harmonised risk characterisation. This was done in three folds. Firstly, available environmental, ecological, and agronomic factors that may affect the relative abundance of co-occurring mycotoxins in the contaminated crops were collected from peer-reviewed literature, with focus on maize (Chapter I). Secondly, (co-)occurrence data on mycotoxins in core cereals was extracted from available articles in the scientific literature and analysed to estimate potential pattern of co-exposure in humans and animals (Chapter II). Finally, Chapter III investigates the applicability of the EFSA guidance to multiple mycotoxins through a scenario of possible co-exposure in humans and animals, using maize as a case study. In particular, a human and animal risk assessment to mycotoxin mixture in maize was conducted using a modelled component-based approach for selected mixture of mycotoxins, that, according to our data, co-occur in maize based feed and food products.

MSCAGR (Plant Production) / Department of Plant Production / See the attached abstract below

No description available.

L’aglio è coltivato a livello mondiale nelle regioni temperate, secondo la FAO nel 2016 1.5 milioni di ettari sono stati destinati a questa coltura. A partire dal 2002 Fusarium proliferatum è stato segnalato come principale agente causale del marciume secco dell’aglio in post raccolta. I sintomi sono identificabili come macchie necrotiche sui bulbilli e in presenza di forti infezioni è possibile osservare la presenza di micelio bianco. F. proliferatum è un patogeno in grado di produrre Fumonisina B1 e B2, micotossine che potrebbero accumularsi all’interno dei bulbi ed essere tossiche per il consumatore. In Italia nel 2012 il 30% del raccolto è stato perso a causa di questo patogeno. Essendo la Fusariosi una malattia emergente a livello mondiale in letteratura si trovano ancora scarse informazioni sul suo sviluppo a livello di campo e sulle strategie di contenimento. 1. Allo scopo di verificare la quantità di inoculo fungino presente nell’ambiente si è proceduto all’analisi dei suoli in presemina con specifica attenzione alla quantificazione e all’identificazione delle specie fungine presenti. A tale scopo è stata eseguita: la conta delle Unità Formanti Colonia per grammo di terreno (UFC/g) su terreni specifici per l’isolamento del genere Fusarium spp. per grammo di terreno. Le identificazioni sono state eseguite al microscopio ottico e confermate successivamente con metodi molecolari. 2. Per seguire l’avanzamento della malattia durante la stagione colturale, invece, si è proceduto al campionamento in tre fasi fenologiche (inizio formazione dei bulbilli BBCH 15, ingrossamento dei bulbilli BBCH 45, maturazione di raccolta BBCH 49) con caratterizzazione dei sintomi, isolamento e riconoscimento dei funghi associati al marciume. 3. Per verificare la correlazione tra andamento meteo e incidenza delle specie fungine associate al marciume secco, sono stati raccolti i dati di meteorologici relativi al totale delle piogge, ai gradi giorno, all’umidità relativa media e alla temperatura media nei quadrati corrispondenti alle aziende agricole oggetto di studio. I dati sono stati correlati attraverso il coefficiente di correlazione di Pearson con i valori di gravità e incidenza della malattia stimati a fine stagione colturale. 4. Per verificare l’insorgenza dalla malattia nella fase di post raccolta si è proceduto con campionamenti di bulbi in conservazione, posa in piastra di bulbilli sintomatici e asintomatici e calcolo dell’incidenza delle specie fungine associate ai sintomi del marciume. 5. Al fine di verificare la possibile presenza di fumonisine nei campioni analizzati durante la stagione colturale e nel post raccolta, si è proceduto all’analisi attraverso HPLC di estratti di aglio. 6. Per individuare possibili strategie di controllo della malattia durante la stagione colturale sono stati eseguiti test di efficacia di prodotti chimici e biologici in vitro e in campo. I prodotti chimici sono stati provati su PDA modificato inoculato centralmente con F. proliferatum, mentre per gli agenti di biocontrollo sono state allestite prove di coltura duale. La prova in campo, invece, è stata eseguita all’interno di un campo sperimentale a strip plot. L’aglio delle diverse tesi è stato conservato in cella frigorifera per 9 mesi, per valutare la persistenza dei prodotti utilizzati alla concia. I risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato che F. proliferatum e F. oxysporum sono le specie maggiormente associate al marciume dell’aglio durante la stagione colturale. L’andamento delle due specie è complementare e varia a seconda dell’andamento meteorologico della stagione colturale. F. proliferatum è correlato positivamente con l’aumento della temperatura e delle piogge, mentre F. oxysporum sembra prevalere nelle stagioni meno piovose ed ha mostrato correlazione positiva con la gravità dei sintomi rilevati in campo sulle corone. La carica micotica di Fusarium nel terreno rimane costante negli anni di analisi, facendo presupporre un maggiore ruolo del seme nella trasmissione della malattia. Per quanto riguarda il post raccolta, invece, F. proliferatum risulta la specie isolata con maggiore frequenza dai bulbilli e si correla positivamente ai sintomi rilevati sugli spicchi, confermando il suo ruolo come agente causale del marciume secco durante lo stoccaggio. F. oxysporum, invece, colonizza in prevalenza le radici e la parte basale della pianta dividendo il patosistema in due subsistemi: F. proliferatum-bulbi; F. oxysporum-radici. F. proliferatum è stato isolato anche dagli spicchi asintomatici con frequenza del 25%, ed è stato possibile rilevare la presenza di fumonisine con l’avanzare del tempo di stoccaggio in cella. Essendo il fungo presente anche sugli spicchi asintomatici maggiori studi saranno necessari per garantire la sicurezza dei consumatori. Infine, dalle prove di concia in campo è emerso che il principio attivo Tebuconazolo, riduce la comparsa dei sintomi da Fusarium, ma non in modo risolutivo. Ciononostante, una volta che il prodotto viene riportato a temperatura ambiente dopo lo stoccaggio in cella refrigerata, l’incidenza di F. proliferatum aumenta nuovamente con possibilità di sviluppo di danni al prodotto da commercializzare. / Since 2002, Fusarium proliferatum has been reported as the main causal agent of garlic dry rot during the postharvest stage, but information on the development of the disease throughout the production chain was nearly absent. Dry rot has caused huge economic losses in the past few years (up to 30 % of the yield), symptoms are visible on bulbs during storage as necrotic spots and in the most severe attacks, white mycelium may become visible on cloves. Few pest management strategies were tested in the recent past, but none were satisfactory. Due to the economic effect that this pathogen can have on local productions, the thesis aimed to deeply investigate the pathosystem with a field to fork approach and to test new strategies to control fungal infections. First of all, the work focused on garlic (Allium sativum L.) cropping season, intending to clarify the role of F. proliferatum in bulb infection as well as the impact of crop growing conditions on the development of the pathogen. A 3-year study was conducted in Piacenza (northern Italy) by sampling six garlic farms with different dry rot history (three highly contaminated and three low contaminated). Soil samples were recovered at sowing time for the counting of fungal colony-forming units (CFU). Plant samples were collected at three relevant growth stages, from April to July, for which disease severity assessment and fungi isolations were performed. Fusarium was the most frequently isolated genus, and F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum the dominant species during the garlic cropping season. F. oxysporum was dominant in the first year of the study, but F. proliferatum registered the highest incidence in all the farms tested. F. oxysporum incidence was correlated with dry weather, whereas F. proliferatum was enhanced in rainy years. To conclude, F. proliferatum is confirmed to be associated with garlic bulbs, even at crop’s early growth stages and symptoms are visible mainly on roots and basal plates at the field stage, related to F. oxysporum. Then, the focus was made in detecting the presence of F. proliferatum on garlic bulbs during prolonged storage, and to identify other fungal species associated with garlic dry rot. Moreover, fumonisin contamination in symptomatic and asymptomatic cloves were detected. Samples of 100 plants were collected over three production seasons in six farms located in Northern Italy at three-time points (at harvest, processing, and 6 months storage at –4° C). Results obtained lead to think that Fusarium–garlic pathosystem is split into two parts: basal plate/root and bulb. F. proliferatum had the highest incidence in infected bulbs and was confirmed as the causal agent of postharvest dry rot in garlic (mean incidence: 35.4%). F. oxysporum co-occurred with F. proliferatum but symptoms were visible only on basal plate/root. Dry rot incidence slightly increased during cold storage (from 14.6% at processing to 18.4% at 6-month storage); although, F. proliferatum incidence was stable during cold storage, fumonisin were produced from harvest through storage. Cloves showing symptoms were more contaminated compared to those asymptomatic, both by the fungus (mean incidence 39% vs 25.3%) and the toxin (287.0 vs 24.4 µg kg-1). Therefore, cold storage limits garlic dry rot, but health concerns related to fumonisin should be seriously considered. Regarding disease management, garlic crop is commonly propagated by plant parts (cloves). To protect garlic crop from early growth stages it is important to find commercial products able to control the pathogen growth on seedlings. The experiment aimed to test in vitro and in vivo the efficacy of triazoles and biocontrol agents (BCAs) against F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum. In in vitro trials, the best performance was achieved by propiconazole+prochloraz (100%), followed by tebuconazole (88.9%). BCAs were less effective but still showed great capacity to control the pathogen with maximum growth inhibition of 80% (Trichoderma harzianum +T. gamsii). In both cases, temperature influenced the capacity to control the pathogen with minimum effect at 25°C compared to lower temperatures. In vivo bacterial BCAs showed a similar capacity to control Fusaria compared to chemical products (mean of severity index 18.6% and 11.7%, respectively) and did not show side effects on root length. In vitro and in vivo results are comparable, except for Trichoderma, with the worst performances in terms of disease severity on plants. Finally, a field trial was designed to verify the efficacy of chemical and biological active ingredients as seed coating both at crop stage and postharvest, simulating the entire production chain, by taking into account visible symptoms and incidence of fungi. All products tested reduced the severity of symptoms on basal plates at the field stage, but none of them was able to reduce Fusarium incidence. A postharvest analysis conducted on bulbs demonstrated the efficacy of Tebuconazole, B. subtilis, and Trichoderma+B. subtilis in reducing the number of cloves showing symptoms per bulb (mean 34.3% vs control 45.8%). Moreover, Tebuconazole was able to reduce the incidence of F. proliferatum by 48% with respect to untreated control. The trial highlighted also that the incidence of F. proliferatum increased by 37% when garlic bulbs were kept for 15 days at room temperature simulating storage at consumers houses. Results obtained in the trial are promising and seed coating had a positive effect on garlic dry rot postharvest; although further studies are needed to test the persistence of seed coating treatments after prolonged storage period, especially when the product is kept outside cold chambers.

No description available.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El melón (Cucumis melo L.) es una de las especies hortícolas más demandadas en el mundo, y como tal el mejoramiento vegetal tiene el desafío continuo de generar alternativas para el agricultor por medio del desarrollo de nuevas variedades que presenten, tolerancia/ resistencia a factores de estrés biótico (plagas y enfermedades) y abiótico (temperatura, humedad, suelo) y a su vez atributos de calidad apreciados por el consumidor. El mejoramiento convencional en melón por medio de cruzamientos entre líneas seleccionadas es una estrategia ampliamente utilizada, pero que presenta algunas limitaciones, como las barreras de cruzabilidad entre las variedades comerciales y el germoplasma silvestre, además de los períodos extensos de tiempo requeridos para evaluar las progenies. En este contexto, el injerto y el desarrollo de nuevos patrones están siendo adoptados a nivel mundial como estrategias alternativas de mejora en cultivos hortícolas, que permite aprovechar caracteres de interés presentes en especies no cultivadas o no comerciales sin necesidad de realizar largos y complejos planes de mejora (cruzamiento y retrocruzamiento). El uso de la diversidad intra e interespecífica como portainjertos para sandía ha dado muy buenos resultados, documentados en una amplia bibliografía científica. Sin embargo, las ventajas y beneficios del injerto presentan inconsistencias en los estudios realizados en melón. Esto se explica por los diferentes métodos de cultivos evaluados, así como por la amplia gama de variedades y tipos comerciales de melón existentes; esto exige a su vez, mayor inversión y fortalecimiento de la investigación en esta área del conocimiento. La presente Tesis Doctoral tiene por objetivo la generación de información relacionada al injerto en melón mediante la evaluación de portainjertos desarrollados en los grupos de mejora del Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV), donde se ha llevado a cabo este trabajo, utilizando para ello diferentes condiciones de cultivo, y por lo tanto estrés, y utilizando dos tipos de melón muy consumidos en España y Europa como el ‘Piel de Sapo’ y el ‘Cantalupo’, además de una variedad tradicional muy apreciada por su calidad, el ‘Meló d’Or d’Ontinyent’. La recuperación de variedades tradicionales es un reto para la agricultura moderna y gracias al injerto validamos el potencial de esta técnica para producir ‘Meló d’Or d’Ontinyent’ bajo condiciones de estrés por la presencia de un hongo patógeno como Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack et Uecker en el suelo. El patrón experimental UPV-PRMc, desarrollado por el grupo de mejora de cucurbitáceas del COMAV de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, mediante la hibridación de un melón tipo ‘Piel de Sapo’ y una accesión de un melón silvestre del tipo agrestis, mostró su capacidad para proporcionar resistencia y vigor a la variedad tradicional, que sin el uso de un portainjerto resistente sería incapaz de culminar su ciclo de cultivo bajo estas condiciones. Ensayos de campo complementarios permitieron evaluar el comportamiento de diferentes portainjertos experimentales y comerciales de Cucurbita y Cucumis, en condiciones de estrés bajo sistemas de producción convencional en campo abierto. Con relación al vigor y al desarrollo de las plantas injertadas, los patrones de Cucurbita mostraron un retraso en el vigor temprano del cultivo y tanto Ma x Mo EF como Pe x Pe ZS tuvieron los más bajos rendimientos. Destaca el uso del híbrido Ma x Ec como una buena alternativa a los híbridos comerciales normalmente utilizados entre C. maxima x C. moschata. Por su parte los portainjertos de C. melo mostraron una mejor afinidad y mayor vigor consistentemente a lo largo de los 3 años de estudio, al igual que los híbridos interespecíficos Fi x My y Fi x An. Adicionalmente al estudio de la compatibilidad entre el melón Piel de Sapo y los diferentes patrones experimentales y comerciales, también se abordó el impacto sobre la calidad del fruto. Este aspecto es quizá el más controvertido en relación al injerto por el uso de patrones filogenéticamente distantes que pueden pertenecer a otra especie o género distinto al melón. Nuestros datos reflejaron que los patrones de Cucurbita tuvieron efecto sobre la forma del fruto y la cavidad seminal, mientras que los patrones de Cucumis melo presentaron un menor impacto sobre los parámetros de calidad del fruto. También es importante destacar que los patrones de especies silvestres o no cultivadas de Cucumis no afectaron significativamente la calidad, a pesar de que C. metuliferus E. Meyer ex Naudin mostró signos de colapso en el segundo año de evaluación y consistentemente produjo los frutos más pequeños en comparación a las plantas sin injertar. El estudio complementario sobre el perfil metabólico y aromático de los frutos ha permitido ampliar los criterios de selección de portainjertos de melón. Se observó la variación en el contenido de ácidos y azúcares principalmente debido al grado de maduración y en menor medida a una combinación de patrón-variedad específica. La modificación del perfil de compuestos volátiles mostró un efecto claro de los portainjertos de Cucurbita sobre la variedad de melón, con el incremento de compuestos aromáticos relacionados a la calabaza y la reducción de otros compuestos claves en el aroma del melón Piel de Sapo. Con la perspectiva de aprovechar el germoplasma silvestre como portainjerto, en el Capítulo 2 de la presente tesis doctoral, presentamos los estudios enfocados en la caracterización de especies silvestres o no cultivadas del género Cucumis, que son una fuente de resistencias a patógenos y enfermedades de importancia económica como nematodos, oído o Fusarium, y que están ausentes en las variedades comerciales de melón. La estandarización de metodologías para optimizar la germinación de accesiones de Cucumis silvestres ha sido un primer paso para maximizar el rendimiento de la semilla como material de partida, ya que la dormancia presente en el germoplasma no cultivado suele ser un factor limitante. Basados en los estudios preliminares de campo en los que se observó la diferencia de vigor entre una accesión de C. metuliferus y el melón ‘Piel de Sapo’, se estudió si los híbridos interespecíficos desarrollados por el grupo de mejora suponían una opción para el incremento del vigor y la combinación de características deseables en una misma planta capaz de soportar el injerto de una variedad comercial de melón. Las barreas de incompatibilidad, impidien los cruzamientos viables con C. metuliferus (filogenéticamente separado del resto de Cucumis africanos) pero los híbridos interespecíficos de los cruzamientos entre Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich. x Cucumis anguria L. y Cucumis ficifolius x Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin son viables. Estos materiales F1, mostraron un mayor vigor, un incremento en el diámetro de su hipocótilo y una buena compatibilidad con melones de tipo ‘Cantalupo’ y ‘Piel de Sapo’, bajo condiciones de invernadero y a campo abierto. Un alto grado de resistencia a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis como resultado de la combinación de sus genomas parentales, así como una buena tolerancia al estrés osmótico bajo condiciones in vitro, destacan como características deseables en estos dos híbridos interespecíficos. Utilizando especies silvestres e híbridos de Cucumis, se evaluaron distintas metodologías para la obtención de poliploides, con el objetivo de potenciar el vigor de las plántulas (tamaño y diámetro del hipocótilo) y estudiar los efectos de la poliploidización. La colchicina fue el compuesto antimitótico más efectivo aplicado sobre semillas pregerminadas de dos híbridos interespecíficos de Cucumis. En líneas homocigóticas de C. anguria, C. ficifolius, C. myriocarpus, o C. metuliferus, la duplicación del genoma no fue estable en ningún caso. La evaluación del nivel de ploidía confirmó que los alopoliploides obtenidos fueron hexaploides (6n=72). Los nuevos materiales obtenidos, son alopoliploides sintéticos que resultaron de la duplicación de un genoma híbrido. A diferencia de sus antecesores triploides, los alopoliploides mostraron la recuperación de su fertilidad, asociado posiblemente a la presencia de SNPs concretos relacionados a genes que codifican procesos reproductivos. La mejora de características de interés en especies silvestres (mayor diámetro de los hipocótilos) ha sido posible por medio de la poliploidización, lo que favorece el procedimiento de realización del injerto y la producción de la planta injertada. Los resultados presentados en esta tesis doctoral han sido posibles gracias a la colaboración de grupos de investigación interdisciplinarios de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, la Universidad Jaime I de Castellón y la Politécnica de Cataluña, en el marco del proyecto AGL2014-53398-C2-2-R APROXIMACIONES BIOTECNOLOGICAS Y CULTURALES PARA LA MEJORA DE LAS RESISTENCIAS Y EL CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES EN MELON Y SANDIA y con apoyo de los proyectos AGL2017- 85563-C2-1-R de FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades–Agencia Estatal de Investigación, y proyecto para Grupos de Excelencia PROMETEO 2017/078 además del apoyo de la SECRETARIA DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR, CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INNOVACIÓN (SENECYT-ECUADOR) que por medio del Instituto de Fomento al Talento Humano (IFTH), proporcionó una beca de estudio al doctorando. / [EN] The melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most demanded horticultural species in the world and as such, plant improvement has the constant challenge of thinking up alternatives for the farmer through the development of new varieties with tolerance / resistance to biotic (pests and diseases) and abiotic (temperature, humidity, soil) stress factors and quality attributes appreciated by the consumer. Conventional breeding in melon through crossings between selected lines is a widely used strategy, but it has some limitations, such as cross barriers between commercial varieties and wild germplasm, in addition to the extended periods of time required to evaluate the progeny. In this context, grafting and the development of new rootstocks are being adopted worldwide as alternative breeding strategies in horticultural crops, which allows to take advantage of relevant characteristics present in non-cultivated or non-commercial species without extensive and complex breeding programs (crossing and backcrossing). Development of rootstocks for watermelon crop derived from intra and interspecific diversity have been successful and well documented in a wide scientific bibliography. However, advantages and benefits from grafting show inconsistent data in melon assays. These results can be explained since different cultivation methods have been evaluated and because of the large number of commercial varieties of melon; this fact motivates a higher investment and strengthening of research in this area of knowledge. The present Doctoral Thesis has as objective the generation of information related with melon grafting, through the development, characterization and study under stress conditions of novel rootstocks used for two commercial cultivars consumed in Spain and Europe, like ‘Piel de Sapo’ and ‘Cantaloupe’, besides a traditional variety as the ‘Meló d’Or d’Ontinyent’. Recovery of traditional cultivars is a challenge for modern agriculture and thanks to grafting we have validated the potential of this technique to crop ‘Meló d’Or d’Ontinyent’ in soil stressed by Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack et Uecker. The experimental rootstock UPV-PRMc, developed by Institute for the Preservation and Improvement of Valencian Agro-diversity (COMAV) of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, from an hybridization between one ‘Piel de Sapo’ melon and one accession of wild agrestis melon, provided resistance and vigor to the traditional variety, which is not able to complete the crop cycle without be grafted onto a resistant rootstock. Complementary field trials allowed to test the behavior of experimental and commercial rootstocks of Cucurbita and Cucumis under stress conditions in conventional production systems. Regarding vigor and growth of grafted plants, Cucurbita rootstocks showed a delay in early vigor of plants and Ma x Mo EF and Pe x Pe ZS had the lowest yields. The Ma x Ec hybrid highlights as a good alternative to the C. maxima x C. moschata hybrids, commonly used in commercial grafting. On the other hand, C. melo rootstocks showed better affinity and higher vigor consistently along these 3 years, as well as the interspecific hybrids Fi x My and Fi x An. Additionally to the compatibility behavior between ‘Piel de Sapo’ melon and different experimental and commercial rootstocks, also the impact on fruit quality was studied. This issue is one of the most controversial about grafting because of the use of rootstocks phylogenetically distant that belong to other species or genera than melon. Our data showed an effect over shape and size of seed cavity when using Cucurbita rootstocks, while Cucumis melo ones showed a lower impact on fruit quality traits. It is important to note that rootstocks derived from wild or non-cultivated Cucumis species did not alter significantly the quality, despite of that C. metuliferus E. Meyer ex Naudin showed vine decline symptoms in the second year and consistently the smallest fruits compared to non-grafted plants. The complementary analysis of the aromatic and metabolic profile from fruits have allowed to increase the selection criteria for melon rootstocks. Variation in acids and sugars was observed mainly due to maturation degree and to a lesser extent to a specific rootstock-scion combination. The modification in volatile compounds levels displayed an effect of the Cucurbita rootstocks on melon cultivar, increasing aromatic compounds related to pumpkin and decreasing other key compounds in ‘Piel de Sapo’ aroma melon. With the prospect to take advantage from wild germplasm to develop new rootstocks, in the Chapter 2 in this Doctoral Thesis, we showed the studies focused on the characterization of wild or non-cultivated species in the Cucumis genus, which are a resistance resource against pathogens and diseases of economic importance like nematodes, powdery mildew or Fusarium, and that are absent in commercial melon. The standardization of methodologies to optimize the germination of wild Cucumis accessions has been the first step to maximize the seed yield as a started material, since the dormancy in non-cultivated germplasm is usually a limiting factor. Based on preliminary field studies, where the differences in vigor between C. metuliferus and ‘Piel de Sapo’ melon were observed, the development of interspecific hybrids was approached as an option to increase the vigor and combine characteristics of interest in one same plant able to bear the grafting with a commercial variety of melon. The incompatibility barriers prevented viable crosses with C. metuliferus (phylogenetically distant of the rest of African Cucumis), although two interspecific hybrids were viable from crosses between Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich. x Cucumis anguria L. and Cucumis ficifolius x Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin. These F1 plants had higher vigor, hypocotyl diameter and good compatibility with ‘Cantaloupe’ and ‘Piel de Sapo’ melons under field and greenhouse conditions. High level of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis as result of the combination of their parental genomes, as well as a good tolerance to osmotic stress under in vitro conditions, highlight as desirable characteristics in these two new interspecific hybrids. With the preliminary results on the improvement of traits in wild Cucumis germplasm from the hybridization, some methodologies were evaluated to obtain polyploids, in order to enhance the desirable features in these hybrids (vigor, hypocotyl size and diameter). Colchicine was the most effective antimitotic agent applied over pregerminated seeds of two Cucumis interspecific hybrids. In homozygous lines of C. anguria, C. ficifolius, C. myriocarpus, or C. metuliferus, genome duplication was not stable. The polyploidy level confirmed that allopolyploids obtained were hexaploids (6n=72). The novel materials obtained are synthetic allopolyploids that result from the duplication of a hybrid genome. Unlike their triploid ancestors, allopolyploids showed the recovery of their fertility, possibly associated with the presence of specific SNPs related to genes that encode reproductive processes. The improvement of characteristics of interest in wild species has been possible through polyploidization, which favors the development of new improved materials capable of adapting to the grafting process. The results presented in this Doctoral Thesis have been possible thanks to the collaboration of interdisciplinary research groups from Polytechnic University of Valencia, Jaime I University of Castellón and Polytechnic University of Catalonia, within the framework of the AGL2014-53398-C2-2 project. -R BIOTECHNOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL APPROACHES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF RESISTANCES AND THE CONTROL OF DISEASES IN MELON AND WATERMELON and with the support of the projects AGL2017-85563-C2-1-R of FEDER / Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities-State Agency of Research and project for Groups of Excellence PROMETEO 2017/078, in addition to the support of the SECRETARIA DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR, CIENCIA, TECNOLOGÍA E INNOVACIÓN (SENECYT-ECUADOR) which through the Institute for the Promotion of Human Talent (IFTH), provided a scholarship for the doctoral candidate. / [CA] El meló (Cucumis melo L.) és una de les especies hortícoles més demandades en el món, i consegüentment el millorament vegetal té el desafiament continu de generar alternatives per a l’agricultor per mitjà del desenvolupament de noves varietats que presenten, tolerància/resistència a factors d’estrès biòtic (plagues i malalties) i abiòtic (temperatura, humitat, sòl) i al seu torn atributs de qualitat apreciats pel consumidor. El millorament convencional en meló mitjançant creuaments entre línies seleccionades és una estratègia àmpliament utilitzada, però que presenta algunes limitacions, com la impossibilitat de creuar-se d’algunes varietats comercials i determinat germoplasma silvestre d’interès, a més dels períodes extensos de temps requerits per a avaluar les progènies. En aquest context, l’empelt i el desenvolupament de nous patrons estan sent adoptats a nivell mundial com a estratègies alternatives de millora en cultius hortícoles. L’empelt permet aprofitar caràcters d’interès presents en espècies no cultivades o no comercials sense necessitat de realitzar llargs i complexos plans de millora (creuament i retrocruzamiento). L’ús de la diversitat intra i interespecífica com a portaempelts de meló d’Alger ha donat molt bons resultats, documentats en una àmplia bibliografia científica. No obstant això, els avantatges i beneficis de l’empelt presenten inconsistències en els estudis realitzats en meló. Això s’explica pels diferents mètodes de cultius avaluats, així com per l’àmplia gamma de varietats i tipus comercials de meló existents; això exigeix al seu torn, major inversió i enfortiment de la investigació en aquesta àrea del coneixement. La present Tesi Doctoral té per objectiu la generació d’informació relacionada amb l’empelt en meló, mitjançant l’avaluació de nous portaempelts que s’han obtingut en els grups de millora del COMAV (Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana) on s’ha dut a terme aquest treballs fent servir diferents condicions de cultiu i per tant de estressos i dos tipus de meló molt consumits a Espanya i Europa com el ‘Piel de Sapo’ i el ‘Cantalupo’ a més d’una varietat tradicional reconeguda per la seua excel·lent qualitat, el ‘Meló d’Or d’Ontinyent’. La recuperació de varietats tradicionals és un repte per a l’agricultura moderna i mijançant l’empelt validem el potencial d’aquesta tècnica per a produir ‘Meló d’Or d’Ontinyent’ sota condicions d’estrès degudes a la presència en la terra d’un fong patogen com es el Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack et Uecker. El patró experimental UPV-PRMc, desenvolupat pel grup de millora de cucurbitàcies del COMAV, mitjançant la hibridació d’un meló tipus ‘Piel de Sapo’ i una accessió d’un meló silvestre del tipus agrestis, va mostrar la seua capacitat per a proporcionar resistència i vigor a la varietat tradicional, que sense l’ús d’un portaempelt resistent no completaria el cicle de cultiu sota aquestes condicions. Assajos de camp complementaris van permetre avaluar el comportament de diferents portaempelts experimentals i comercials de Cucurbita i Cucumis, en condicions d’estrès en sistemes de producció convencional a camp obert. En relació amb el vigor i al desenvolupament de les plantes empeltades, els patrons de Cucurbita van mostrar un retard en el vigor a l’inici del cultiu i tant Ma x Mo EF com Pe x Pe ZS van tindre els rendiments més baixos. Destaca l’ús de l’híbrid Ma x Ec com una bona alternativa als híbrids comercials normalment utilitzats que deriven de creuaments C. maxima x C. moschata. Per la seua part els portaempelts de C. melo van mostrar una millor afinitat i major vigor consistentment al llarg dels 3 anys d’estudi, igual que els híbrids interespecífics Fi x My i Fi x An. Addicionalment a l’estudi de la compatibilitat entre el meló ‘Piel de Sapo’ i els diferents patrons experimentals i comercials, també es va estudiar l’impacte sobre la qualitat del fruits. Aquest aspecte és potser el que més controvèrsia crea al voltant de l’ús de l’emplet on s’utilitzen portampelts filogenèticament distants que poden pertànyer a una altra espècie o gènere diferent al meló. Les nostres dades van reflectir que els patrons de Cucurbita van tindre efecte sobre la forma del fruit i la cavitat seminal, mentre que els patrons de Cucumis melo van presentar un menor impacte sobre els paràmetres de qualitat del fruit. També és important destacar que els patrons d’espècies silvestres o no cultivades de Cucumis no van afectar significativament la qualitat, a pesar que C. metuliferus E. Meyer ex Naudin va mostrar signes de col·lapse en el segon any d’avaluació i consistentment va produir els fruits més xicotets en comparació a les plantes sense empeltar. L’estudi complementari sobre el perfil metabòlic i aromàtic dels fruits ha permès ampliar els criteris de selecció de portaempelts de meló. Es va observar la variació en el contingut d’àcids i sucres principalment com a consequència del grau de maduració i en menor mesura a una combinació de patró-varietat específica. La modificació del perfil de compostos volàtils va mostrar un efecte clar dels portaempelts de Cucurbita sobre la varietat de meló, amb l’increment de compostos aromàtics relacionats amb la carabassa i la reducció d’altres compostos claus en l’aroma del meló tipus ‘Piel de Sapo’. Amb la perspectiva d’aprofitar el germoplasma silvestre per al desenvolupament de nous portaempelts, al Capítol 2 de la present tesi doctoral, presentem els estudis enfocats a la caracterització d’espècies silvestres o no cultivades del gènere Cucumis, que són una font de resistències a patògens i malalties d’importància econòmica com a nematodes, oïdi o Fusarium, i que no tenen en les varietats comercials de meló. L’estandardització de metodologies per a optimitzar la germinació d’accessions de Cucumis silvestres ha sigut un primer pas per a maximitzar el rendiment de la llavor com a material de partida, ja que la dormancia present en el germoplasma no cultivat sol ser un factor limitant. Basats en els estudis preliminars de camp en els quals es va observar la diferència de vigor entre una accessió de C. metuliferus i el meló ‘Piel de Sapo’, es van avaluar els híbrids interespecífics desenvolupats als grups de millora com una opció per incrementar el vigor i combinar característiques desitjables en una mateixa planta que a l’hora fora capaç de suportar l’empelt d’una varietat comercial de meló. Les barreas d’incompatibilitat, no fan posible la hibridació amb C. metuliferus (filogenèticament separat de la resta de Cucumis Africans) però els híbrids interespecífics viables dels creuaments entre Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich. x Cucumis anguria L. i Cucumis ficifolius x Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin són viables. Aquests materials F1, van mostrar un major vigor, un increment en el diàmetre del seu hipocòtil i una bona compatibilitat amb melons de tipus ‘Cantalupo’ i ‘Piel de Sapo’, en condicions d’hivernacle i a camp obert. També aquests materials han mostrat un alt grau de resistència a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis i una bona tolerància a l’estrès osmòtic (avaluada en condicions de cultiu in vitro), característiques desitjables en aquestos dos nous híbrids interespecífics. Partint del germoplasma de Cucumis silvestre i els híbrids obtinguts, es va avaluar diferents metodologies per a l’obtenció de poliploides, amb l’objectiu de potenciar el vigor de les plàntules (grandària i diàmetre dels hipocòtil) i estudiar els efectes de la poliploidització. La colxicina va ser el compost antimitòtic més efectiu al aplicar-lo a llavors pregerminadas dels dos híbrids interespecífics de Cucumis. En línies homozigòtiques de C. anguria, C. ficifolius, C. myriocarpus, o C. metuliferus, la duplicació del genoma no va ser estable en cap cas. L’avaluació del nivell de ploidía va confirmar que els al·lopoliploides obtinguts van ser hexaploids (6n=72). Els nous materials obtinguts, són al·lopoliploides sintètics que van resultar de la duplicació d’un genoma híbrid. A diferència dels seus antecessors triploides, els al·lopoliploides van mostrar la recuperació de la seua fertilitat, associat possiblement a la presència de SNPs concrets relacionats a gens que codifiquen processos reproductius. La millora de les característiques d’interès (major diàmetre dels hipocòtils) ha sigut possible mitjançant l’obtenció de poliploides, la qual cosa facilita el procediment per a dur a terme l’empelt i per tant la producció de planta empeltada. Els resultats presentats en aquesta Tesi Doctoral han sigut possibles gràcies a la col·laboració de grups d’investigació interdisciplinaris de la Universitat Politècnica de València, la Universitat Jaume I de Castelló i la Politècnica de Catalunya, en el marc del projecte AGL2014-53398-C2-2-R APROXIMACIONS BIOTECNOLOGICAS Y CULTURALES PARA LA MEJORA DE LAS RESISTENCIAS Y EL CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES EN MELON Y SANDIA i amb suport dels projectes AGL2017- 85563-C2-1-R de FEDER/Ministeri de Ciència, Innovació i Universitats–Agència Estatal d’Investigació, i projecte per a Grups d’Excel·lència PROMETEO 2017/078 a més del suport de la SECRETARIA DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR, CIENCIA, TECNOLOGIA E INNOVACIÓN (SENECYT-L’Equador) que per mitjà del ‘Instituto de Fomento del Talento Humano’ (IFTH), va proporcionar una beca d’estudi al doctorand. / Finalmente agradecer a mi país Ecuador y a la Secretaria De Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENECYT) y al Instituto Nacional De Fomento Al Talento Humano (IFTH) que me apoyaron con una beca de estudios para realizar mi tesis Doctoral, con la que espero aportar además de conocimiento científico, alternativas y soluciones para la realidad agrícola del país. / Cáceres Burbano, AE. (2020). Desarrollo de nuevos portainjertos para melón mediante el uso de estrategias y herramientas biotecnológicas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/147863 / Compendio

<p dir="ltr">Reflectance spectroscopy has been increasingly used in forestry due to its ability to rapidly, efficiently, and non-destructively detect tree stress, enabling timely and cost-effective forest management decisions. This dissertation synthesizes three studies and five experiments to understand and improve our ability to use spectral data to estimate a variety of foliar physiochemical traits and identify spectral responses in multi-stress environments, thus, advancing our understanding and application of hyperspectral data in forest management.</p><p dir="ltr">The first study seeks to refine the hyperspectral approach to monitoring tree stress by selecting optimal wavelength ranges to enhance the estimation of foliar traits, such as CO₂ assimilation rate, specific leaf area, leaf water content, and concentrations of foliar nitrogen, sugars, and gallic acid. The study revealed that model performance varied significantly across the different wavelength ranges tested and consistently, including longer wavelength regions improved trait estimation for all traits modeled. This research also established a framework for discovering novel or previously unknown absorption features associated with functional traits, thereby laying the groundwork for expanded spectral applications. This advancement enables the estimation of diverse foliar traits and facilitates detailed stress detection in trees.</p><p dir="ltr">The second study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of hyperspectral data in estimating foliar functional trait responses to various biotic and abiotic stressors and to differentiate those stressors in black walnut (<i>Juglans nigra </i>L.) and red oak (<i>Quercus rubra</i> L.) seedlings. We demonstrated that spectral data can reliably estimate a wide range of foliar traits, highlighting its potential as a surrogate for reference data in understanding plant responses to stress. This research revealed that spectral leaf predictions can effectively provide stress-specific insights into tree physiochemical responses to biotic and abiotic stressors.</p><p dir="ltr">The third study explores the application of hyperspectral reflectance to identify drought-induced foliar responses in black walnut seedlings during their initial field establishment. Chemometric models developed from greenhouse experiments were applied to spectral data collected in the field to assess their transferability and accuracy in predicting various leaf traits under drought stress. Using only spectral data, we demonstrated that seedlings show distinct spectral responses to past and ongoing drought stress, with varying degrees depending on seed provenances. This research aims to provide practical insights for utilizing spectral analysis in real-world conditions and understanding the challenges of using spectral tools in the field.</p><p dir="ltr">Collectively, this dissertation demonstrates the robust potential of hyperspectral reflectance technology in advancing the monitoring of tree health. By optimizing spectral range selection, reliably estimating tree foliar traits under stress conditions, differentiating various stressors in controlled environments, and effectively detecting current and past drought stress in field conditions, this research offers valuable insights for improving forest health monitoring and management strategies in response to environmental challenges.</p>

Root rot diseases of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a problem wherever they are grown, and are a major constraint to dry edible and snap bean production. Root rot is a primary yield limitation of snap bean production in the US, especially within the top three snap bean producing states of Wisconsin, Oregon and New York. Bean root rot pathogens will be present by the end of the first season even when starting with clean ground. The decline in yield can be relatively slow, so growers might not notice or appreciate the hidden yield cost associated with root rot disease. Traditional methods for disease control such as fungicides, crop rotations, cover crops, seedbed preparations have been proven ineffective (either physically ineffective or economically unviable) against root rot. Therefore, genetic resistance is needed. In order to address the need for genetic resistance to root rot in snap beans, the highly root rot resistant line RR6950, a small seeded black indeterminate type IIIA accession of unknown origin, was crossed with OSU5446, a highly root rot susceptible determinate type I blue lake four-sieve breeding line to produce the RR138 recombinant inbred mapping population. In this study we evaluated the RR138 RI population in the F₆ generation for resistance to Fusarium solani root rot in Oregon and Aphanomyces euteiches root rot in Wisconsin. We also evaluated this population for morphological traits and root structural traits including pod height, pod width, pod length, pod wall thickness, strings, seed color, flower color, tap and basal root diameter, and root angle measurements. The RR138 population was also genotyped on the 10K BeanCAP Illumina Beadchip. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data was used to assemble a high-density linkage map and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for phenotypic data were evaluated. The linkage map produced from this study contained 1,689 SNPs across 1,196cM. The map was populated with 1 SNP for every 1.4cM, spanning across 11 linkage groups. Three QTL associated with A. euteiches root rot resistance were consistently expressed in 2011 and 2012 trials. A. euteiches QTL were found on Pv02, Pv04, and Pv06 and accounted for 7-17% of total genetic variation. Two QTL associated with F. solani were found in 2011 trial on Pv03 and Pv07, account for 9 and 22% of total genetic variation, respectively. We also found several QTL for morphological traits and root structural traits including QTL for pod fiber and pod height on Pv04, pod length on Pv01, strings on Pv01, taproot diameter on Pv05, and shallow basal root angle on Pv05, accounting for 21, 26, 12, 20, 11, and 19% of total genetic variation, respectively. QTL discovered from Oregon data for F. solani resistance did not cluster with QTL for A. euteiches root rot resistance. "SNP0928_7", was highly associated with F. solani resistance on Pv07 and "SNP0508_2", was highly associated with A. euteiches on Pv02. QTL and markers associated with QTL from this study will be of value to snap bean breeders developing root rot resistant lines with processing traits, and provide more information about targeting the mechanism of resistance. / Graduation date: 2013